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Communications

Broadband - fixed subscriptions [time series]

total: 10,713,107 (2020) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3.92 (2020 est.)

Broadcast media [time series]

mixture of about a dozen national TV networks - 1 public broadcaster, the remainder private broadcasters - each with multiple transmitters; more than 100 local TV stations; widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems; public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks, as well as regional and local stations; overall, more than 700 radio stations with more than 650 privately operated (2019)

Internet country code [time series]

.id

Internet users [time series]

total: 202.6 million (2021 est.) percent of population: 53.73% (2020 est.)

Telecommunication systems [time series]

general assessment: Indonesia s telecom sector is based on 3G/LTE mobile infrastructure and inadequate fixed-line capacity; large population and disbursed island geography make upgrades difficult; market is attracting foreign investment, especially in data center and cloud based services; tests of 5G challenged by lack of spectrum; satellite improvements in 2020 (2020) domestic: fixed-line 4 per 100 and mobile-cellular 127 per 100 persons; coverage provided by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote areas; mobile-cellular subscribership growing rapidly (2019) international: country code - 62; landing points for the SEA-ME-WE-3 5, DAMAI, JASUKA, BDM, Dumai-Melaka Cable System, IGG, JIBA, Link 1, 3, 4, 5, PGASCOM, B3J2, Tanjung Pandam-Sungai Kakap Cable System, JAKABARE, JAYABAYA, INDIGO-West, Matrix Cable System, ASC, SJJK, Jaka2LaDeMa, S-U-B Cable System, JBCS, MKCS, BALOK, Palapa Ring East, West and Middle, SMPCS Packet-1 and 2, LTCS, TSCS, SEA-US and Kamal Domestic Submarine Cable System, 35 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia, the Middle East, Australia, Southeast Asia, Africa and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) (2019) note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments

Telephones - fixed lines [time series]

total subscriptions: 9,186,370 (2020) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3.36 (2020 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

total subscriptions: 355,748,606 (2020) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 130.1 (2020 est.)

Economy

Agricultural products [time series]

oil palm fruit, rice, maize, sugar cane, coconuts, cassava, bananas, eggs, poultry, rubber

Budget [time series]

revenues: 131.7 billion (2017 est.) expenditures: 159.6 billion (2017 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) [time series]

-2.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Credit ratings [time series]

Fitch rating: BBB (2017) Moody's rating: Baa2 (2018) Standard & Poors rating: BBB (2019)

Current account balance [time series]

-$30.359 billion (2019 est.) -$30.633 billion (2018 est.)

Debt - external [time series]

$393.252 billion (2019 est.) $360.945 billion (2018 est.)

Economic overview [time series]

Indonesia, the largest economy in Southeast Asia, has seen a slowdown in growth since 2012, mostly due to the end of the commodities export boom. During the global financial crisis, Indonesia outperformed its regional neighbors and joined China and India as the only G20 members posting growth. Indonesia’s annual budget deficit is capped at 3% of GDP, and the Government of Indonesia lowered its debt-to-GDP ratio from a peak of 100% shortly after the Asian financial crisis in 1999 to 34% today. In May 2017 Standard & Poor’s became the last major ratings agency to upgrade Indonesia’s sovereign credit rating to investment grade. Poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, corruption, a complex regulatory environment, and unequal resource distribution among its regions are still part of Indonesia’s economic landscape. President Joko WIDODO - elected in July 2014 – seeks to develop Indonesia’s maritime resources and pursue other infrastructure development, including significantly increasing its electrical power generation capacity. Fuel subsidies were significantly reduced in early 2015, a move which has helped the government redirect its spending to development priorities. Indonesia, with the nine other ASEAN members, will continue to move towards participation in the ASEAN Economic Community, though full implementation of economic integration has not yet materialized.

Exchange rates [time series]

Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar - 14,110 (2020 est.) 14,015 (2019 est.) 14,470 (2018 est.) 13,389.4 (2014 est.) 11,865.2 (2013 est.)

Exports [time series]

$178.26 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.) $200.1 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.) $211.93 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

coal, palm oil, natural gas, cars, gold (2019)

Exports - partners [time series]

China 15%, United States 10%, Japan 9%, Singapore 8%, India 7%, Malaysia 5% (2019)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate) [time series]

$1,119,720,000,000 (2019 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use [time series]

household consumption: 57.3% (2017 est.) government consumption: 9.1% (2017 est.) investment in fixed capital: 32.1% (2017 est.) investment in inventories: 0.3% (2017 est.) exports of goods and services: 20.4% (2017 est.) imports of goods and services: -19.2% (2017 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin [time series]

agriculture: 13.7% (2017 est.) industry: 41% (2017 est.) services: 45.4% (2017 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income [time series]

37.8 (2018 est.) 39.4 (2005)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 3.4% highest 10%: 28.2% (2010)

Imports [time series]

$159.64 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.) $204.23 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.) $218.65 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

refined petroleum, crude petroleum, vehicle parts, telephones, natural gas (2019)

Imports - partners [time series]

China 27%, Singapore 12%, Japan 8%, Thailand 5%, United States 5%, South Korea 5%, Malaysia 5% (2019)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

4.1% (2017 est.)

Industries [time series]

petroleum and natural gas, textiles, automotive, electrical appliances, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, medical instruments and appliances, handicrafts, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, processed food, jewelry, and tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

2.8% (2019 est.) 3.2% (2018 est.) 3.8% (2017 est.)

Labor force [time series]

129.366 million (2019 est.)

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture: 32% industry: 21% services: 47% (2016 est.)

Population below poverty line [time series]

9.4% (2019 est.)

Public debt [time series]

28.8% of GDP (2017 est.) 28.3% of GDP (2016 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) [time series]

$3,130,470,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.) $3,196,620,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.) $3,043,880,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.) note: data are in 2010 dollars

Real GDP growth rate [time series]

5.03% (2019 est.) 5.17% (2018 est.) 5.07% (2017 est.)

Real GDP per capita [time series]

$11,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.) $11,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.) $11,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.) note: data are in 2010 dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold [time series]

$130.2 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues [time series]

13% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Unemployment rate [time series]

5.31% (2018 est.) 5.4% (2017 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) (Unemployment, youth ages 15-24) [time series]

total: 14.8% male: 15.1% female: 14.3% (2020 est.)

Energy

Crude oil - exports [time series]

302,300 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude oil - imports [time series]

498,500 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude oil - production [time series]

772,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves [time series]

3.31 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Electricity - consumption [time series]

213.4 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - exports [time series]

0 kWh (2017 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels [time series]

85% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants [time series]

9% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels [time series]

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources [time series]

6% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - imports [time series]

693 million kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity [time series]

61.43 million kW (2016 est.)

Electricity - production [time series]

235.4 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity access [time series]

electrification - total population: 99% (2019) electrification - urban areas: 100% (2019) electrification - rural areas: 99% (2019)

Natural gas - consumption [time series]

42.32 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - exports [time series]

29.78 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - imports [time series]

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - production [time series]

72.09 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]

2.866 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)

Refined petroleum products - consumption [time series]

1.601 million bbl/day (2016 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports [time series]

79,930 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports [time series]

591,500 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production [time series]

950,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Environment

Air pollutants [time series]

particulate matter emissions: 15.58 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.) carbon dioxide emissions: 563.32 megatons (2016 est.) methane emissions: 244.5 megatons (2020 est.)

Climate [time series]

tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Environment - current issues [time series]

large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires cause heavy smog; over-exploitation of marine resources; environmental problems associated with rapid urbanization and economic development, including air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water and waste water services; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Land use [time series]

agricultural land: 31.2% (2018 est.) arable land: 13% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 12.1% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 6.1% (2018 est.) forest: 51.7% (2018 est.) other: 17.1% (2018 est.)

Major infectious diseases [time series]

degree of risk: very high (2020) food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria note: a new coronavirus is causing sustained community spread of respiratory illness (COVID-19) in Indonesia; as of 6 October 2021, Indonesia has reported a total of 4,223,094 cases of COVID-19 or 1,543.96 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 52.07 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 5 October 2021, 34.36% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine

Major lakes (area sq km) [time series]

Fresh water lake(s): Danau Toba - 1,150 sq km note - located in the caldera of a super volcano that erupted more than 70,000 years ago; it is the largest volcanic lake in the World

Major rivers (by length in km) [time series]

Sepik (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,126 km; Fly (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,050 km note [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Revenue from coal [time series]

coal revenues: 1.06% of GDP (2018 est.)

Revenue from forest resources [time series]

forest revenues: 0.39% of GDP (2018 est.)

Total renewable water resources [time series]

2,018,700,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total water withdrawal [time series]

municipal: 23.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.) industrial: 9.135 billion cubic meters (2017 est.) agricultural: 189.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 57.3% of total population (2021) rate of urbanization: 1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Waste and recycling [time series]

municipal solid waste generated annually: 65.2 million tons (2016 est.) municipal solid waste recycled annually: 4.564 million tons (2016 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 7% (2016 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 1,904,569 sq km land: 1,811,569 sq km water: 93,000 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Climate [time series]

tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Coastline [time series]

54,716 km

Elevation [time series]

highest point: Puncak Jaya 4,884 m lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m mean elevation: 367 m

Geographic coordinates [time series]

5 00 S, 120 00 E

Geography - note [time series]

note 1: according to Indonesia's National Coordinating Agency for Survey and Mapping, the total number of islands in the archipelago is 13,466, of which 922 are permanently inhabited (Indonesia is the world's largest country comprised solely of islands); the country straddles the equator and occupies a strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean note 2: Indonesia is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire; 80% of tsunamis, caused by volcanic or seismic events, occur within the "Pacific Ring of Fire" note 3: despite having the fourth largest population in the world, Indonesia is the most heavily forested region on earth after the Amazon

Irrigated land [time series]

67,220 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 2,958 km border countries (3): Malaysia 1881 km, Papua New Guinea 824 km, Timor-Leste 253 km

Land use [time series]

agricultural land: 31.2% (2018 est.) arable land: 13% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 12.1% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 6.1% (2018 est.) forest: 51.7% (2018 est.) other: 17.1% (2018 est.)

Location [time series]

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Major lakes (area sq km) [time series]

Fresh water lake(s): Danau Toba - 1,150 sq km note - located in the caldera of a super volcano that erupted more than 70,000 years ago; it is the largest volcanic lake in the World

Major rivers (by length in km) [time series]

Sepik (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,126 km; Fly (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,050 km note [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Map references [time series]

Southeast Asia

Maritime claims [time series]

territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines

Natural hazards [time series]

occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires volcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; on 22 December 2018, a large explosion and flank collapse destroyed most of the 338 m high island of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) and generated a deadly tsunami inundating portions of western Java and southern Sumatra leaving more than 400 dead; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, Sinabung, and Tambora; see note 2 under "Geography - note"

Natural resources [time series]

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Population distribution [time series]

major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth; of the outer islands (those surrounding Java and Bali), Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda, and along the northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated

Terrain [time series]

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

31 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 1 autonomous province*, 1 special region** (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 national capital district*** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta***, Jambi, Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa Tengah (Central Java), Jawa Timur (East Java), Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan), Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan), Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Kalimantan Utara (North Kalimantan), Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands), Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara (North Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua), Riau, Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra), Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra), Yogyakarta** note: following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services

Capital [time series]

name: Jakarta geographic coordinates: 6 10 S, 106 49 E time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) time zone note: Indonesia has three time zones etymology: "Jakarta" derives from the Sanscrit "Jayakarta" meaning "victorious city" and refers to a successful defeat and expulsion of the Portuguese in 1527; previously the port had been named "Sunda Kelapa"

Citizenship [time series]

citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Indonesia dual citizenship recognized: no residency requirement for naturalization: 5 continuous years

Constitution [time series]

history: drafted July to August 1945, effective 18 August 1945, abrogated by 1949 and 1950 constitutions; 1945 constitution restored 5 July 1959 amendments: proposed by the People s Consultative Assembly, with at least two thirds of its members present; passage requires simple majority vote by the Assembly membership; constitutional articles on the unitary form of the state cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2002

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia conventional short form: Indonesia local long form: Republik Indonesia local short form: Indonesia former: Netherlands East Indies, Dutch East Indies etymology: the name is an 18th-century construct of two Greek words, "Indos" (India) and "nesoi" (islands), meaning "Indian islands"

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Sung Y. KIM (since 21 October 2020) embassy: Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 3-5, Jakarta 10110 mailing address: 8200 Jakarta Place, Washington DC 8200 telephone: [62] (21) 5083-1000 (2020) FAX: [62] (21) 385-7189 (2018) email address and website: jakartaacs@state.gov https://id.usembassy.gov/ consulate(s) general: Surabaya consulate(s): Medan

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Iwan Freddy Hari SUSANTO, Minister (since 1 April 2021) chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200 FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365 email address and website: http://www.embassyofindonesia.org/ consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Joko WIDODO (since 20 October 2014, reelected 17 April 2019, inauguration 19 October 2019); Vice President Ma'ruf AMIN (since 20 October 2019); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government (2019) head of government: President Joko WIDODO (since 20 October 2014); Vice President Ma'ruf AMIN (since 20 October 2019) (2019) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 17 April 2019 (next election 2024) election results: Joko WIDODO elected president; percent of vote - Joko WIDODO (PDI-P) 55.5%, PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (GERINDRA) 44.5%

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries; red symbolizes courage, white represents purity note: similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

Government type [time series]

presidential republic

Independence [time series]

17 August 1945 (declared independence from the Netherlands)

International law organization participation [time series]

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation [time series]

ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IORA, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, MSG (associate member), NAM, OECD (enhanced engagement), OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch [time series]

highest courts: Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (consists of 9 judges) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament; judges serve until retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70 subordinate courts: High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts

Legal system [time series]

civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law

Legislative branch [time series]

description: bicameral People's Consultative Assembly or Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat consists of: Regional Representative Council or Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (136 seats; non-partisan members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies - 4 each from the country's 34 electoral districts - by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms); note - the Regional Representative Council has no legislative authority House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (575 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by single non-transferable vote to serve 5-year terms) (2019) elections: Regional Representative Council - last held 17 April 2019 (next to be held 2024) House of Representatives - last held on 17 April 2019 (next to be held 2024) (2019) election results: Regional Representative Council - all seats elected on a non-partisan basis; compostion - NA House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDI-P 19.3%, Gerindra 12.6%, Golkar 12.3%, PKB 9.7%, Nasdem 9.1%, PKS 8.2%, PD 7.8%, PAN 6.8%, PPP 4.5%, other 9.6%; seats by party - PDI-P 128, Golkar 85, Gerindra 78, Nasdem 59, PKB 58, PD 54, PKS 50, PAN 44, PPP 19; composition - men 475, women 100, percent of women 17.9%; total People's Consultative Assembly percent of women NA (2019)

National anthem(s) (National anthem) [time series]

name: "Indonesia Raya" (Great Indonesia) lyrics/music: Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN note: adopted 1945

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

National symbol(s) [time series]

garuda (mythical bird); national colors: red, white

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Democrat Party or PD [Agus Harimurti YUDHOYONO] Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR [Airlangga HARTARTO] Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA [PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo] Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri] National Awakening Party or PKB [Muhaiman ISKANDAR] National Democratic Party or NasDem [Surya PALOH] National Mandate Party or PAN [Zulkifli HASAN] Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Ahmad SYAIKHU] United Development Party or PPP [Suharso MONOARFA] (2021)

Suffrage [time series]

17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Introduction

Background [time series]

The archipelago was once largely under the control of Buddhist and Hindu rulers. By around the 7th century, a Buddhist kingdom arose on Sumatra and expanded into Java and the Malay Peninsula until it was conquered in the late 13th century by the Hindu Majapahit Empire from Java. Majapahit (1290-1527) united most of modern-day Indonesia and Malaysia. Traders introduced Islam in the trade ports around the 11th century, and Indonesians gradually adopted Islam over the next 500 years. The Portuguese conquered parts of Indonesia in the 16th century, but they were ousted by the Dutch (except for East Timor), who began colonizing the islands in the early 17th century. It would be the early 20th century before Dutch colonial rule was established across the entirety of what would become the boundaries of the modern Indonesian state. Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence shortly before Japan's surrender, but it required four years of sometimes brutal fighting, intermittent negotiations, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. A period of sometimes unruly parliamentary democracy ended in 1957 when President SOEKARNO declared martial law and instituted "Guided Democracy." After an abortive coup in 1965 by alleged communist sympathizers, SOEKARNO was gradually eased from power. From 1967 until 1998, President SUHARTO ruled Indonesia with his "New Order" government. After street protests toppled SUHARTO in 1998, free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999. Indonesia is now the world's third most populous democracy, the world's largest archipelagic state, and the world's largest Muslim-majority nation. Current issues include: alleviating poverty, improving education, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing economic and financial reforms, stemming corruption, reforming the criminal justice system, addressing climate change, and controlling infectious diseases, particularly those of global and regional importance. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh. Indonesia continues to face low intensity armed resistance in Papua by the separatist Free Papua Movement.

Military and Security

Maritime threats [time series]

the International Maritime Bureau continues to report the territorial and offshore waters in the Strait of Malacca and South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; the number of attacks increased slightly from 25 incidents in 2019 to 26 in 2020 due to aggressive maritime patrolling by regional authorities; vessels continue to be boarded while anchored or berthed at Indonesian ports with two crew taken hostage and two threatened in 2020; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia

Military - note [time series]

as of 2021, Indonesian military and police forces were engaged in counter-insurgency operations in Papua against the West Papua Liberation Army, the military wing of the Free Papua Organization, which has been fighting a low-level insurgency since the 1960s when Indonesia annexed the former Dutch colony; since 2019, there has been an increase in militant activity in Papua and a larger Indonesian military presence; Papua was formally incorporated into Indonesia in 1969; in addition, the Indonesian military has been assisting police in countering the Mujahideen Indonesia Timur (MIT; aka East Indonesia Mujahideen), a local Islamic State (ISIS)-affiliated terrorist group Indonesia is not a formal claimant in the South China Sea, although some of its waters lie within China's nine-dash line maritime claims, resulting in some stand offs in recent years; since 2016, the Indonesian military has bolstered its presence on Great Natuna Island (aka Pulau Natuna Besar), the main island of the Middle Natuna Archipelago, which is part of the Riau Islands Province, and held military exercises in surrounding waters

Military and security forces [time series]

Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL), includes Marine Corps (Korps Marinir, KorMar), Naval Aviation Center (PUSPENERBAL)), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)), National Air Defense Command (Komando Pertahanan Udara Nasional (Kohanudnas)), Armed Forces Special Operations Command (Kopassus), Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad), National Army Reserve Component (Komcad) Indonesian Sea and Coast Guard (Kesatuan Penjagaan Laut dan Pantai, KPLP) is under the Ministry of Transportation (2021) note(s) - the Indonesian National Police includes a paramilitary Mobile Brigade Corps (BRIMOB); following the Bali terror bombing in 2002, the National Police formed a special counter-terrorism force called Detachment 88 (Densus or Detasemen Khusus 88 Antiteror)

Military and security service personnel strengths [time series]

the Indonesian National Armed Forces have approximately, 400,000 active duty troops (300,000 Army; 65,000 Navy, including about 20,000 marines; 30,000 Air Force) (2021)

Military deployments [time series]

230 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,030 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 1,230 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Oct 2021)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions [time series]

the Indonesian military inventory is comprised of equipment from a wide variety of sources; since 2010, the top suppliers are China, Germany, the Netherlands, Russia, South Korea, the UK, and the US; Indonesia has a growing defense industry fueled by technology transfers and cooperation agreements with several countries; in 2019, the Indonesian Government publicly said that growing its domestic defense industry is a national priority over the next 5-10 years (2021)

Military expenditures [time series]

0.8% of GDP (2021 est.) 0.8% of GDP (2020) 0.7% of GDP (2019) 0.7% of GDP (2018) 0.9% of GDP (2017)

Military service age and obligation [time series]

18-45 years of age for voluntary military service, with selective conscription authorized; 2-year service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers); Indonesian citizens only (2021)

People and Society

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 23.87% (male 32,473,246/female 31,264,034) 15-24 years: 16.76% (male 22,786,920/female 21,960,130) 25-54 years: 42.56% (male 58,249,570/female 55,409,579) 55-64 years: 8.99% (male 11,033,838/female 12,968,005) 65 years and over: 7.82% (male 9,099,773/female 11,781,271) (2020 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

15.59 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight [time series]

17.7% (2018)

Contraceptive prevalence rate [time series]

55.5% (2018)

Current health expenditure (Current Health Expenditure) [time series]

2.9% (2018)

Death rate [time series]

6.74 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Demographic profile [time series]

Indonesia has the world s fourth-largest population. It is predominantly Muslim and has the largest Muslim population of any country in the world. The population is projected to increase to as much as 320 million by 2045. A government-supported family planning program. The total fertility rate (TFR) the average number of births per woman from 5.6 in the mid-1960s to 2.7 in the mid-1990s. The success of the program was also due to the social acceptance of family planning, which received backing from influential Muslim leaders and organizations. The fertility decline slowed in the late 1990 s when responsibility for family planning programs shifted to the district level, where the programs were not prioritized. Since 2012 the national government revitalized the national family planning program, and Indonesia s TFR has slowly decreased to 2.3 in 2020. The government may reach its goal of achieving replacement level fertility 2.1 children per woman but the large number of women of childbearing age ensures significant population growth for many years. Indonesia is a source country for labor migrants, a transit country for asylum seekers, and a destination mainly for highly skilled migrant workers. International labor migration, both legal and illegal, from Indonesia to other parts of Asia (most commonly Malaysia) and the Middle East has taken place for decades because of high unemployment and underemployment, poverty, and low wages domestically. Increasing numbers of migrant workers are drawn to Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the US. The majority of Indonesian labor migration is temporary and consists predominantly of low-skilled workers, mainly women working as domestics. Indonesia s strategic location between Asia and Australia and between the Pacific and Indian Oceans and its relatively easy accessibility via boat appeal to asylum seekers. It is also an attractive transit location because of its easy entry requirements and the ability to continue on to Australia. Recent asylum seekers have come from Afghanistan, Burma (Rohingyas), Iraq, Somalia, and Sri Lanka. Since 2013, when Australia tightening its immigration policy, thousands of migrants and asylum seekers have been stranded in Indonesia, where they live in precarious conditions and receive only limited support from international organizations. The situation for refugees in Indonesia has also worsened because Australia and the US, which had resettled the majority of refugees in Indonesia, have significantly lowered their intake.

Dependency ratios [time series]

total dependency ratio: 47.5 youth dependency ratio: 38.3 elderly dependency ratio: 9.2 potential support ratio: 10.8 (2020 est.)

Drinking water source [time series]

improved: urban: 96.6% of population rural: 83.7% of population total: 90.8% of population unimproved: urban: 3.4% of population rural: 16.3% of population total: 9.2% of population (2017 est.)

Education expenditure (Education expenditures) [time series]

2.8% of GDP (2019)

Ethnic groups [time series]

Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%, Banjarese 1.7%, Balinese 1.7%, Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%, Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%, other 15% (2010 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

0.4% (2020 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

24,000 (2020 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

540,000 (2020 est.)

Hospital bed density [time series]

1 beds/1,000 population (2017)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 20.16 deaths/1,000 live births male: 22.59 deaths/1,000 live births female: 17.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)

Languages [time series]

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese); note - more than 700 languages are used in Indonesia major-language sample(s): Fakta Dunia, sumber informasi dasar yang sangat diperlukan. (Indonesian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 72.82 years male: 70.62 years female: 75.12 years (2021 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 96% male: 97.4% female: 94.6% (2020)

Major infectious diseases [time series]

Major urban areas - population [time series]

10.915 million JAKARTA (capital), 3.510 million Bekasi, 2.972 million Surabaya, 2.607 million Bandung, 2.397 million Tangerang, 2.368 million Medan (2021)

Maternal mortality ratio [time series]

177 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Median age [time series]

total: 31.1 years male: 30.5 years female: 31.8 years (2020 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth [time series]

22.4 years (2017 est.) note: median age at first birth among women 25-49

Nationality [time series]

noun: Indonesian(s) adjective: Indonesian

Net migration rate [time series]

-0.72 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate [time series]

6.9% (2016)

Physician density (Physicians density) [time series]

0.43 physicians/1,000 population (2018)

Population [time series]

275,122,131 (July 2021 est.)

Population distribution [time series]

Population growth rate [time series]

0.81% (2021 est.)

Religions [time series]

Muslim 87.2%, Protestant 7%, Roman Catholic 2.9%, Hindu 1.7%, other 0.9% (includes Buddhist and Confucian), unspecified 0.4% (2010 est.)

Sanitation facility access [time series]

improved: urban: 92.5% of population rural: 76.8% of population total: 85.4% of population unimproved: urban: 7.5% of population rural: 23.2% of population total: 14.6% of population (2017 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) [time series]

total: 14 years male: 14 years female: 14 years (2018)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.85 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

2.04 children born/woman (2021 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) (Unemployment, youth ages 15-24) [time series]

total: 14.8% male: 15.1% female: 14.3% (2020 est.)

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 57.3% of total population (2021) rate of urbanization: 1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Terrorism

Terrorist group(s) [time series]

Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (aka Jemaah Anshorut Daulah); Jemaah Islamiyah note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors; three stretches of land borders with Timor-Leste have yet to be delimited, two of which are in the Oecussi exclave area, and no maritime or Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) boundaries have been established between the countries; all borders between Indonesia and Australia have been agreed upon bilaterally, but a 1997 treaty that would settle the last of their maritime and EEZ boundary has yet to be ratified by Indonesia's legislature; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches; land and maritime negotiations with Malaysia are ongoing, and disputed areas include the controversial Tanjung Datu and Camar Wulan border area in Borneo and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalizing their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau; EEZ negotiations with Vietnam are ongoing, and the two countries in Fall 2011 agreed to work together to reduce illegal fishing along their maritime boundary

Illicit drugs [time series]

a transit and destination point for illicit narcotics; consumer of crystal methamphetamine trafficked in Burma and Pakistan and also transit to Australia and New Zealand; significant consumer of ecstasy from China and the Netherlands and domestically grown cannabis

Refugees and internally displaced persons [time series]

refugees (country of origin): 5,863 (Afghanistan) (2020) IDPs: 40,000 (inter-communal, inter-faith, and separatist violence between 1998 and 2004 in Aceh and Papua; religious attacks and land conflicts in 2007 and 2013; most IDPs in Aceh, Maluku, East Nusa Tengarra) (2020) stateless persons: 874 (2020)

Transportation

Airports [time series]

total: 673 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 186 over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 21 1,524 to 2,437 m: 51 914 to 1,523 m: 72 under 914 m: 37 (2017)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 487 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 23 under 914 m: 460 (2013)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix [time series]

Heliports [time series]

76 (2013)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 10,427 by type: bulk carrier 148, container ship 226, general cargo 2,238, oil tanker 676, other 7,139 (2021)

National air transport system [time series]

number of registered air carriers: 25 (2020) inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 611 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 115,154,100 (2018) annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 1,131,910,000 mt-km (2018)

Pipelines [time series]

1064 km condensate, 150 km condensate/gas, 11702 km gas, 119 km liquid petroleum gas, 7767 km oil, 77 km oil/gas/water, 728 km refined products, 53 km unknown, 44 km water (2013)

Ports (Ports and terminals) [time series]

major seaport(s): Banjarmasin, Belawan, Kotabaru, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok container port(s) (TEUs): Tanjung Perak (3,900,000), Tanjung Priok (7,600,000) (2019) LNG terminal(s) (export): Bontang, Tangguh LNG terminal(s) (import): Arun, Lampung, West Java

Railways [time series]

total: 8,159 km (2014) narrow gauge: 8,159 km 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified) (2014) note: 4,816 km operational

Roadways [time series]

total: 496,607 km (2011) paved: 283,102 km (2011) unpaved: 213,505 km (2011)

Waterways [time series]

21,579 km (2011)