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Communications

Internet country code [time series]

.id

Internet users (Internet hosts) [time series]

62,036 (2003)

Internet users [time series]

8 million (2002)

Broadcast media (Radio broadcast stations) [time series]

AM 678, FM 43, shortwave 82 (1998)

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: domestic service fair, international service good domestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net; domestic satellite communications system international: country code - 62; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

7.75 million (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

11.7 million (2002)

Broadcast media (Television broadcast stations) [time series]

41 (1999)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Budget [time series]

revenues: $40.91 billion expenditures: $44.95 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2003 est.)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

Indonesian rupiah (IDR)

Exchange rates (Currency code) [time series]

IDR

Current account balance [time series]

$7.336 billion (2003)

Debt - external [time series]

$135.7 billion (2003 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income (Distribution of family income - Gini index) [time series]

37 (2001)

Economic aid (Economic aid - recipient) [time series]

$43 billion Indonesia finished its IMF program in December 2003 but still receives bilateral aid through the Consultative Group on Indonesia (CGI), which pledged $2.8 billion in grants and loans for 2004. (2003 est.)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, faces economic development problems stemming from recent acts of terrorism, unequal resource distribution among regions, endemic corruption, the lack of reliable legal recourse in contract disputes, weaknesses in the banking system, and a generally poor climate for foreign investment. Indonesia withdrew from its IMF program at the end of 2003, but issued a "White Paper" that commits the government to maintaining fundamentally sound macroeconomic policies previously established under IMF guidelines. Investors, however, continued to face a host of on-the-ground microeconomic problems and an inadequate judicial system. Keys to future growth remain internal reform, building up the confidence of international and domestic investors, and strong global economic growth.

Electricity - consumption [time series]

89.08 billion kWh (2001)

Electricity - exports [time series]

0 kWh (2001)

Electricity - imports [time series]

0 kWh (2001)

Electricity - production [time series]

95.78 billion kWh (2001)

Exchange rates [time series]

Indonesian rupiahs per US dollar - 8,577.13 (2003), 9,311.19 (2002), 10,260.8 (2001), 8,421.77 (2000), 7,855.15 (1999)

Exports [time series]

$63.89 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber

Exports - partners [time series]

Japan 22.3%, US 12.1%, Singapore 8.9%, South Korea 7.1%, China 6.2% (2003)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year; note - previously was 1 April - 31 March, but starting with 2001, has been changed to calendar year

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP) [time series]

purchasing power parity - $758.8 billion (2003 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP - composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 16.6% industry: 43.6% services: 39.9% (2003 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita) [time series]

purchasing power parity - $3,200 (2003 est.)

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

4.1% (2003 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 4% highest 10%: 26.7% (1999)

Imports [time series]

$40.22 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs

Imports - partners [time series]

Japan 13%, Singapore 12.8%, China 9.1%, US 8.3%, Thailand 5.2%, Australia 5.1%, South Korea 4.7%, Saudi Arabia 4.6% (2003)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

3.7% (2003 est.)

Industries [time series]

petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

6.6% (2003 est.)

Investment (gross fixed) [time series]

19.7% of GDP (2003)

Labor force [time series]

105.7 million (2003)

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture 45%, industry 16%, services 39% (1999 est.)

Natural gas - consumption [time series]

36.2 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports [time series]

32.8 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports [time series]

0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - production [time series]

69 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]

2.549 trillion cu m (1 January 2002)

Oil - consumption [time series]

1.045 million bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports [time series]

NA (2001)

Oil - imports [time series]

NA (2001)

Oil - production [time series]

1.451 million bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - proved reserves [time series]

7.083 billion bbl (1 January 2002)

Population below poverty line [time series]

27% (1999)

Public debt [time series]

72.9% of GDP (2003)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold (Reserves of foreign exchange & gold) [time series]

$36.25 billion (2003)

Unemployment rate [time series]

8.7% (2003 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 1,919,440 sq km land: 1,826,440 sq km water: 93,000 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Climate [time series]

tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Coastline [time series]

54,716 km

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine Life Conservation

Geographic coordinates [time series]

5 00 S, 120 00 E

Geography - note [time series]

archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

Irrigated land [time series]

48,150 sq km (1998 est.)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 2,830 km border countries: East Timor 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 11.32% permanent crops: 7.23% other: 81.45% (2001)

Location [time series]

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Map references [time series]

Southeast Asia

Maritime claims [time series]

measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Natural hazards [time series]

occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes, forest fires

Natural resources [time series]

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Terrain [time series]

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

30 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Irian Jaya Barat, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Kepulauan Riau, Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Papua, Riau, Sulawesi Barat, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Yogyakarta*; note - with the implementation of decentralization on 1 January 2001, the 357 districts or regencies became the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services

Capital [time series]

Jakarta

Constitution [time series]

August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia conventional short form: Indonesia local long form: Republik Indonesia local short form: Indonesia former: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador B. Lynn PASCOE embassy: Jalan 1 Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5, Jakarta 10110 mailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520 telephone: [62] (21) 3435-9000 FAX: [62] (21) 385-7189 consulate(s) general: Surabaya

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador SOEMADI Brotodiningrat chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200 FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004) and Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004) and Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections: president and vice president were elected by direct vote of the citizenry election results: Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected president receiving 60.6% of vote; MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri received 39.4%

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

Government type [time series]

republic

Independence [time series]

17 August 1945 (independence proclaimed); 27 December 1949 (Netherlands recognizes Indonesian independence)

International organization participation [time series]

APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, CP, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (justices appointed by the president from a list of candidates approved by the legislature); a separate Constitutional Court or Makhama Konstitusi was invested by the president on 16 August 2003; in March 2004 the Supreme Court assumed administrative and financial responsibility for the lower court system from the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights

Legal system [time series]

based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures and election codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (550 seats; members serve five-year terms); House of Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD), constitutionally mandated role includes providing legislative input to DPR on issues affecting regions; People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) has role in inaugurating and impeaching President and in amending constitution; consists of popularly-elected members in DPR and DPD; MPR does not formulate national policy elections: last held 5 April 2004 (next to be held in April 2009) election results: percent of vote by party - Golkar 21.6%, PDI-P 18.5%, PKB 10.6%, PPP 8.2%, PD 7.5%, PKS 7.3%, PAN 6.4%, others 19.9%; seats by party - Golkar 128, PDI-P 109, PPP 58, PD 55, PAN 53, PKB 52, PKS 45, others 50 note: because of election rules, the number of seats won does not always follow the number of votes received by parties

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [Yusril Ihza MAHENDRA, chairman]; Democratic Party or PD [Subur BUDHISANTOSO, chairman]; Functional Groups Party or Golkar [Yusuf KALLA, chairman]; Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri, chairperson]; National Awakening Party or PKB [Alwi SHIHAB, chairman]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Amien RAIS, chairman]; Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [MAHFUD, acting chairman]; United Development Party or PPP [Hamzah HAZ, chairman]

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

Suffrage [time series]

17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Introduction

Background [time series]

The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; the islands were occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence after Japan's surrender, but it required four years of intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to relinquish its colony. Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state. Current issues include: alleviating widespread poverty, preventing terrorism, continuing the transition to popularly-elected governments after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing reforms of the banking sector, addressing charges of cronyism and corruption, holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations, and resolving armed separatist movements in Aceh and Papua.

Military

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Indonesia Armed Forces (TNI): Army (TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-AL, including Marines, Naval Air arm), Air Force (TNI-AU)

Military expenditures - dollar figure [time series]

$1 billion (FY98)

Military expenditures (Military expenditures - percent of GDP) [time series]

1.3% (FY98)

Military manpower - availability [time series]

males age 15-49: 66,458,805 (2004 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service [time series]

males age 15-49: 38,728,029 (2004 est.)

Military manpower - military age and obligation [time series]

18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - 2 years (2002)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually [time series]

males: 2,196,424 (2004 est.)

People

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 29.4% (male 35,635,790; female 34,416,854) 15-64 years: 65.5% (male 78,097,767; female 78,147,909) 65 years and over: 5.1% (male 5,308,986; female 6,845,646) (2004 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

21.11 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Death rate [time series]

6.26 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Ethnic groups [time series]

Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26%

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

0.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

2,400 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

110,000 (2003 est.)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 36.82 deaths/1,000 live births male: 42.09 deaths/1,000 live births female: 31.29 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)

Languages [time series]

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 69.26 years male: 66.84 years female: 71.8 years (2004 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 87.9% male: 92.5% female: 83.4% (2002)

Median age [time series]

total: 26.1 years male: 25.7 years female: 26.6 years (2004 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Indonesian(s) adjective: Indonesian

Net migration rate [time series]

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Population [time series]

238,452,952 (July 2004 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

1.49% (2004 est.)

Religions [time series]

Muslim 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1998)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2004 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

2.47 children born/woman (2004 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet, survey and delimit land boundary, but several sections of the boundary remain unresolved; Indonesia and East Timor contest the sovereignty of the uninhabited coral island of Palau Batek/Fatu Sinai, which hinders a decision on a northern maritime boundary; numbers of East Timor refugees in Indonesia refuse repatriation; a 1997 treaty between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of their maritime boundary but outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 prompted Indonesia to assert claims to and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea

Illicit drugs [time series]

illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; possible growing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangle heroin

Refugees and internally displaced persons [time series]

IDPs: 535,000 (government offensives against rebels in Aceh; most IDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan, Maluku, and Central Sulawesi Provinces) (2004)

Transportation

Airports [time series]

661 (2003 est.)

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 154 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 13 1,524 to 2,437 m: 44 914 to 1,523 m: 49 under 914 m: 44 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 513 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 27 under 914 m: 480 (2004 est.)

Heliports [time series]

22 (2003 est.)

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

total: 342,700 km paved: 158,670 km unpaved: 184,030 km (1999 est.)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 718 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 3,192,847 GRT/4,319,739 DWT by type: bulk 47, cargo 398, chemical tanker 13, container 57, liquefied gas 6, livestock carrier 1, passenger 10, passenger/cargo 13, petroleum tanker 128, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 15, short-sea/passenger 9, specialized tanker 12, vehicle carrier 7 foreign-owned: France 1, Germany 1, Greece 1, Honduras 1, Hong Kong 2, Japan 3, Malaysia 1, Monaco 2, Panama 1, Philippines 2, Singapore 12, Switzerland 1, United Kingdom 2, United States 1 registered in other countries: 109 (2004 est.)

Pipelines [time series]

condensate 850 km; condensate/gas 128 km; gas 8,506 km; oil 7,472 km; oil/gas/water 66 km; refined products 1,329 km (2004)

Ports (Ports and harbors) [time series]

Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Makassar, Palembang, Semarang, Surabaya

Railways [time series]

total: 6,458 km narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (125 km electrified); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (2003)

Waterways [time series]

21,579 km note: Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km (2004)