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Communications

Internet users (Internet Service Providers (ISPs)) [time series]

24 (2000)

Internet country code [time series]

.id

Internet users [time series]

400,000 (2000)

Broadcast media (Radio broadcast stations) [time series]

AM 678, FM 43, shortwave 82 (1998)

Radios [time series]

31.5 million (1997)

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: domestic service fair, international service good domestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net; domestic satellite communications system international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

5,588,310 (1998)

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

1.07 million (1998)

Broadcast media (Television broadcast stations) [time series]

41 (1999)

Televisions [time series]

13.75 million (1997)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra; poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Budget [time series]

revenues: $26 billion expenditures: $30 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

Indonesian rupiah (IDR)

Exchange rates (Currency code) [time series]

IDR

Debt - external [time series]

$144 billion (2000 est.)

Economic aid (Economic aid - recipient) [time series]

$43 billion from IMF program and other official external financing (1997-2000)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, faces severe economic problems, stemming from secessionist movements and the low level of security in the regions, the lack of reliable legal recourse in contract disputes, corruption, weaknesses in the banking system, and strained relations with the IMF. Investor confidence will remain low and few new jobs will be created under these circumstances. Growth of 4.8% in 2000 is not sustainable, being attributable to favorable short-term factors, including high world oil prices, a surge in nonoil exports, and increased domestic demand for consumer durables.

Electricity - consumption [time series]

73.167 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports [time series]

0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports [time series]

0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - production [time series]

78.674 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source [time series]

fossil fuel: 80.36% hydro: 14.63% nuclear: 0% other: 5.01% (1999)

Exchange rates [time series]

Indonesian rupiahs per US dollar - 10,000 (January 2001), 8,421.8 (2000), 7,855.2 (1999), 10,013.6 (1998), 2,909.4 (1997), 2,342.3 (1996)

Exports [time series]

$64.7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

oil and gas, plywood, textiles, rubber

Exports - partners [time series]

Japan 21%, US 14%, Singapore 10%, South Korea 7%, Netherlands 3%, Australia 3%, Hong Kong, China, Taiwan (1999 est.)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year; note - previously was 1 April - 31 March, but starting with 2001, has been changed to calendar year

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP) [time series]

purchasing power parity - $654 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP - composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 21% industry: 35% services: 44% (1999 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita) [time series]

purchasing power parity - $2,900 (2000 est.)

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

4.8% (2000 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 3.6% highest 10%: 30.3% (1996)

Imports [time series]

$40.4 billion (c.i.f., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

machinery and equipment; chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs

Imports - partners [time series]

Japan 12%, US 12%, Singapore 10%, Germany 6%, Australia 6%, South Korea 6%, Taiwan, China (1999 est.)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

7.5% (2000 est.)

Industries [time series]

petroleum and natural gas; textiles, apparel, and footwear; mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood; rubber; food; tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

9% (2000 est.)

Labor force [time series]

99 million (1999)

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture 45%, industry 16%, services 39% (1999 est.)

Population below poverty line [time series]

20% (1998)

Unemployment rate [time series]

15%-20% (1998 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 1,919,440 sq km land: 1,826,440 sq km water: 93,000 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Climate [time series]

tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Coastline [time series]

54,716 km

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine Life Conservation

Geographic coordinates [time series]

5 00 S, 120 00 E

Geography - note [time series]

archipelago of 17,000 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

Irrigated land [time series]

45,970 sq km (1993 est.)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 2,602 km border countries: Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 10% permanent crops: 7% permanent pastures: 7% forests and woodland: 62% other: 14% (1993 est.)

Location [time series]

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Map references [time series]

Southeast Asia

Maritime claims [time series]

measured from claimed archipelagic baselines exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM

Natural hazards [time series]

occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes

Natural resources [time series]

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Terrain [time series]

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

27 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Irian Jaya, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Yogyakarta*; note - the province of Irian Jaya may have been divided into two new provinces - Central Irian Jaya and West Irian Jaya; with the implementation of decentralization on 1 January 2001, the 357 districts (regencies) may become the key administrative units note: following the 30 August 1999 provincial referendum for independence which was overwhelmingly approved by the people of Timor Timur and the October 1999 concurrence of Indonesia's national legislature, the name East Timor was adopted as a provisional name for the political entity formerly known as Propinsi Timor Timur; East Timor is under UN administration pending its formal independence

Capital [time series]

Jakarta

Constitution [time series]

August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia conventional short form: Indonesia local long form: Republik Indonesia local short form: Indonesia former: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Robert GELBARD embassy: Jalan Merdeka Selatan 4-5, Jakarta 10110 mailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1, APO AP 96520 telephone: [62] (21) 3435-9000

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador DORODJATUN Kuntjoro-Jakti chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Abdurrahman WAHID (since 20 October 1999) and Vice President MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri (since 21 October 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Abdurrahman WAHID (since 20 October 1999) and Vice President MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri (since 21 October 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections: president and vice president elected separately by the 700-member People's Consultative Assembly or MPR for five-year terms; election last held 20 and 21 October 1999 (next to be held by NA 2004) election results: Abdurrahman WAHID elected president, receiving 373 votes to 313 votes for MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri; MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri elected vice president, defeating Hamzah HAZ; vote totals NA note: the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR) plus 200 indirectly selected members; it meets every five years to elect the president and vice president and to approve the broad outlines of national policy

Diplomatic representation in the US (FAX) [time series]

[1] (202) 775-5365 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco

Diplomatic representation in the US (FAX) [time series]

[62] (21) 3435-9922 consulate(s) general: Surabaya

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

Government type [time series]

republic

Independence [time series]

17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands)

International organization participation [time series]

APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMOP, UNMOT, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (justices appointed by the president from a list of candidates approved by the legislature)

Legal system [time series]

based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (500 seats; 462 elected by popular vote, 38 are appointed military representatives; members serve five-year terms) elections: last held 7 June 1999 (next to be held NA June 2004) election results: percent of vote by party - PDI-P 37.4%, Golkar 20.9%, PKB 17.4%, PPP 10.7%, PAN 7.3%, PBB 1.8%, other 4.5%; seats by party - PDI-P 154, Golkar 120, PPP 58, PKB 51, PAN 35, PBB 14, other 30

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [Yusril Ihza MAHENDRA, chairman]; Development Unity Party or PPP (federation of former Islamic parties) [Hamzah HAZ, chairman]; Federation of Functional Groups or Golkar [Akbar TANJUNG, general chairman]; Indonesia Democracy Party or PDI (federation of former Nationalist and Christian Parties) [Budi HARDJONO, chairman]; Indonesia Democracy Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri, chairperson]; National Awakening Party or PKB [Matori Abdul DJALIL, chairman]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Amien RAIS, chairman]

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

Suffrage [time series]

17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Introduction

Background [time series]

The world's largest archipelago, Indonesia achieved independence from the Netherlands in 1949. Current issues include: implementing IMF-mandated reforms of the banking sector, effecting a transition to a popularly elected government after four decades of authoritarianism, addressing charges of cronyism and corruption, holding the military accountable for human rights violations, and resolving growing separatist pressures in Aceh and Irian Jaya. On 30 August 1999 a provincial referendum for independence was overwhelmingly approved by the people of Timor Timur. Concurrence followed by Indonesia's national legislature, and the name East Timor was provisionally adopted. The independent status of East Timor - now under UN administration - has yet to be formally established.

Military

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines note: as of 1 July 2000, the National Police became an independent organization that reports directly to the president

Military expenditures - dollar figure [time series]

$1 billion (FY98/99)

Military expenditures (Military expenditures - percent of GDP) [time series]

1.3% (FY98/99)

Military manpower - availability [time series]

males age 15-49: 64,046,049 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service [time series]

males age 15-49: 37,418,755 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - military age [time series]

18 years of age

Military manpower - reaching military age annually [time series]

males: 2,263,706 (2001 est.)

People

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 30.26% (male 35,144,702; female 33,973,879) 15-64 years: 65.11% (male 74,273,519; female 74,458,291) 65 years and over: 4.63% (male 4,641,816; female 5,945,663) (2001 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

22.26 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate [time series]

6.3 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Ethnic groups [time series]

Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26%

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

0.05% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

3,100 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

52,000 (1999 est.)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

40.91 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Languages [time series]

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 68.27 years male: 65.9 years female: 70.75 years (2001 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 83.8% male: 89.6% female: 78% (1995 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Indonesian(s) adjective: Indonesian

Net migration rate [time series]

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Population [time series]

228,437,870 (July 2001 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

1.6% (2001 est.)

Religions [time series]

Muslim 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1998)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

2.58 children born/woman (2001 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

Sipadan and Ligitan Islands in dispute with Malaysia

Illicit drugs [time series]

illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; possible growing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangle heroin

Transportation

Airports [time series]

453 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 136 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 12 1,524 to 2,437 m: 39 914 to 1,523 m: 44 under 914 m: 37 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 317 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 28 under 914 m: 283 (2000 est.)

Heliports [time series]

4 (2000 est.)

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

total: 342,700 km paved: 158,670 km unpaved: 184,030 km (1997)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 609 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,698,157 GRT/3,723,933 DWT ships by type: bulk 36, cargo 357, chemical tanker 10, container 25, liquefied gas 3, livestock carrier 1, passenger 7, passenger/cargo 14, petroleum tanker 117, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 15, short-sea passenger 8, specialized tanker 10, vehicle carrier 5 (2000 est.)

Pipelines [time series]

crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas 1,703 km (1989)

Ports (Ports and harbors) [time series]

Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Makassar, Palembang, Semarang, Surabaya

Railways [time series]

total: 6,458 km narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (101 km electrified; 101 km double track); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (1995)

Waterways [time series]

21,579 km total note: Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km