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Communications

Broadcast media [time series]

mixture of about a dozen national television networks - 2 public broadcasters, the remainder private broadcasters - each with multiple transmitters; more than 100 local TV stations operating; widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems; public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks as well as regional and local stations; overall, more than 700 radio stations operating with more than 650 privately-operated (2008)

Internet country code [time series]

.id

Internet users (Internet hosts) [time series]

1.269 million (2010) country comparison to the world: 39

Internet users [time series]

20 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 22

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: domestic service includes an interisland microwave system, an HF radio police net, and a domestic satellite communications system; international service good domestic: coverage provided by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote areas; mobile-cellular subscribership growing rapidly international: country code - 62; landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

33.958 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 9

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

159.248 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 6

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra; poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Central bank discount rate [time series]

6.46% (31 December 2009) country comparison to the world: 40 10.83% (31 December 2008)

Commercial bank prime lending rate [time series]

14.5% (31 December 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 57 13.6% (31 December 2008 est.)

Current account balance [time series]

$8.532 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 25 $10.75 billion (2009 est.)

Debt - external [time series]

$155.9 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 30 $156.7 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income (Distribution of family income - Gini index) [time series]

39.4 (2005) country comparison to the world: 66 37 (2001)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, has weathered the global financial crisis relatively smoothly because of its heavy reliance on domestic consumption as the driver of economic growth. Although the economy slowed significantly in 2009 from the 6%-plus growth rate recorded in 2007 and 2008, by 2010 growth returned to a 6% rate. During the recession, Indonesia outperformed its regional neighbors and joined China and India as the only G20 members posting growth. The government made economic advances under the first administration of President YUDHOYONO, introducing significant reforms in the financial sector, including tax and customs reforms, the use of Treasury bills, and capital market development and supervision. Indonesia's debt-to-GDP ratio in recent years has declined steadily because of increasingly robust GDP growth and sound fiscal stewardship. Indonesia still struggles with poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, corruption, a complex regulatory environment, and unequal resource distribution among regions. YUDHOYONO's reelection, with respected economist BOEDIONO as his vice president, suggests broad continuity of economic policy, although the start of their term has been marred by corruption scandals and the departure of an internationally respected finance minister. The government in 2010 faces the ongoing challenge of improving Indonesia's insufficient infrastructure to remove impediments to economic growth, while addressing climate change mitigation and adaptation needs, particularly with regard to conserving Indonesia's forests and peatlands, the focus of a potentially trailblazing $1 billion REDD+ pilot project.

Electricity - consumption [time series]

119.3 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 28

Electricity - exports [time series]

0 kWh (2008 est.)

Electricity - imports [time series]

0 kWh (2008 est.)

Electricity - production [time series]

134.4 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 27

Exchange rates [time series]

Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar - 9,169.5 (2010), 10,389.9 (2009), 9,698.9 (2008), 9,143 (2007), 9,159.3 (2006)

Exports [time series]

$146.3 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 30 $119.5 billion (2009 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber

Exports - partners [time series]

Japan 17.28%, Singapore 11.29%, US 10.81%, China 7.62%, South Korea 5.53%, India 4.35%, Taiwan 4.11%, Malaysia 4.07% (2009)

GDP (official exchange rate) [time series]

$695.1 billion (2010 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP (purchasing power parity)) [time series]

$1.033 trillion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 16 $974.6 billion (2009 est.) $932.6 billion (2008 est.) note: data are in 2010 US dollars

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP - composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 14.9% industry: 46.8% services: 38.3% (2010 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita (PPP)) [time series]

$4,300 (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 156 $4,100 (2009 est.) $3,900 (2008 est.) note: data are in 2010 US dollars

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

6% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 39 4.5% (2009 est.) 6% (2008 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 3% highest 10%: 32.3% (2006)

Imports [time series]

$111.1 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 30 $84.35 billion (2009 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs

Imports - partners [time series]

Singapore 24.96%, China 12.52%, Japan 8.92%, Malaysia 5.88%, South Korea 5.64%, US 4.88%, Thailand 4.45% (2009)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

4% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 85

Industries [time series]

petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

5.2% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 148 4.8% (2009 est.)

Investment (gross fixed) [time series]

30.8% of GDP (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 14

Labor force [time series]

114.9 million (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 5

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture: 42.1% industry: 18.6% services: 39.3% (2005 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares [time series]

$178.2 billion (31 December 2009) country comparison to the world: 35 $98.76 billion (31 December 2008) $211.7 billion (31 December 2007)

Natural gas - consumption [time series]

36.5 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 23

Natural gas - exports [time series]

33.5 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 7

Natural gas - imports [time series]

0 cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 173

Natural gas - production [time series]

70 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 12

Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]

3.001 trillion cu m (1 January 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 14

Oil - consumption [time series]

1.115 million bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 18

Oil - exports [time series]

85,000 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 68

Oil - imports [time series]

671,000 bbl/day (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 20

Oil - production [time series]

1.023 million bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 22

Oil - proved reserves [time series]

4.05 billion bbl (1 January 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 28

Population below poverty line [time series]

13.3% (2010)

Public debt [time series]

26.4% of GDP (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 91 27.4% of GDP (2009 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold [time series]

$83.58 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 16 $66.12 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of broad money [time series]

$276.8 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 31 $205.8 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad [time series]

$33.71 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 36 $30.18 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home [time series]

$81.21 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 41 $72.84 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of domestic credit [time series]

$253.1 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 37 $192.3 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of narrow money [time series]

$65.47 billion (31 December 2010 est) country comparison to the world: 42 $49.63 billion (31 December 2009 est)

Unemployment rate [time series]

7.1% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 74 8.1% (2009 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 1,904,569 sq km country comparison to the world: 16 land: 1,811,569 sq km water: 93,000 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Climate [time series]

tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Coastline [time series]

54,716 km

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Total water withdrawal (Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)) [time series]

total: 82.78 cu km/yr (8%/1%/91%) per capita: 372 cu m/yr (2000)

Geographic coordinates [time series]

5 00 S, 120 00 E

Geography - note [time series]

archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

Irrigated land [time series]

45,000 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 2,830 km border countries: Timor-Leste 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 11.03% permanent crops: 7.04% other: 81.93% (2005)

Location [time series]

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Map references [time series]

Southeast Asia

Maritime claims [time series]

measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Natural hazards [time series]

occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires volcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, western Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (elev. 2,968 m, 9,737 ft), Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010, has been deemed a "Decade Volcano" by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, and Tambora

Natural resources [time series]

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Terrain [time series]

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Total renewable water resources [time series]

2,838 cu km (1999)

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

30 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa Tengah (Central Java), Jawa Timur (East Java), Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan), Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan), Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands), Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara (North Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua), Riau, Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra), Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra), Yogyakarta* note: following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services

Capital [time series]

name: Jakarta geographic coordinates: 6 10 S, 106 49 E time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) note: Indonesia is divided into three time zones

Constitution [time series]

August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959; series of amendments concluded in 2002

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia conventional short form: Indonesia local long form: Republik Indonesia local short form: Indonesia former: Netherlands East Indies, Dutch East Indies

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Scot A. MARCIEL embassy: Jalan 1 Medan Merdeka Selatan 4-5, Jakarta 10110 mailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520 telephone: [62] (21) 3435-9000 FAX: [62] (21) 3435-9922 consulate(s) general: Surabaya

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Dino Patti DJALAL chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200 FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: president and vice president elected for five-year terms (eligible for a second term) by direct vote of the citizenry; election last held on 8 July 2009 (next to be held in 2014) election results: Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected president; percent of vote - Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO 60.8%, MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri 26.8%, Jusuf KALLA 12.4%

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries; red symbolizes courage, white represents purity note: similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

Government type [time series]

republic

Independence [time series]

17 August 1945 (declared); 27 December 1949 (by the Netherlands); note - in August 2005 the Netherlands announced that it had recognized de facto Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945

International organization participation [time series]

ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung is the final court of appeal but does not have the power of judicial review (justices are appointed by the president from a list of candidates selected by the legislature); in March 2004 the Supreme Court assumed administrative and financial responsibility for the lower court system from the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights; Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (invested by the president on 16 August 2003) has the power of judicial review, jurisdiction over the results of a general election, and reviews actions to dismiss a president from office; Labor Court under supervision of Supreme Court began functioning in January 2006; the Anti-Corruption Court has jurisdiction over corruption cases brought by the independent Corruption Eradication Commission

Legal system [time series]

based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures and election codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch [time series]

People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) is the upper house; it consists of members of the DPR and DPD and has role in inaugurating and impeaching the president and in amending the constitution but does not formulate national policy; House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (560 seats, members elected to serve five-year terms), formulates and passes legislation at the national level; House of Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD), constitutionally mandated role includes providing legislative input to DPR on issues affecting regions (132 members, four from each of Indonesia's 30 provinces, two special regions, and one special capital city district) elections: last held on 9 April 2009 (next to be held in 2014) election results: percent of vote by party - PD 20.9%, GOLKAR 14.5%, PDI-P 14.0%, PKS 7.9%, PAN 6.0%, PPP 5.3%, PKB 4.9%, GERINDRA 4.5%, HANURA 3.8%, others 18.2%; seats by party - PD 148, GOLKAR 107, PDI-P 94, PKS 57, PAN 46, PPP 37, PKB 28, GERINDRA 26, HANURA 17 note: 29 other parties received less than 2.5% of the vote so did not obtain any seats; because of election rules, the number of seats won does not always follow the percentage of votes received by parties

National anthem(s) (National anthem) [time series]

name: "Indonesia Raya" (Great Indonesia) lyrics/music: Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN note: adopted 1945

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Democrat Party or PD [Anas URANINGRUM]; Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR [Aburizal BAKRIE]; Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA [SUHARDI]; Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri]; National Awakening Party or PKB [Muhaiman ISKANDAR]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Hatta RAJASA]; People's Conscience Party or HANURA [WIRANTO]; Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Luthfi Hasan ISHAQ]; United Development Party or PPP [Suryadharma ALI]

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

Commission for the "Disappeared" and Victims of Violence or KontraS; Indonesia Corruption Watch or ICW; Indonesian Forum for the Environment or WALHI; Islamic Defenders Front or FPI; People's Democracy Fortress or Bendera

Suffrage [time series]

17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Introduction

Background [time series]

The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence after Japan's surrender, but it required four years of intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. Free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999 after decades of repressive rule. Indonesia is now the world's third most populous democracy, the world's largest archipelagic state, and home to the world's largest Muslim population. Current issues include: alleviating poverty, improving education, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing economic and financial reforms, stemming corruption, holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations, addressing climate change, and controlling avian influenza. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, which led to democratic elections in Aceh in December 2006. Indonesia continues to face low intensity armed resistance by the separatist Free Papua Movement.

Military

Manpower available for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 65,166,986 females age 16-49: 62,715,534 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 53,624,156 females age 16-49: 52,879,309 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually [time series]

male: 2,227,993 female: 2,156,427 (2010 est.)

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Indonesian Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL); includes marines, naval air arm), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)), National Air Defense Command (Kommando Pertahanan Udara Nasional (Kohanudnas)) (2009)

Military expenditures [time series]

3% of GDP (2005 est.) country comparison to the world: 47

Military service age and obligation [time series]

18 years of age for selective compulsory and voluntary military service; 2-year conscript service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers); Indonesian citizens only (2008)

People

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 28.1% (male 34,337,341/female 33,162,207) 15-64 years: 66% (male 79,549,569/female 78,918,321) 65 years and over: 6% (male 6,335,208/female 7,968,876) (2010 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

18.45 births/1,000 population (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 106

Death rate [time series]

6.25 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 157

Education expenditure (Education expenditures) [time series]

3.5% of GDP (2007) country comparison to the world: 134

Ethnic groups [time series]

Javanese 40.6%, Sundanese 15%, Madurese 3.3%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Betawi 2.4%, Bugis 2.4%, Banten 2%, Banjar 1.7%, other or unspecified 29.9% (2000 census)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

0.2% (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 103

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

8,700 (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 36

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

270,000 (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 25

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 28.94 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 74 male: 33.76 deaths/1,000 live births female: 23.89 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)

Languages [time series]

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (the most widely spoken of which is Javanese)

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 71.05 years country comparison to the world: 135 male: 68.53 years female: 73.69 years (2010 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 90.4% male: 94% female: 86.8% (2004 est.)

Major infectious diseases [time series]

degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: chikungunya, dengue fever, and malaria note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Median age [time series]

total: 27.9 years male: 27.4 years female: 28.4 years (2010 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Indonesian(s) adjective: Indonesian

Net migration rate [time series]

-1.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 163

Population [time series]

242,968,342 (July 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 4

Population growth rate [time series]

1.097% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 115

Religions [time series]

Muslim 86.1%, Protestant 5.7%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 1.8%, other or unspecified 3.4% (2000 census)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) [time series]

total: 13 years male: 13 years female: 13 years (2008)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2010 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

2.28 children born/woman (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 107

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 52% of total population (2008) rate of urbanization: 3.3% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors; some sections of border along Timor-Leste's Oecussi exclave and maritime boundaries with Timor-Leste remain unresolved; many refugees from Timor-Leste who left in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; a 1997 treaty between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of their maritime boundary but outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 left the sovereignty of Unarang rock and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea in dispute; the ICJ decision has prompted Indonesia to assert claims to and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalization of their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches

Illicit drugs [time series]

illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; producer of methamphetamine and ecstasy

Refugees and internally displaced persons [time series]

IDPs: 200,000-350,000 (government offensives against rebels in Aceh; most IDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi Provinces, and Maluku) (2007)

Transportation

Airports [time series]

684 (2010) country comparison to the world: 10

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 171 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 19 1,524 to 2,437 m: 50 914 to 1,523 m: 64 under 914 m: 34 (2010)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 513 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 25 under 914 m: 484 (2010)

Heliports [time series]

64 (2010)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 1,244 country comparison to the world: 8 by type: bulk carrier 95, cargo 601, chemical tanker 57, container 112, liquefied gas 17, passenger 47, passenger/cargo 76, petroleum tanker 214, refrigerated cargo 4, roll on/roll off 12, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 8 foreign-owned: 61 (China 1, France 1, Greece 1, Japan 7, Malaysia 1, Norway 4, Singapore 42, South Korea 1, Taiwan 1, US 2) registered in other countries: 87 (Bahamas 2, Cambodia 2, Hong Kong 8, Liberia 4, Mongolia 2, Panama 14, Singapore 53, unknown 2) (2010)

Pipelines [time series]

condensate 735 km; condensate/gas 73 km; gas 5,800 km; oil 5,721 km; oil/gas/water 12 km; refined products 1,370 km (2009)

Ports (Ports and terminals) [time series]

Banjarmasin, Belawan, Kotabaru, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok

Railways [time series]

total: 8,529 km country comparison to the world: 25 narrow gauge: 8,529 km 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified) (2008)

Roadways [time series]

total: 437,759 km country comparison to the world: 14 paved: 258,744 km unpaved: 179,015 km (2008)

Transportation - note [time series]

the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Strait of Malacca and South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; numerous commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia; crews have been murdered or cast adrift

Waterways [time series]

21,579 km (2011) country comparison to the world: 5