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Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture-products) [time series]

rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, other tropical products; poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Budget [time series]

revenues: $42.8 billion expenditures: $42.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $14.4 billion (FY97/98 est.)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

Indonesian rupiah (Rp)

Debt - external (Debt-external) [time series]

$136 billion (yearend 1997 est.)

Economic aid [time series]

recipient: IMF program, $42 billion (1998 est.)

Economic overview (Economy-overview) [time series]

While Indonesia was long touted for its sound macroeconomic management and spectacular growth, the Asian financial crisis in 1997/98 revealed the weak underpinnings of the economy: an unhealthy banking sector, untenable levels of private foreign debt, and uncompetitive practices that favored the financial interests of former President SOEHARTO's family and friends. Indonesia sought IMF assistance early in the crisis and eventually brokered a $42 billion bailout package; but Jakarta jeopardized the program by resisting strict IMF reforms, partly in response to the rupiah's collapse, which lost as much as 80% of its value at one point. Economic prospects look bleak for 1998: the economy probably will shrink between 4% to 10%, unemployment top historic highs-in excess of 15%-and inflation move toward hyper levels.

Electricity - capacity (Electricity-capacity) [time series]

16.265 million kW (1995)

Electricity - consumption per capita (Electricity-consumption per capita) [time series]

297 kWh (1995)

Electricity - production (Electricity-production) [time series]

60.4 billion kWh (1995)

Exchange rates [time series]

Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1-8,000 (April 1998), 2,909.4 (1997), 2,342.3 (1996), 2,248.6 (1995), 2,160.8 (1994), 2,087.1 (1993)

Exports [time series]

total value: $53.4 billion (f.o.b., 1997) commodities: textiles/garments 20.6%, wood products 15.7%, electronics 9.9%, footwear 6.1% partners: Japan 27.1%, US 13.9%, Singapore 8.3%, South Korea 6.4%, Taiwan 3.9%, China 3.8%, Hong Kong 3.6% (1995)

Fiscal year [time series]

1 April-31 March Communications

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP) [time series]

purchasing power parity-$960 billion (1997 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP-composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 16% industry: 43% services: 41% (1996)

Real GDP per capita (GDP-per capita) [time series]

purchasing power parity-$4,600 (1997 est.)

Real GDP growth rate (GDP-real growth rate) [time series]

4% (1997 est.)

Imports [time series]

total value: $41.6 billion (f.o.b., 1997) commodities: manufactures 75.3%, raw materials 9.0%, foodstuffs 7.8%, fuels 7.7% partners: Japan 22.7%, US 11.7%, Germany 6.9%, South Korea 6.0%, Singapore 5.8%, Australia 5.0%, Taiwan 4.5% (1995)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

10.5% (1996 est.)

Industries [time series]

petroleum and natural gas, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, food, rubber; tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices) (Inflation rate-consumer price index) [time series]

50% (1998 est.)

Labor force [time series]

total: 67 million by occupation: agriculture 44%, manufacturing 13%, construction 5%, transport and communications 4%, other 34% (1995 est.)

Broadcast media (Radio broadcast stations) [time series]

AM 618, FM 38, shortwave 0

Radios [time series]

28.1 million (1992 est.)

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

domestic service fair, international service good domestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net; domestic satellite communications system international: satellite earth stations-2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones) [time series]

1,276,600 (1993 est.)

Broadcast media (Television broadcast stations) [time series]

Televisions [time series]

11.5 million (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate [time series]

15%; underemployment 50% (1998 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 1,919,440 sq km land: 1,826,440 sq km water: 93,000 sq km

Area - comparative (Area-comparative) [time series]

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Climate [time series]

tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Coastline [time series]

54,716 km

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m

Environment - current issues (Environment-current issues) [time series]

deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas

International environmental agreements (Environment-international agreements) [time series]

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Desertification, Marine Life Conservation

Geographic coordinates [time series]

5 00 S, 120 00 E

Geography - note (Geography-note) [time series]

archipelago of 17,000 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

Irrigated land [time series]

45,970 sq km (1993 est.)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 2,602 km border countries: Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 10% permanent crops: 7% permanent pastures: 7% forests and woodland: 62% other: 14% (1993 est.)

Location [time series]

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Map references [time series]

Southeast Asia

Maritime claims [time series]

measured from claimed archipelagic baselines exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm

Natural hazards [time series]

occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes

Natural resources [time series]

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Terrain [time series]

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular-propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular-daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta*

Constitution [time series]

August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia conventional short form: Indonesia local long form: Republik Indonesia local short form: Indonesia former: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies

Data code [time series]

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador J. Stapleton ROY embassy: Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Jakarta mailing address: Box 1, APO AP 96520 telephone: [62] (21) 344-2211

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador DORODJATUN Kuntoro-Jakti chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200

Executive branch [time series]

note: on 21 May 1998-less than three months after being reelected to a seventh five-year term-President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO resigned from office; immediately following his resignation he announced that Vice President HABIBIE would assume the presidency for the remainder of the term which expires in 2003; on 28 May 1998, HABIBIE and legislative leaders announced an agreement to hold a new presidential election in 1999 chief of state: President Bacharuddin J. HABIBIE (since 21 March 1998); note-the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Bacharuddin J. HABIBIE (since 21 March 1998); note-the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet elections: president and vice president elected by consensus by the People's Consultative Assembly for five-year terms; election last held 10 March 1998 (next to be held NA 1999) election results: Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO elected president by consensus by the People's Consultative Assembly; Bacharuddin J. HABIBIE elected vice president by consensus by the People's Consultative Assembly; note-Vice President HABIBIE assumed the presidency after SOEHARTO's resignation

Diplomatic representation in the US (FAX) [time series]

[1] (202) 775-5365 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco

Diplomatic representation in the US (FAX) [time series]

[62] (21) 386-2259 consulate(s) general: Surabaya

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

Government type [time series]

republic

Independence [time series]

17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands)

International organization participation [time series]

APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNPREDEP, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung), the judges are appointed by the president

Legal system [time series]

based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (500 seats; 425 elected by popular vote, 75 are appointed military representatives; members serve five-year terms) elections: last held 29 May 1997 (next to be held NA 2002) election results: percent of vote by party-Golkar 74.5%, PPP 22.43%, PDI 3.07%; seats by party-Golkar 325, PPP 89, PDI 11 note: the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly selected members; it meets every five years to elect the president and vice president and to approve the broad outlines of national policy

Capital (National capital) [time series]

Jakarta

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Golkar (de facto ruling political party based on functional groups), HARMOKO, general chairman; Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI, federation of former Nationalist and Christian Parties), SOERJADI, chairman; Development Unity Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail Hasan METAREUM, chairman

Suffrage [time series]

17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Military

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police

Military expenditures - dollar figure (Military expenditures-dollar figure) [time series]

$3.3 billion (FY97/98)

Military expenditures (Military expenditures-percent of GDP) [time series]

1.3% (FY97/98)

Military manpower - availability (Military manpower-availability) [time series]

males age 15-49: 59,862,854 (1998 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service (Military manpower-fit for military service) [time series]

males: 35,148,486 (1998 est.)

Military manpower - military age (Military manpower-military age) [time series]

18 years of age

Military manpower - reaching military age annually (Military manpower-reaching military age annually) [time series]

males: 2,286,098 (1998 est.)

People

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 31% (male 33,311,867; female 32,361,468) 15-64 years: 65% (male 69,215,722; female 69,578,527) 65 years and over: 4% (male 3,744,314; female 4,729,912) (July 1998 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

23.1 births/1,000 population (1998 est.)

Death rate [time series]

8.22 deaths/1,000 population (1998 est.)

Ethnic groups [time series]

Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26%

Infant mortality rate [time series]

59.23 deaths/1,000 live births (1998 est.)

Languages [time series]

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 62.49 years male: 60.28 years female: 64.81 years (1998 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 83.8% male: 89.6% female: 78% (1995 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Indonesian(s) adjective: Indonesian

Net migration rate [time series]

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1998 est.)

Population [time series]

212,941,810 (July 1998 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

1.49% (1998 est.)

Religions [time series]

Muslim 87%, Protestant 6%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1985)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female (1998 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

2.61 children born/woman (1998 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international (Disputes-international) [time series]

sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Portugal and not recognized by the UN; two islands in dispute with Malaysia

Illicit drugs [time series]

illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; possible growing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangle heroin IRAN

Transportation

Airports [time series]

442 (1997 est.)

Airports - with paved runways (Airports-with paved runways) [time series]

total: 124 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 11 1,524 to 2,437 m: 40 914 to 1,523 m: 41 under 914 m: 28 (1997 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways (Airports-with unpaved runways) [time series]

total: 318 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 32 under 914 m: 281 (1997 est.)

Heliports [time series]

4 (1997 est.)

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

total: 393,000 km paved: 178,815 km unpaved: 214,185 km (1996 est.)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 503 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,433,857 GRT/3,510,818 DWT ships by type: bulk 35, cargo 291, chemical tanker 8, container 11, liquefied gas tanker 5, livestock carrier 1, oil tanker 105, passenger 8, passenger-cargo 12, roll-on/roll-off cargo 10, short-sea passenger 6, specialized tanker 6, vehicle carrier 5 (1997 est.)

Pipelines [time series]

crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas 1,703 km (1989)

Ports (Ports and harbors) [time series]

Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Semarang, Surabaya, Ujungpandang

Railways [time series]

total: 6,458 km narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (101 km electrified; 101 km double track); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (1995)

Waterways [time series]

21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km