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Communications

Airports [time series]

468 total, 435 usable; 106 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 62 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Civil air [time series]

about 216 commercial transport aircraft

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

119,500 km total; 11,812 km state, 34,180 km provincial, and 73,508 km district roads

Waterways (Inland waterways) [time series]

21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Celebes 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km

Merchant marine [time series]

313 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,480,912 GRT/2,245,233 DWT; includes 5 short-sea passenger, 13 passenger-cargo, 173 cargo, 6 container, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 vehicle carrier, 77 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 6 specialized tanker, 1 livestock carrier, 24 bulk

Pipelines [time series]

crude oil, 2,505 km; refined products, 456 km; natural gas, 1,703 km (1989)

Ports [time series]

Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Ujungpandang, Semarang, Surabaya

Railways (Railroads) [time series]

6,964 km total; 6,389 km 1.067-meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter gauge, 78 km 0.600-meter gauge; 211 km double track; 101 km electrified; all government owned

Telecommunication systems (Telecommunications) [time series]

interisland microwave system and HF police net; domestic service fair, international service good; radiobroadcast coverage good; 763,000 telephones (1986); stations--618 AM, 38 FM, 9 TV; satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station; and 1 domestic satellite communications system

Defense Forces

Military and security forces (Branches) [time series]

Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police

Military expenditures (Defense expenditures) [time series]

2.1% of GNP (1987)

Military manpower [time series]

males 15-49, 49,283,496; 29,137,291 fit for military service; 2,098,169 reach military age (18) annually

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture) [time series]

subsistence food production; small-holder and plantation production for export; rice, cassava, peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, copra, other tropical products

Aid [time series]

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $4.2 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $19.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $213 million; Communist countries (1970-88), $175 million

Budget [time series]

revenues $20.9 billion; expenditures $20.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $7.5 billion (FY89)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

Indonesian rupiah (plural--rupiahs); 1 Indonesian rupiah (Rp) = 100 sen (sen no longer used)

Electricity [time series]

11,600,000 kW capacity; 38,000 million kWh produced, 200 kWh per capita (1989)

Exchange rates [time series]

Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1--1,804.9 (January 1990), 1,770.1 (1989), 1,685.7 (1988), 1,643.8 (1987), 1,282.6 (1986), 1,110.6 (1985)

Exports [time series]

$21.0 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--petroleum and liquefied natural gas 40%, timber 15%, textiles 7%, rubber 5%, coffee 3%; partners--Japan 42%, US 16%, Singapore 9%, EC 11% (1988)

Debt - external (External debt) [time series]

$55.0 billion, medium and long-term (1989 est.)

Fiscal year [time series]

1 April-31 March

GNP [time series]

$80 billion, per capita $430; real growth rate 5.7% (1989 est.)

Illicit drugs [time series]

illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade, but not a major player; government actively eradicating plantings and prosecuting traffickers

Imports [time series]

$13.2 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--machinery 39%, chemical products 19%, manufactured goods 16%; partners--Japan 26%, EC 19%, US 13%, Singapore 7% (1988)

Industrial production growth rate (Industrial production) [time series]

growth rate 4.8% (1988 est.)

Industries [time series]

petroleum, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizer production, timber, food, rubber

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

5.5% (1989)

Economic overview (Overview) [time series]

Indonesia is a mixed economy with many socialist institutions and central planning but with a recent emphasis on deregulation and private enterprise. Indonesia has extensive natural wealth but, with a large and rapidly increasing population, it remains a poor country. GNP growth in 1985-89 averaged about 4%, somewhat short of the 5% rate needed to absorb the 2.3 million workers annually entering the labor force. Agriculture, including forestry and fishing, is the most important sector, accounting for 21% of GDP and over 50% of the labor force. The staple crop is rice. Once the world's largest rice importer, Indonesia is now nearly self-sufficient. Plantation crops--rubber and palm oil--are being encouraged for both export and job generation. The diverse natural resources include crude oil, natural gas, timber, metals, and coal. Of these, the oil sector dominates the external economy, generating more than 20% of the government's revenues and 40% of export earnings in 1989. Japan is Indonesia's most important customer and supplier of aid.

Unemployment rate [time series]

3.1% (1989 est.)

Geography

Climate [time series]

tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Coastline [time series]

54,716 km

Area - comparative (Comparative area) [time series]

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Continental shelf [time series]

to depth of exploitation;

Disputes - international (Disputes) [time series]

East Timor question with Portugal

Environment - current issues (Environment) [time series]

archipelago of 13,500 islands (6,000 inhabited); occasional floods, severe droughts, and tsunamis; deforestation

Extended economic zone [time series]

200 nm;

Land boundaries [time series]

2,602 km total; Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

Land use [time series]

8% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 7% meadows and pastures; 67% forest and woodland; 15% other; includes 3% irrigated

Maritime claims [time series]

(measured from claimed archipelagic baselines);

Natural resources [time series]

crude oil, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Note [time series]

straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

Terrain [time series]

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Maritime claims (Territorial sea) [time series]

12 nm

Area (Total area) [time series]

1,919,440 km2; land area: 1,826,440 km2

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular--propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular--daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta*

Capital [time series]

Jakarta

Political parties (Communists) [time series]

Communist Party (PKI) was officially banned in March 1966; current strength about 1,000-3,000, with less than 10% engaged in organized activity; pre-October 1965 hardcore membership about 1.5 million

Constitution [time series]

August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959

Diplomatic representation in the US (Diplomatic representation) [time series]

Ambassador Abdul Rachman RAMLY; Chancery at 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202) 775-5200; there are Indonesian Consulates General in Houston, New York, and Los Angeles, and Consulates in Chicago and San Francisco; US--Ambassador John C. MONJO; Embassy at Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Jakarta (mailing address is APO San Francisco 96356); telephone [62] (21) 360-360; there are US Consulates in Medan and Surabaya

Executive branch [time series]

president, vice president, Cabinet

Flag [time series]

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Monaco which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland which is white (top) and red

Independence [time series]

17 August 1945 (from Netherlands; formerly Netherlands or Dutch East Indies)

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968); Vice President Lt. Gen. (Ret.) SUDHARMONO (since 11 March 1983)

Legal system [time series]

based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR); note--the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly elected members who meet every five years to elect the president and vice president and, theoretically, to determine national policy

Country name (Long-form name) [time series]

Republic of Indonesia

International organization participation (Member of) [time series]

ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, Association of Tin Producing Countries, CCC, CIPEC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

GOLKAR (quasi-official party based on functional groups), Lt. Gen. (Ret.) Wahono, general chairman; Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI--federation of former Nationalist and Christian Parties), Soeryadi, chairman; Development Unity Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail Hasan Metareum, chairman

Suffrage [time series]

universal at age 17 and married persons regardless of age House of Representatives--last held on 23 April 1987 (next to be held 23 April 1992); results--Golkar 73%, UDP 16%, PDI 11%; seats--(500 total--400 elected, 100 appointed) Golkar 299, UDP 61, PDI 40

Government type (Type) [time series]

republic

People

Birth rate [time series]

27 births/1,000 population (1990)

Death rate [time series]

9 deaths/1,000 population (1990)

Ethnic groups (Ethnic divisions) [time series]

majority of Malay stock comprising 45.0% Javanese, 14.0% Sundanese, 7.5% Madurese, 7.5% coastal Malays, 26.0% other

Infant mortality rate [time series]

75 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)

Labor force [time series]

67,000,000; 55% agriculture, 10% manufacturing, 4% construction, 3% transport and communications (1985 est.)

Languages (Language) [time series]

Bahasa Indonesia (modified form of Malay; official); English and Dutch leading foreign languages; local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

58 years male, 63 years female (1990)

Literacy [time series]

62%

Nationality [time series]

noun--Indonesian(s); adjective--Indonesian

Net migration rate [time series]

0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)

Organized labor [time series]

3,000,000 members (claimed); about 5% of labor force

Population [time series]

190,136,221 (July 1990), growth rate 1.8% (1990)

Religions (Religion) [time series]

88% Muslim, 6% Protestant, 3% Roman Catholic, 2% Hindu, 1% other

Total fertility rate [time series]

3.1 children born/woman (1990)