Indonesia

presidential republic

name: Jakarta geographic coordinates: 6 10 S, 106 49 E time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) time zone note: Indonesia has three time zones etymology: derives from the Sanscrit name Jayakarta, meaning "victory and prosperity;" Prince FATILLAH conquered and renamed the city, formerly known as Sunda Kelapa, in 1527 note: in 2022, the relocation of the country s capital was approved, from Jakarta to a site on the island of Borneo between Samarinda City and the port city of Balikpapan; Nusantara ("archipelago"), the new capital, was in development as of 2024 and is expected to be completed in 2045

chief of state: President PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (since 20 October 2024) head of government: President PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (since 20 October 2024) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president election/appointment process: president and vice president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term) most recent election date: 14 February 2024 election results: 2024: PRABOWO Subianto elected president (assumes office 20 October 2024); percent of vote - PRABOWO Subianto (GERINDRA) 58.6%, Anies Rasyid BASWEDAN (Independent) 24.9%, GANJAR Pranowo (PDI-P) 16.5% 2019: Joko WIDODO reelected president; percent of vote - Joko WIDODO (PDI-P) 55.5%, PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (GERINDRA) 44.5% expected date of next election: 2029 note: the president is both chief of state and head of government

legislature name: House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat) legislative structure: unicameral number of seats: 580 (all directly elected) electoral system: proportional representation scope of elections: full renewal term in office: 5 years most recent election date: 2/14/2024 parties elected and seats per party: Indonesian Democratic Party - Struggle (PDI-P) (110); Party of Functional Groups (Golkar) (102); Great Indonesia Movement (Gerindra) (86); National Democratic Party (NasDem) (69); National Awakening Party (PKB) (68); Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) (53); National Mandate Party (PAN) (48); Democratic Party (PD) (44) percentage of women in chamber: 21.9% expected date of next election: April 2029

highest court(s): Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (consists of 9 judges) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament; judges serve until retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70 subordinate courts: High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts

history: drafted July to August 1945, effective 18 August 1945, abrogated by 1949 and 1950 constitutions; 1945 constitution restored 5 July 1959 amendment process: proposed by the People s Consultative Assembly, with at least two thirds of its members present; passage requires simple majority vote by the Assembly membership; constitutional articles on the unitary form of the state cannot be amended

ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IORA, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, MSG (associate member), NAM, OECD (enhanced engagement), OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

0.8% of GDP (2024 est.) 0.8% of GDP (2023 est.) 0.8% of GDP (2022 est.) 0.8% of GDP (2021 est.) 0.8% of GDP (2020 est.)

Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat, TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut, TNI-AL; includes Marine Corps (Korps Marinir or KorMar)), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara, TNI-AU) Indonesian National Police (aka The State Police of the Republic of Indonesia or POLRI) Ministry of Transportation: Indonesia Sea and Coast Guard (Kesatuan Penjagaan Laut dan Pantai Republik Indonesia, KPLP); Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs: Maritime Security Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (Badan Keamanan Laut Republik Indonesia, Bakamla) (2025) note 1: the National Police are an independent organization reporting directly to the president of Indonesia note 2: the KPLP ensures the safety of shipping inside the Indonesian Maritime Zone; the Bakamla conducts security and safety patrols in the territorial waters of Indonesia

18 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; upper age limits vary by military service, position, specialty; compulsory service authorized but not utilized (2025)

the military is responsible for external defense, combatting separatism, and responding to national emergencies and natural disasters; in certain conditions it may provide operational support to police, such as for counterterrorism operations, maintaining public order, and addressing communal conflicts key operational priorities include an insurgency on Papua and the security of Indonesia's vast maritime domain; the West Papua Liberation Army, the military wing of the Free Papua Organization, has been fighting a low-level insurgency in Papua since Indonesia annexed the former Dutch colony in the 1960s; maritime issues include piracy, transnational crime, illegal fishing, and incursions by People's Republic of China (PRC) vessels; Indonesia is not a formal claimant in the South China Sea, although some of its waters lie within the PRC's nine-dash line maritime claims, resulting in some stand offs in recent years; over the past decade, the Indonesian military has bolstered its presence on and around the strategically located Natuna Islands (2025)

250 (plus about 170 police) Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,025 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 1,225 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2025)

$4.102 trillion (2024 est.) $3.906 trillion (2023 est.) $3.718 trillion (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

$14,500 (2024 est.) $13,900 (2023 est.) $13,300 (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

5% (2024 est.) 5% (2023 est.) 5.3% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

3.7% (2023 est.) 4.2% (2022 est.) 1.6% (2021 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

45.34% of GDP (2022 est.) note: central government debt as a % of GDP

$300.868 billion (2024 est.) $291.287 billion (2023 est.) $315.746 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

$279.419 billion (2024 est.) $262.694 billion (2023 est.) $273.031 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

3.3% (2024 est.) 3.4% (2023 est.) 3.5% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment

revenues: $182.658 billion (2023 est.) expenditures: $204.739 billion (2023 est.) note: central government revenues and expenditures (excluding grants and social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

petroleum and natural gas, textiles, automotive, electrical appliances, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, medical instruments and appliances, handicrafts, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, processed food, jewelry, and tourism

oil palm fruit, rice, sugarcane, maize, coconuts, cassava, bananas, eggs, chicken, mangoes/guavas (2023) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

total: 283,587,097 (2025 est.) male: 141,778,977 female: 141,808,120

0.7% (2025 est.)

0-14 years: 23.8% (male 34,247,218/female 32,701,367) 15-64 years: 68.3% (male 96,268,201/female 95,961,293) 65 years and over: 8% (2024 est.) (male 10,284,628/female 12,099,758)

14.55 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

6.82 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

-0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

total population: 73.6 years (2024 est.) male: 71.3 years female: 76 years

urban population: 58.6% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%, Banjarese 1.7%, Balinese 1.7%, Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%, Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%, other 15% (2010 est.)

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese); note - more than 700 languages are used in Indonesia major-language sample(s): Fakta Dunia, sumber informasi dasar yang sangat diperlukan. (Indonesian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Muslim 87.4%, Protestant 7.5%, Roman Catholic 3.1%, Hindu 1.7%, other 0.8% (includes Buddhist and Confucian) (2022 est.)

total population: 96% (2020 est.) male: 97.4% (2020 est.) female: 94.6% (2020 est.)

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver note: Indonesia is the World's leading producer of nickel with an output of 1.6 million mt in 2022

Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (aka Jemaah Anshorut Daulah); Jemaah Islamiyah note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

refugees: 11,964 (2024 est.) IDPs: 95,521 (2024 est.) stateless persons: 2,643 (2024 est.)

556 (2025)

total: 8,159 km (2014) narrow gauge: 8,159 km (2014) 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified) note: 4,816 km operational

total: 11,422 (2023) by type: bulk carrier 160, container ship 219, general cargo 2,347, oil tanker 714, other 7,982

total subscriptions: 347 million (2024 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 123 (2024 est.)

percent of population: 69% (2023 est.)