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Communications

Internet users (Internet Service Providers (ISPs)) [time series]

24 (1999)

Broadcast media (Radio broadcast stations) [time series]

AM 678, FM 43, shortwave 82 (1998)

Radios [time series]

31.5 million (1997)

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

domestic service fair, international service good domestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net; domestic satellite communications system international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

3.291 million (1995)

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

1.2 million (1998)

Broadcast media (Television broadcast stations) [time series]

41 (1999)

Televisions [time series]

13.75 million (1997)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra; poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Budget [time series]

revenues: $25.4 billion (of which $6 billion is from international financial institutions) expenditures: $25.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY99/00 est.)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

Indonesian rupiah (Rp) = 100 sen

Debt - external [time series]

$140 billion (1998 est.)

Economic aid (Economic aid - recipient) [time series]

$43 billion from IMF program and other official external financing (1997-2000)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

The Indonesian economy stabilized in 1999, following the sharp contraction and high inflation of 1998. By following tight monetary policy, the government reduced inflation from over 70% in 1998 to 2% in 1999. Although interest rates spiked as high as 70% in response to the monetary contraction, they fell rapidly to the 10% to 15% range. The economy stopped its free-fall as GDP showed some growth in the second half of 1999, although GDP for the year as a whole showed no growth. The government managed to recapitalize a handful of private banks and has begun recapitalizing the state-owned banking sector. New lending, however, remains almost unavailable as banks continue to be wary of issuing new debt in an environment where little progress has been made in restructuring the huge burden of outstanding debts. IMF payments were suspended late in 1999 as the result of evidence that a private bank had illegally funneled payments it received from the government to one of the political parties. The government has forecast growth of 3.8% for FY00/01. The spread of sectarian violence and continuing dissatisfaction with the pace of bank and debt restructuring will make it difficult for Indonesia to attract the private investment necessary to achieve this goal.

Electricity - consumption [time series]

68.011 billion kWh (1998)

Electricity - exports [time series]

0 kWh (1998)

Electricity - imports [time series]

0 kWh (1998)

Electricity - production [time series]

73.13 billion kWh (1998)

Electricity - production by source [time series]

fossil fuel: 88.19% hydro: 8.39% nuclear: 0% other: 3.42% (1998)

Exchange rates [time series]

Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1 - 7,278.8 (January 2000), 7,855.2 (1999), 10,013.6 (1998), 2,909.4 (1997), 2,342.3 (1996), 2,248.6 (1995)

Exports [time series]

$48 billion (f.o.b., 1999 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

oil and gas, plywood, textiles, rubber

Exports - partners [time series]

Japan 18%, EU 15%, US 14%, Singapore 13%, South Korea 5%, Hong Kong 4%, China 4%, Taiwan 3% (1999 est.)

Fiscal year [time series]

1 April - 31 March

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP) [time series]

purchasing power parity - $610 billion (1999 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP - composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 21% industry: 35% services: 44% (1999 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita) [time series]

purchasing power parity - $2,800 (1999 est.)

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

0% (1999 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 3.6% highest 10%: 30.3% (1996)

Imports [time series]

$24 billion (c.i.f., 1999 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

machinery and equipment; chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs

Imports - partners [time series]

Japan 17%, US 13%, Singapore 10%, Germany 9%, Australia 6%, South Korea 5%, Taiwan 3%, China 3% (1999 est.)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

1.5% (1999 est.)

Industries [time series]

petroleum and natural gas; textiles, apparel, and footwear; mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood; rubber; food; tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

2% (1999 est.)

Labor force [time series]

88 million (1998)

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture 45%, trade, restaurant, and hotel 19%, manufacturing 11%, transport and communications 5%, construction 4% (1998)

Population below poverty line [time series]

NA%

Unemployment rate [time series]

15%-20% (1998 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 1,919,440 sq km land: 1,826,440 sq km water: 93,000 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Climate [time series]

tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Coastline [time series]

54,716 km

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine Life Conservation

Geographic coordinates [time series]

5 00 S, 120 00 E

Geography - note [time series]

archipelago of 17,000 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

Irrigated land [time series]

45,970 sq km (1993 est.)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 2,602 km border countries: Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 10% permanent crops: 7% permanent pastures: 7% forests and woodland: 62% other: 14% (1993 est.)

Location [time series]

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Map references [time series]

Southeast Asia

Maritime claims [time series]

measured from claimed archipelagic baselines exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm

Natural hazards [time series]

occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes

Natural resources [time series]

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Terrain [time series]

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

23 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Yogyakarta*; note - there may be a new province named Maluku Utara note: following the 30 August 1999 provincial referendum for independence which was overwhelmingly approved by the people of Timor Timur and the October 1999 concurrence of Indonesia's national legislature, the name East Timor was adopted as a provisional name for the political entity formerly known as Propinsi Timor Timur until such time as the entity's independent status is formally established

Capital [time series]

Jakarta

Constitution [time series]

August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia conventional short form: Indonesia local long form: Republik Indonesia local short form: Indonesia former: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies

Data code [time series]

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Robert GELBARD embassy: Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Jakarta mailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1, APO AP 96520 telephone: [62] (21) 344-2211 FAX: [62] (21) 386-2259 consulate(s) general: Surabaya

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Maleeha LODHI chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200 FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Abdurrahman WAHID (since 20 October 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Abdurrahman WAHID (since 20 October 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet elections: president and vice president selected by vote of the People's Consultative Assembly for five-year terms; selection last held 20 October 1999 (next to be held by NA 2004) election results: Abdurrahman WAHID selected president by vote of the People's Consultative Assembly, receiving 373 votes to 313 votes for MEGAWATI; MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri selected vice president by vote of the People's Consultative Assembly

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

Government type [time series]

republic

Independence [time series]

17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands)

International organization participation [time series]

APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMOP, UNMOT, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung), the judges are appointed by the president

Legal system [time series]

based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (500 seats; 462 elected by popular vote, 38 are appointed military representatives; members serve five-year terms) elections: last held 7 June 1999 (next to be held NA June 2004) election results: percent of vote by party - PDI-P 37.4%, Golkar 20.9%, PKB 17.4%, PPP 10.7%, PAN 7.3%, PBB 1.8%, other 4.5%; seats by party - PDI-P 154, Golkar 120, PPP 58, PKB 51, PAN 35, PBB 14, other 30 note: the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the DPR plus 200 indirectly selected members; it meets every five years to elect the president and vice president and to approve the broad outlines of national policy

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [Yusril Ihza MAHENDRA, chairman]; Development Unity Party or PPP (federation of former Islamic parties) [Hamzah HAZ, chairman]; Golkar [Akbar TANSUNG, general chairman]; Indonesia Democracy Party or PDI (federation of former Nationalist and Christian Parties) [Budi HARDJONO, chairman]; Indonesia Democracy Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri, chairperson]; National Awakening Party or PKB [Abdurrahman WAHID]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Amien RAIS, chairman]

Suffrage [time series]

17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Introduction

Background [time series]

The world's largest archipelago, Indonesia achieved independence from the Netherlands in 1949. Current issues include: implementing IMF-mandated reforms of the banking sector, effecting a transition to a popularly elected government after years of rule by dictators, addressing charges of cronyism and corruption among the Chinese-dominated business class, dealing with alleged human rights violations by the military, and resolving growing pressures for some form of autonomy or independence in certain regions such as Aceh and Irian Jaya. On 30 August 1999 a provincial referendum for independence was overwhelmingly approved by the people of Timor Timur. Concurrence followed by Indonesia's national legislature, and the name East Timor was provisionally adopted. The independent status of East Timor has yet to be formally established.

Military

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police

Military expenditures - dollar figure [time series]

$1 billion (FY98/99)

Military expenditures (Military expenditures - percent of GDP) [time series]

1.3% (FY98/99)

Military manpower - availability [time series]

males age 15-49: 62,948,286 (2000 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service [time series]

males age 15-49: 36,826,282 (2000 est.)

Military manpower - military age [time series]

18 years of age

Military manpower - reaching military age annually [time series]

males: 2,273,324 (2000 est.)

People

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 30.57% (male 34,932,102; female 33,783,603) 15-64 years: 64.96% (male 72,889,994; female 73,124,821) 65 years and over: 4.47% (male 4,413,268; female 5,640,422) (2000 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

22.6 births/1,000 population (2000 est.)

Death rate [time series]

6.31 deaths/1,000 population (2000 est.)

Ethnic groups [time series]

Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26%

Infant mortality rate [time series]

42.21 deaths/1,000 live births (2000 est.)

Languages [time series]

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 67.96 years male: 65.61 years female: 70.42 years (2000 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 83.8% male: 89.6% female: 78% (1995 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Indonesian(s) adjective: Indonesian

Net migration rate [time series]

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2000 est.)

Population [time series]

224,784,210 (July 2000 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

1.63% (2000 est.)

Religions [time series]

Muslim 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1998)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2000 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

2.61 children born/woman (2000 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

Sipadan and Ligitan Islands in dispute with Malaysia

Illicit drugs [time series]

illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; possible growing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangle heroin [Country Listing] [ The World Factbook Home]

Transportation

Airports [time series]

446 (1999 est.)

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 127 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 12 1,524 to 2,437 m: 39 914 to 1,523 m: 41 under 914 m: 31 (1999 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 319 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 33 under 914 m: 281 (1999 est.)

Heliports [time series]

4 (1999 est.)

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

total: 342,700 km paved: 158,670 km unpaved: 184,030 km (1997 est.)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 586 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,676,875 GRT/3,700,864 DWT ships by type: bulk 38, cargo 346, chemical tanker 9, container 19, liquified gas 5, livestock carrier 1, passenger 7, passenger/cargo 13, petroleum tanker 114, refrigerated cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off 11, short-sea passenger 8, specialized tanker 9, vehicle carrier 5 (1999 est.)

Pipelines [time series]

crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas 1,703 km (1989)

Ports (Ports and harbors) [time series]

Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Semarang, Surabaya, Ujungpandang

Railways [time series]

total: 6,458 km narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (101 km electrified; 101 km double track); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (1995)

Waterways [time series]

21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km