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Communications

Broadcast media (Radio broadcast stations) [time series]

AM 618, FM 38, shortwave 0

Radios [time series]

28.1 million (1992 est.)

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

domestic service fair, international service good domestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net; domestic satellite communications system international: satellite earth stations--2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones) [time series]

1,276,600 (1993 est.)

Broadcast media (Television broadcast stations) [time series]

41 (of which 18 are government-owned and 23 are commercial) (1997)

Televisions [time series]

11.5 million (1992 est.)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture--products) [time series]

rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra; poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Budget [time series]

revenues: $35 billion (of which $15 billion is from international financial institutions) expenditures: $35 billion, including capital expenditures of $12 billion (FY98/99 est.)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

Indonesian rupiah (Rp)

Debt - external (Debt--external) [time series]

$136 billion (yearend 1997 est.)

Economic aid (Economic aid--recipient) [time series]

$43 billion from IMF program and other official external financing (1997-2000)

Economic overview (Economy--overview) [time series]

The collapse of the rupiah in late 1997 and early 1998 caused GDP to contract by an estimated 13.7% in 1998 because of Indonesian firms' reliance on short-term dollar-denominated debt and high levels of nonperforming loans in the banking sector. The Indonesian Government initially wavered on meeting the conditions it agreed to in exchange for a $42 billion IMF assistance package, contributing to further loss in investor confidence and outflows of capital. Riots that in many cases targeted ethnic Chinese business owners also set back chances that Indonesia would quickly stabilize its financial crisis and contributed to President SOEHARTO's resignation on 21 May 1998. His successor, B.J. HABIBIE, improved cooperation with the IMF. The money supply--which expanded rapidly early in the year to prop up banks hit by deposit runs--was tightened within a few months, and by October, inflation--which reached a 77% annual rate--was significantly dampened. The government also announced a bank recapitalization program in late 1998, but by early 1999 the plan faced growing challenges over its reliance on public funds. Doubts about whether the program is adequate underlie forecasts of continued--although much less severe--GDP contraction for 1999. Signs of spreading unrest and sectarian violence and concern that social instability will increase as the 7 June 1999 national election approaches also contribute to pessimism about the economy, particularly because foreign investors remain reluctant to begin to increase capital inflows again. The next government will face the challenge of establishing a macroeconomic policy framework that addresses longstanding grievances and inequities underlying much of the current unrest without hampering an economic recovery.

Electricity - consumption (Electricity--consumption) [time series]

66.8 billion kWh (1996)

Electricity - exports (Electricity--exports) [time series]

0 kWh (1996)

Electricity - imports (Electricity--imports) [time series]

0 kWh (1996)

Electricity - production (Electricity--production) [time series]

66.8 billion kWh (1996)

Electricity - production by source (Electricity--production by source) [time series]

fossil fuel: 82.34% hydro: 14.97% nuclear: 0% other: 2.69% (1996)

Exchange rates [time series]

Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1--8,714.3 (January 1999), 10,013.6 (1998), 2,909.4 (1997), 2,342.3 (1996), 2,248.6 (1995), 2,160.8 (1994)

Exports [time series]

$49 billion (f.o.b., 1998 est.)

Exports - commodities (Exports--commodities) [time series]

garments 7.9%, textiles 7.3%, gas 6.4%, electrical appliances 5.9%, pulp and paper 5.3%, oil 4.7%, plywood 4.7%

Exports - partners (Exports--partners) [time series]

Japan 18%, EU 15%, US 14%, Singapore 13%, South Korea 5%, Hong Kong 4%, China 3.9%, Taiwan 3.4% (1998 est.)

Fiscal year [time series]

1 April--31 March

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP) [time series]

purchasing power parity--$602 billion (1998 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP--composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 18.8% industry: 40.3% services: 40.9% (1998 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP--per capita) [time series]

purchasing power parity?$2,830 (1998 est.)

Real GDP growth rate (GDP--real growth rate) [time series]

-13.7% (1998 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 3.6% highest 10%: 28.3% (1995)

Imports [time series]

$24 billion (f.o.b., 1998 est.)

Imports - commodities (Imports--commodities) [time series]

manufactures 75.3%, raw materials 9.0%, foodstuffs 7.8%, fuels 7.7%

Imports - partners (Imports--partners) [time series]

Japan 20%, US 13%, Germany 9%, Singapore 9%, Australia 6.4%, South Korea 5.4%, Taiwan 3.4%, China 3.1% (1998 est.)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

-13.7% (1998 est.)

Industries [time series]

petroleum and natural gas; textiles, apparel, and footwear; mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood; rubber; food; tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

77% (1998 est.)

Labor force [time series]

87 million (1997 est.)

Labor force - by occupation (Labor force--by occupation) [time series]

agriculture 41%, trade, restaurant, and hotel 19.8%, manufacturing 14%, construction 4.8%, transport and communications 4.75%, other 15.65% (1997)

Population below poverty line [time series]

NA%

Unemployment rate [time series]

15%-20% (1998 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 1,919,440 sq km land: 1,826,440 sq km water: 93,000 sq km

Area - comparative (Area--comparative) [time series]

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Climate [time series]

tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Coastline [time series]

54,716 km

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m

Environment - current issues (Environment--current issues) [time series]

deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires

International environmental agreements (Environment--international agreements) [time series]

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertication, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine Life Conservation

Geographic coordinates [time series]

5 00 S, 120 00 E

Geography - note (Geography--note) [time series]

archipelago of 17,000 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

Irrigated land [time series]

45,970 sq km (1993 est.)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 2,602 km border countries: Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 10% permanent crops: 7% permanent pastures: 7% forests and woodland: 62% other: 14% (1993 est.)

Location [time series]

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Map references [time series]

Southeast Asia

Maritime claims [time series]

measured from claimed archipelagic baselines exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm

Natural hazards [time series]

occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes

Natural resources [time series]

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Terrain [time series]

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular--propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular--daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta*

Capital [time series]

Jakarta

Constitution [time series]

August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia conventional short form: Indonesia local long form: Republik Indonesia local short form: Indonesia former: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies

Data code [time series]

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador J. Stapleton ROY embassy: Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Jakarta mailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1, APO AP 96520 consulate(s) general: Surabaya

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador DORODJATUN Kuntoro-Jakti chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco

Executive branch [time series]

note: on 21 May 1998--less than three months after being selected for a seventh five-year term--President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO resigned from office; immediately following his resignation he announced that Vice President HABIBIE would assume the presidency for the remainder of the term which expires in 2003; on 28 May 1998, HABIBIE and legislative leaders announced an agreement to select a new president in 1999 chief of state: President Bacharuddin J. HABIBIE (since 21 May 1998); note--the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Bacharuddin J. HABIBIE (since 21 May 1998); note--the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet election: president and vice president selected by consensus by the People's Consultative Assembly for five-year terms; selection last held 10 March 1998 (next to be held by 10 November 1999) election results: Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO selected president by consensus by the People's Consultative Assembly; Bacharuddin J. HABIBIE selected vice president by consensus by the People's Consultative Assembly; note--Vice President HABIBIE assumed the presidency after SOEHARTO's resignation

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

Government type [time series]

republic

Independence [time series]

17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands)

International organization participation [time series]

APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMOP, UNMOT, UNOMIG, UNPREDEP, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung), the judges are appointed by the president

Legal system [time series]

based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (500 seats; 425 elected by popular vote, 75 are appointed military representatives; members serve five-year terms) elections: last held 29 May 1997 (next to be held 7 June 1999) election results: percent of vote by party--Golkar 74.5%, PPP 22.43%, PDI 3.07%; seats by party--Golkar 325, PPP 89, PDI 11 note: the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the DPR plus 200 indirectly selected members; it meets every five years to elect the president and vice president and to approve the broad outlines of national policy

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Golkar (de facto ruling political Indonesia Democracy Party or PDI (federation of former Nationalist chairman]

Suffrage [time series]

17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Introduction

Background [time series]

Indonesia declared its independence in 1945 from the Netherlands, a claim disputed, then recognized by the Dutch in 1949. In 1975 Indonesian troops occupied Portuguese East Timor. Current issues include implementing IMF-mandated reforms (particularly restructuring and recapitalizing the insolvent banking sector), effecting a transition to a popularly elected government, addressing longstanding grievances over the role of the ethnic Chinese business class and charges of cronyism and corruption, alleged human rights violations by the military, the role of the military and religion in politics, and growing pressures for some form of independence or autonomy by Aceh, Irian Jaya, and East Timor.

Military

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police

Military expenditures - dollar figure (Military expenditures--dollar figure) [time series]

$959.7 million (FY97/98)

Military expenditures (Military expenditures--percent of GDP) [time series]

1% (FY97/98)

Military manpower - availability (Military manpower--availability) [time series]

males age 15-49: 61,087,521 (1999 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service (Military manpower--fit for military service) [time series]

males age 15-49: 35,804,125 (1999 est.)

Military manpower - military age (Military manpower--military age) [time series]

18 years of age

Military manpower - reaching military age annually (Military manpower--reaching military age annually) [time series]

males: 2,268,638 (1999 est.)

People

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 30% (male 33,367,287; female 32,411,786) 15-64 years: 65% (male 70,541,893; female 70,866,972) 65 years and over: 5% (male 3,936,415; female 4,983,992) (1999 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

22.78 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)

Death rate [time series]

8.14 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)

Ethnic groups [time series]

Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26%

Infant mortality rate [time series]

57.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)

Languages [time series]

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 62.92 years male: 60.67 years female: 65.29 years (1999 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 83.8% male: 89.6% female: 78% (1995 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Indonesian(s) adjective: Indonesian

Net migration rate [time series]

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)

Population [time series]

216,108,345 (July 1999 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

1.46% (1999 est.)

Religions [time series]

Muslim 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1998)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (1999 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

2.57 children born/woman (1999 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international (Disputes--international) [time series]

Indonesian sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province), which is not recognized by the UN, is the subject of discussions between the UN, Indonesia, and Portugal; two islands in dispute with Malaysia

Illicit drugs [time series]

illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; possible growing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangle heroin

Transportation

Airports [time series]

443 (1998 est.)

Airports - with paved runways (Airports--with paved runways) [time series]

total: 125 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 11 1,524 to 2,437 m: 41 914 to 1,523 m: 39 under 914 m: 30 (1998 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways (Airports--with unpaved runways) [time series]

total: 318 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 31 under 914 m: 282 (1998 est.)

Heliports [time series]

4 (1998 est.)

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

total: 342,700 km paved: 158,670 km unpaved: 184,030 km (1997 est.)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 587 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,707,004 GRT/3,701,001 DWT ships by type: bulk 37, cargo 348, chemical tanker 8, container 20, liquefied gas tanker 5, livestock carrier 1, oil tanker 116, passenger 9, passenger-cargo 13, roll-on/roll-off cargo 11, short-sea passenger 7, specialized tanker 7, vehicle carrier 5 (1998 est.)

Pipelines [time series]

crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas 1,703 km (1989)

Ports (Ports and harbors) [time series]

Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Semarang, Surabaya, Ujungpandang

Railways [time series]

total: 6,458 km narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (101 km electrified; 101 km double track); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (1995)

Waterways [time series]

21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km