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Communications

Airports [time series]

total: 435 usable: 411 with permanent-surface runways: 119 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 11 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 67

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

119,500 km total; 11,812 km state, 34,180 km provincial, and 73,508 km district roads

Waterways (Inland waterways) [time series]

21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Celebes 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km

Merchant marine [time series]

401 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,766,201 GRT/2,642,529 DWT; includes 6 short-sea passenger, 13 passenger-cargo, 238 cargo, 10 container, 4 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 4 vehicle carrier, 78 oil tanker, 6 chemical tanker, 6 liquefied gas, 7 specialized tanker, 1 livestock carrier, 26 bulk, 2 passenger

Pipelines [time series]

crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas 1,703 km (1989)

Ports [time series]

Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Ujungpandang, Semarang, Surabaya

Railways (Railroads) [time series]

6,964 km total; 6,389 km 1.067-meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter gauge, 78 km 0.600-meter gauge; 211 km double track; 101 km electrified; all government owned

Telecommunication systems (Telecommunications) [time series]

interisland microwave system and HF police net; domestic service fair, international service good; radiobroadcast coverage good; 763,000 telephones (1986); broadcast stations - 618 AM, 38 FM, 9 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station; and 1 domestic satellite communications system

Defense Forces

Military and security forces (Branches) [time series]

Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police

Military expenditures (Defense expenditures) [time series]

exchange rate conversion - $2.1 billion, 1.5% of GNP (FY93/94 est.)

Manpower availability [time series]

males age 15-49 53,160,364; fit for military service 31,395,254; reach military age (18) annually 2,148,927 (1993 est.)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture) [time series]

accounts for almost 20% of GDP; subsistence food production; small-holder and plantation production for export; main products are rice, cassava, peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, other tropical products, poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Budget [time series]

revenues $17.2 billion; expenditures $23.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $8.9 billion (FY91)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

1 Indonesian rupiah (Rp) = 100 sen (sen no longer used)

Economic aid [time series]

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $25.9 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $213 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $175 million

Electricity [time series]

11,600,000 kW capacity; 38,000 million kWh produced, 200 kWh per capita (1990)

Exchange rates [time series]

Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1 - 2,064.7 (January 1993), 2,029.9 (1992), 1,950.3 (1991), 1,842.8 (1990), 1,770.1 (1989), 1,685.7 (1988)

Exports [time series]

$29.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: petroleum and liquefied natural gas 40%, timber 15%, textiles 7%, rubber 5%, coffee 3% partners: Japan 37%, Europe 13%, US 12%, Singapore 8% (1991)

Debt - external (External debt) [time series]

$50.5 billion (1992 est.)

Fiscal year [time series]

1 April - 31 March

Illicit drugs [time series]

illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade, but not a major player; government actively eradicating plantings and prosecuting traffickers

Imports [time series]

$24.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: machinery 39%, chemical products 19%, manufactured goods 16% partners: Japan 25%, Europe 23%, US 13%, Singapore 5% (1991)

Industrial production growth rate (Industrial production) [time series]

growth rate 11.6% (1989 est.); accounts for almost 40% of GDP

Industries [time series]

petroleum and natural gas, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, food, rubber

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

8% (1992 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (National product) [time series]

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $133 billion (1992 est.)

Real GDP per capita (National product per capita) [time series]

$680 (1992 est.)

Real GDP growth rate (National product real growth rate) [time series]

6% (1992 est.)

Economic overview (Overview) [time series]

Indonesia is a mixed economy with many socialist institutions and central planning but with a recent emphasis on deregulation and private enterprise. Indonesia has extensive natural wealth, yet, with a large and rapidly increasing population, it remains a poor country. Real GDP growth in 1985-92 averaged about 6%, quite impressive, but not sufficient to both slash underemployment and absorb the 2.3 million workers annually entering the labor force. Agriculture, including forestry and fishing, is an important sector, accounting for almost 20% of GDP and over 50% of the labor force. The staple crop is rice. Once the world's largest rice importer, Indonesia is now nearly self-sufficient. Plantation crops - rubber and palm oil - and textiles and plywood are being encouraged for both export and job generation. Industrial output now accounts for almost 40% of GDP and is based on a supply of diverse natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas, timber, metals, and coal. Of these, the oil sector dominates the external economy, generating more than 20% of the government's revenues and 40% of export earnings in 1989. However, the economy's growth is highly dependent on the continuing expansion of nonoil exports. Japan remains Indonesia's most important customer and supplier of aid. Rapid growth in the money supply in 1989-90 prompted Jakarta to implement a tight monetary policy in 1991, forcing the private sector to go to foreign banks for investment financing. Real interest rates remained above 10% and off-shore commercial debt grew. The growth in off-shore debt prompted Jakarta to limit foreign borrowing beginning in late 1991. Despite the continued problems in moving toward a more open financial system and the persistence of a fairly tight credit situation, GDP growth in 1992 is estimated to have stayed at 6%.

Unemployment rate [time series]

3% ; underemployment 45% (1991 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total area: 1,919,440 km2 land area: 1,826,440 km2 comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Climate [time series]

tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Coastline [time series]

54,716 km

Environment - current issues (Environment) [time series]

archipelago of 13,500 islands (6,000 inhabited); occasional floods, severe droughts, and tsunamis; deforestation

Disputes - international (International disputes) [time series]

sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Portugal and not recognized by the UN; two islands in dispute with Malaysia

Irrigated land [time series]

75,500 km2 (1989 est.)

Land boundaries [time series]

total 2,602 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 8% permanent crops: 3% meadows and pastures: 7% forest and woodland: 67% other: 15%

Location [time series]

Southeast Asia, between Malaysia and Australia

Map references [time series]

Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Maritime claims [time series]

measured from claimed archipelagic baselines exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm

Natural resources [time series]

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Note [time series]

straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

Terrain [time series]

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions*, (daerah-daerah city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya,, Jakarta Raya**,, Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta*, Independence: 17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands)

Capital [time series]

Jakarta

Constitution [time series]

August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959

Digraph [time series]

Diplomatic representation in the US (Diplomatic representation in US) [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Abdul Rachman RAMLY chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: (202) 775-5200 consulates general: Houston, New York, and Los Angeles consulates: Chicago and San Francisco

Executive branch (Elections) [time series]

House of Representatives: last held on 8 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - GOLKAR 68%, PPP 17%, PDI 15%; seats - (500 total, 400 elected, 100 appointed) GOLKAR 282, PPP 62, PDI 56

Executive branch [time series]

president, vice president, Cabinet

Flag [time series]

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung)

Executive branch (Leaders) [time series]

Chief of State and Head of Government: President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968); Vice President Gen. (Ret.) Try SUTRISNO (since 11 March 1993)

Legal system [time series]

based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR); note - the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly elected members who meet every five years to elect the president and vice president and, theoretically, to determine national policy

International organization participation (Member of) [time series]

APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOSOM, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Country name (Names) [time series]

conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia conventional short form: Indonesia local long form: Republik Indonesia local short form: Indonesia former name: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

GOLKAR (quasi-official party based on functional groups), Lt. Gen. (Ret.) WAHONO, general chairman; Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI - federation of former Nationalist and Christian Parties), SOERYADI, chairman; Development Unity Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail Hasan METAREUM, chairman

Suffrage [time series]

17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Government type (Type) [time series]

republic

Diplomatic representation from the US (US diplomatic representation) [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Robert L. BARRY embassy: Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Jakarta mailing address: APO AP 96520 telephone: [62] (21) 360-360 FAX: [62] (21) 360-644 consulates: Medan, Surabaya

People

Birth rate [time series]

24.84 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate [time series]

8.73 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Ethnic groups (Ethnic divisions) [time series]

Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26%

Infant mortality rate [time series]

69.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Labor force [time series]

67 million by occupation: agriculture 55%, manufacturing 10%, construction 4%, transport and communications 3% (1985 est.)

Languages [time series]

Bahasa Indonesia (modified form of Malay; official), English, Dutch, local dialects the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 60.26 years male: 58.28 years female: 62.34 years (1993 est.)

Literacy [time series]

age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 77% male: 84% female: 68%

Nationality [time series]

noun: Indonesian(s) adjective: Indonesian

Net migration rate [time series]

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Population [time series]

197,232,428 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

1.61% (1993 est.)

Religions [time series]

Muslim 87%, Protestant 6%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1985)

Total fertility rate [time series]

2.86 children born/woman (1993 est.)