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Communications

Broadcast media [time series]

Luxembourg has a long tradition of operating radio and TV services to pan-European audiences and is home to Europe's largest privately-owned broadcast media group, the RTL group, which operates 46 TV stations and 29 radio stations in Europe; also home to Europe's largest satellite operator, Societe Europeenne des Satellites (SES); domestically, the RTL group operates TV and radio networks; other domestic private radio and TV operators and French and German stations available; satellite and cable TV services available (2008)

Internet country code [time series]

.lu

Internet users (Internet hosts) [time series]

250,900 (2012) country comparison to the world: 68

Internet users [time series]

424,500 (2009) country comparison to the world: 121

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: highly developed, completely automated and efficient system, mainly buried cables domestic: fixed line teledensity over 50 per 100 persons; nationwide mobile-cellular telephone system with market for mobile-cellular phones virtually saturated international: country code - 352

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

279,100 (2011) country comparison to the world: 121

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

765,000 (2011) country comparison to the world: 159

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

grapes, barley, oats, potatoes, wheat, fruits; dairy and livestock products

Budget [time series]

revenues: $23.05 billion expenditures: $23.56 billion (2012 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) [time series]

-0.9% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 56

Central bank discount rate [time series]

1.5% (31 December 2012) country comparison to the world: 129 1.75% (31 December 2010) note: this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area

Current account balance [time series]

$500 million (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 47 $4.185 billion (2011 est.)

Debt - external [time series]

$2.146 trillion (30 June 2011) country comparison to the world: 11 $1.892 trillion (30 June 2010)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income (Distribution of family income - Gini index) [time series]

26 (2005) country comparison to the world: 130

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

This small, stable, high-income economy - benefiting from its proximity to France, Belgium, and Germany - has historically featured solid growth, low inflation, and low unemployment. The industrial sector, initially dominated by steel, has become increasingly diversified to include chemicals, rubber, and other products. Growth in the financial sector, which now accounts for about 28% of GDP, has more than compensated for the decline in steel. Most banks are foreign-owned and have extensive foreign dealings, but Luxembourg has lost some of its advantages as a tax haven because of OECD and EU pressure. The economy depends on foreign and cross-border workers for about 60% of its labor force. Luxembourg, like all EU members, suffered from the global economic crisis that began in late 2008, but unemployment has trended below the EU average. Following strong expansion from 2004 to 2007, Luxembourg's economy contracted 3.6% in 2009, but rebounded in 2010-11 before slowing again in 2012. The country continues to enjoy an extraordinarily high standard of living - GDP per capita ranks among the highest in the world, and is the highest in the euro zone. Turmoil in the world financial markets and lower global demand during 2008-09 prompted the government to inject capital into the banking sector and implement stimulus measures to boost the economy. Government stimulus measures and support for the banking sector, however, led to a 5% government budget deficit in 2009. Nevertheless, the deficit was cut to 1.1% in 2011 and 0.9% in 2012. Even during the financial crisis and recovery, Luxembourg retained the highest current account surplus as a share of GDP in the euro zone, owing largely to their strength in financial services. Public debt remains among the lowest of the region although it has more than doubled since 2007 as percentage of GDP. Luxembourg's economy, while stabile, grew slowly in 2012 due to ongoing weak growth in the euro area. Authorities have strengthened supervision of domestic banks because of their exposure to the activities of foreign banks.

Exchange rates [time series]

euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7838 (2012 est.) 0.7185 (2011 est.) 755 (2010 est.) 0.7198 (2009 est.) 0.6827 (2008 est.)

Exports [time series]

$15.5 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 80 $19.22 billion (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

machinery and equipment, steel products, chemicals, rubber products, glass

Exports - partners [time series]

Germany 22.2%, France 15.6%, Belgium 13.2%, UK 7.3%, Italy 5.4%, Switzerland 4.3%, Netherlands 4.1% (2011)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate) [time series]

$55.29 billion (2012 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP (purchasing power parity)) [time series]

$42.19 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 100 $42.12 billion (2011 est.) $41.47 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP - composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 0.4% industry: 13.6% services: 86% (2007 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita (PPP)) [time series]

$80,700 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 3 $81,900 (2011 est.) $81,900 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

0.2% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 181 1.6% (2011 est.) 2.7% (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 3.5% highest 10%: 23.8% (2000)

Imports [time series]

$25.08 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 67 $26.54 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

minerals, metals, foodstuffs, quality consumer goods

Imports - partners [time series]

Belgium 30.3%, Germany 26%, France 10.8%, China 6.9%, Netherlands 5.8%, US 5.2% (2011)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

6.2% (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 52

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

2.6% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 58 3.4% (2011 est.)

Investment (gross fixed) [time series]

21.3% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 82

Labor force [time series]

208,200 country comparison to the world: 168 note: 125,400 workers commute daily from France, Belgium, and Germany (2012 est.)

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture: 2.2% industry: 17.2% services: 80.6% (2007 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares [time series]

$67.63 billion (31 December 2011) country comparison to the world: 43 $101.1 billion (31 December 2010) $105.6 billion (31 December 2009)

Population below poverty line [time series]

NA%

Public debt [time series]

18.4% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 129 17.4% of GDP (2011 est.) note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold [time series]

$1.014 billion (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 135 $849 million (2010 est.)

Stock of broad money [time series]

$229.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 39 $229.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad [time series]

$NA

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home [time series]

$NA (31 December 2009 est.) $11.21 billion (31 December 2008 est.)

Stock of domestic credit [time series]

$395.1 billion (31 December 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 30 $369.6 billion (31 December 2008 est.)

Stock of narrow money [time series]

$81.55 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 40 $87.14 billion (31 December 2011 est.) note: see entry for the European Union for money supply in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 17 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders

Taxes and other revenues [time series]

41.7% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 45

Unemployment rate [time series]

4.8% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 47 5.7% (2011 est.)

Energy

Carbon dioxide emissions (Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy) [time series]

10.8 million Mt (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 99

Crude oil - exports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 145

Crude oil - imports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 210

Crude oil - production [time series]

0 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 158

Crude oil - proved reserves [time series]

0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 157

Electricity - consumption [time series]

5.973 billion kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 106

Electricity - exports [time series]

3.216 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 36

Electricity - from fossil fuels [time series]

28.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 181

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants [time series]

2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 136

Electricity - from nuclear fuels [time series]

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 128

Electricity - from other renewable sources [time series]

5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 35

Electricity - imports [time series]

7.28 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 32

Electricity - installed generating capacity [time series]

1.702 million kW (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 107

Electricity - production [time series]

2.49 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 133

Natural gas - consumption [time series]

1.183 billion cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 88

Natural gas - exports [time series]

0 cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 107

Natural gas - imports [time series]

1.183 billion cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 58

Natural gas - production [time series]

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 157

Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]

0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 162

Refined petroleum products - consumption [time series]

61,380 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 95

Refined petroleum products - exports [time series]

686.3 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 116

Refined petroleum products - imports [time series]

51,930 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 68

Refined petroleum products - production [time series]

0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 168

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 2,586 sq km country comparison to the world: 179 land: 2,586 sq km water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly smaller than Rhode Island

Climate [time series]

modified continental with mild winters, cool summers

Coastline [time series]

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Moselle River 133 m highest point: Buurgplaatz 559 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

air and water pollution in urban areas, soil pollution of farmland

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Total water withdrawal (Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)) [time series]

total: 0.06 cu km/yr (42%/45%/13%) per capita: 121 cu m/yr (1999)

Geographic coordinates [time series]

49 45 N, 6 10 E

Geography - note [time series]

landlocked; the only Grand Duchy in the world

Irrigated land [time series]

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 359 km border countries: Belgium 148 km, France 73 km, Germany 138 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 27.42% permanent crops: 0.69% other: 71.89% (includes Belgium) (2005)

Location [time series]

Western Europe, between France and Germany

Map references [time series]

Europe

Maritime claims [time series]

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards [time series]

Natural resources [time series]

iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land

Terrain [time series]

mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle flood plain in the southeast

Total renewable water resources [time series]

1.6 cu km (2005)

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

3 districts; Diekirch, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg

Capital [time series]

name: Luxembourg geographic coordinates: 49 36 N, 6 07 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Constitution [time series]

17 October 1868; occasional revisions

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg conventional short form: Luxembourg local long form: Grand Duche de Luxembourg local short form: Luxembourg

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Robert MANDELL embassy: 22 Boulevard Emmanuel Servais, L-2535 Luxembourg City mailing address: American Embassy Luxembourg, Unit 1410, APO AE 09126-1410 (official mail); American Embassy Luxembourg, PSC 9, Box 9500, APO AE 09123 (personal mail) telephone: [352] 46-01-23 FAX: [352] 46-14-01

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Jean-Louis WOLZFELD chancery: 2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 265-4171 through 72 FAX: [1] (202) 328-8270 consulate(s) general: New York, San Francisco

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: Grand Duke HENRI (since 7 October 2000); Heir Apparent Prince GUILLAUME (son of the monarch, born 11 November 1981) head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Claude JUNCKER (since 20 January 1995); Deputy Prime Minister Jean ASSELBORN (since 31 July 2004) cabinet: Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister and appointed by the monarch (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: the monarchy is hereditary; following popular elections to the Chamber of Deputies, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the monarch; the deputy prime minister appointed by the monarch; they are responsible to the Chamber of Deputies note: government coalition - CSV and LSAP

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue; similar to the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a darker blue and is shorter; the coloring is derived from the Grand Duke's coat of arms (a red lion on a white and blue striped field)

Government type [time series]

constitutional monarchy

Independence [time series]

1839 (from the Netherlands)

International law organization participation [time series]

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation [time series]

ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNRWA, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch [time series]

Constitutional Court; judicial courts and tribunals (Superior Court of Justice includes Court of Appeal and Court of Cassation, 2 district tribunals, 3 lesser tribunals); administrative courts and tribunals (State Prosecutor's Office, Administrative Tribunal and Administrative Court); judges for all courts are appointed for life by the monarch

Legal system [time series]

civil law system

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral Chamber of Deputies or Chambre des Deputes (60 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held on 7 June 2009 (next to be held by June 2014) election results: percent of vote by party - CSV 38%, LSAP 21.6%, DP 15%, Green Party 11.7%, ADR 8.1%, The Left 3.3%, other 2.3%; seats by party - CSV 26, LSAP 13, DP 9, Green Party 7, ADR 4, The Left 1 note: there is also a Council of State that serves as an advisory body to the Chamber of Deputies; the Council of State has 21 members appointed by the Grand Duke on the advice of the prime minister

National anthem(s) (National anthem) [time series]

name: "Ons Heemecht" (Our Motherland); "De Wilhelmus" (The William) lyrics/music: Michel LENTZ/Jean-Antoine ZINNEN; Nikolaus WELTER/unknown note: "Ons Heemecht," adopted 1864, is the national anthem, while "De Wilhelmus," adopted 1919, serves as a royal anthem for use when members of the grand ducal family enter or exit a ceremony in Luxembourg

National holiday [time series]

National Day (Birthday of Grand Duchess Charlotte) 23 June; note - the actual date of birth was 23 January 1896, but the festivities were shifted by five months to allow observance during a more favorable time of year

National symbol(s) [time series]

lion

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Alternative Democratic Reform Party or ADR [Fernand KARTHEISER]; Christian Social People's Party or CSV [Marc SPAUTZ]; dei Lenk/la Gauche (the Left); Democratic Party or DP [Claude MEISCH]; Green Party [Francois BAUSCH]; Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP [Lucien LUX]; other minor parties

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

ABBL (bankers' association); ALEBA (financial sector trade union); Centrale Paysanne (federation of agricultural producers); CEP (professional sector chamber); CGFP (trade union representing civil service); Chambre de Commerce (Chamber of Commerce); Chambre des Metiers (Chamber of Artisans); FEDIL (federation of industrialists); Greenpeace (environment protection); LCGP (center-right trade union); Mouvement Ecologique (protection of ecology); OGBL (center-left trade union)

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Introduction

Background [time series]

Founded in 963, Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 and an independent state under the Netherlands. It lost more than half of its territory to Belgium in 1839 but gained a larger measure of autonomy. Full independence was attained in 1867. Overrun by Germany in both world wars, it ended its neutrality in 1948 when it entered into the Benelux Customs Union and when it joined NATO the following year. In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the European Economic Community (later the European Union), and in 1999 it joined the euro currency area.

Military

Manpower available for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 118,665 females age 16-49: 117,456 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 97,290 females age 16-49: 96,361 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually [time series]

male: 3,263 female: 3,084 (2010 est.)

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Army (2010)

Military expenditures [time series]

0.9% of GDP (2005 est.) country comparison to the world: 143

Military service age and obligation [time series]

18-24 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription; Luxembourg citizen or EU citizen with 3-year residence in Luxembourg (2012)

People and Society

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 18.1% (male 47,411/ female 44,540) 15-64 years: 66.9% (male 171,152/ female 169,282) 65 years and over: 15.1% (male 31,941/ female 44,748) (2012 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

11.7 births/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 166

Death rate [time series]

8.5 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 82

Education expenditure (Education expenditures) [time series]

Ethnic groups [time series]

Luxembourger 63.1%, Portuguese 13.3%, French 4.5%, Italian 4.3%, German 2.3%, other EU 7.3%, other 5.2% (2000 census)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

0.3% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 80

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

fewer than 100 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 119

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 145

Health expenditure (Health expenditures) [time series]

4.1% of GDP (2009) country comparison to the world: 158

Hospital bed density [time series]

5.57 beds/1,000 population (2008)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 4.39 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 192 male: 4.41 deaths/1,000 live births female: 4.36 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)

Languages [time series]

Luxembourgish (national language), German (administrative language), French (administrative language)

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 79.75 years country comparison to the world: 37 male: 76.5 years female: 83.21 years (2012 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100% (2000 est.)

Major urban areas - population (Major cities - population) [time series]

LUXEMBOURG (capital) 90,000 (2009)

Maternal mortality ratio (Maternal mortality rate) [time series]

20 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 141

Median age [time series]

total: 39.5 years male: 38.4 years female: 40.5 years (2012 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Luxembourger(s) adjective: Luxembourg

Net migration rate [time series]

8.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 14

Physician density (Physicians density) [time series]

2.862 physicians/1,000 population (2007)

Population [time series]

509,074 (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 173

Population growth rate [time series]

1.135% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 103

Religions [time series]

Roman Catholic 87%, other (includes Protestant, Jewish, and Muslim) 13% (2000)

Sanitation facility access [time series]

improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) [time series]

total: 13 years male: 13 years female: 13 years (2006)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

1.77 children born/woman (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 163

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) (Unemployment, youth ages 15-24) [time series]

total: 17.2% country comparison to the world: 68 male: 16.7% female: 17.8% (2009)

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 85% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 1.4% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

none

Transportation

Airports [time series]

2 (2012) country comparison to the world: 205

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 1 over 3,047 m: 1 (2012)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2012)

Heliports [time series]

1 (2012)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 49 country comparison to the world: 71 by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 3, chemical tanker 20, container 10, petroleum tanker 2, roll on/roll off 12 foreign-owned: 48 (Belgium 11, Denmark 1, France 15, Germany 9, Japan 3, Netherlands 3, Switzerland 1, UK 5) registered in other countries: 18 (Italy 14, Malta 3, Panama 1) (2010)

Pipelines [time series]

gas 142 km; refined products 27 km (2010)

Ports (Ports and terminals) [time series]

Mertert

Railways [time series]

total: 275 km country comparison to the world: 123 standard gauge: 275 km 1.435-m gauge (243 km electrified) (2008)

Roadways [time series]

total: 5,227 km country comparison to the world: 152 paved: 5,227 km (includes 147 km of expressways) (2008)

Waterways [time series]

37 km (on Moselle River) (2010) country comparison to the world: 105