Luxembourg

constitutional monarchy

name: Luxembourg geographic coordinates: 49 36 N, 6 07 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October etymology: probably derived from an early Celtic or Germanic form of the name, Lucilinburhuc, that was thought to mean "little fortress;" the name first referred to the city and was later used for the country

chief of state: Grand Duke GUILLAUME (since 3 October 2025) head of government: Prime Minister Luc FRIEDEN (since 17 November 2023) cabinet: Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister, appointed by the monarch election/appointment process: the monarchy is hereditary; following elections to the Chamber of Deputies, monarch usually appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister; deputy prime minister also appointed by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime minister are responsible to the Chamber of Deputies

legislature name: Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des députés) legislative structure: unicameral number of seats: 60 (all directly elected) electoral system: proportional representation scope of elections: full renewal term in office: 5 years most recent election date: 10/8/2023 parties elected and seats per party: Christian Social People's Party (CSV) (21); Democratic Party (PD/DP) (14); Socialist Workers' Party (POSL/LSAP) (11); Alternative Democratic Reform Party (ADR) (5); Greens (DEI GRÉNG) (4); Pirate Party (PIRATEN) (3); Other (2) percentage of women in chamber: 35% expected date of next election: October 2028 note: a 21-member Council of State is appointed by the Grand Duke on the advice of the prime minister and serves as an advisory body to the Chamber of Deputies

highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice includes Court of Appeal and Court of Cassation (consists of 27 judges on 9 benches); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members) judge selection and term of office: judges of both courts appointed by the monarch for life subordinate courts: Court of Accounts; district and local tribunals and courts

history: previous 1842 (heavily amended 1848, 1856); latest effective 17 October 1868 amendment process: proposed by the Chamber of Deputies or by the monarch to the Chamber; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Chamber in two successive readings three months apart; a referendum can be substituted for the second reading if approved by more than a quarter of the Chamber members or by 25,000 valid voters; adoption by referendum requires a majority of all valid voters

ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

2% of GDP (2025 est.) 1.2% of GDP (2024 est.) 1.1% of GDP (2023 est.) 0.6% of GDP (2022 est.) 0.5% of GDP (2021 est.)

Luxembourg Army (l'Arm e Luxembourgeoise) (2025) note: the Grand Ducal Police maintain internal security and report to the Ministry of Internal Security

18-26 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; no conscription (abolished 1969) (2025) note 1: since 2003, the Army has allowed EU citizens 18-24 years of age who have been a resident in the country for at least 36 months to volunteer note 2: 2024, women made up about 12% of the military's full-time personnel

founded in 1881, the Luxembourg Army is responsible for the defense of the country and fulfilling the Grand Duchy s commitments to NATO, European security, and international peacekeeping, as well as providing support to civil authorities in the event of emergencies, such as floods or disease outbreaks; the Army is an active participant in EU, NATO, and UN missions and has contributed small numbers of troops to a number of multinational operations in parts of Africa, Europe, and Asia; it trains and exercises regularly with EU and NATO partners and has contributed to the NATO battlegroup forward deployed in Lithuania since 2017; Luxembourg was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) establishing NATO in 1949 in 2015, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg signed an agreement to conduct joint air policing of their territories; under the agreement, which went into effect in January 2017, the Belgian and Dutch Air Forces trade responsibility for patrolling the skies over the three countries (2025)

$86.871 billion (2024 est.) $85.984 billion (2023 est.) $86.584 billion (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

$128,200 (2024 est.) $129,000 (2023 est.) $132,600 (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

1% (2024 est.) -0.7% (2023 est.) -1.1% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

2.1% (2024 est.) 3.7% (2023 est.) 6.3% (2022 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

23% of GDP (2017 est.) note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

$202.203 billion (2024 est.) $195.294 billion (2023 est.) $184.53 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

$160.032 billion (2024 est.) $156.818 billion (2023 est.) $149.751 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

6% (2024 est.) 5.2% (2023 est.) 4.6% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment

revenues: $37.951 billion (2023 est.) expenditures: $38.263 billion (2023 est.) note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

banking and financial services, construction, real estate services, iron, metals, and steel, information technology, telecommunications, cargo transportation and logistics, chemicals, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, tourism, biotechnology

milk, wheat, barley, triticale, potatoes, pork, grapes, beef, rye, rapeseed (2023) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

total: 671,254 (2024 est.) male: 338,702 female: 332,552

1.26% (2025 est.)

0-14 years: 16.7% (male 57,921/female 54,484) 15-64 years: 67.1% (male 231,214/female 219,497) 65 years and over: 16.1% (2024 est.) (male 49,567/female 58,571)

9.24 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

6.66 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

10.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

total population: 83.4 years (2024 est.) male: 80.9 years female: 85.9 years

urban population: 92.1% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Luxembourger 52.9%, Portuguese 14.5%, French 7.6%, Italian 3.7%, Belgian 3%, German 2%, Spanish 1.3%, Romania 1%, other 14% (2022 est.) note: data represent population by nationality

Luxembourgish (official administrative, judicial, and national language) 48.9%, Portuguese 15.4%, French (official administrative, judicial, and legislative language) 14.9%, Italian 3.6%, English 3.6%, German (official administrative and judicial language) 2.9%, other 10.8% (2021 est.)

Christian (predominantly Roman Catholic) 70.6%, Muslim 2.3%, other (includes Buddhist, folk religions, Hindu, Jewish) 0.4%, unaffiliated 26.7% (2020 est.)

iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land

refugees: 14,344 (2024 est.) stateless persons: 85 (2024 est.)

3 (2025)

total: 271 km (2020) 262 km electrified

total: 147 (2023) by type: bulk carrier 3, container ship 1, general cargo 24, oil tanker 4, other 115

total subscriptions: 961,000 (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 137 (2021 est.)

percent of population: 99% (2024 est.)