Uzbekistan

total: 10.8 million (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 30 (2023 est.)

state-controlled media; 17 state-owned broadcasters, including 13 TV and 4 radio, with national service; about 20 privately owned TV stations, overseen by local officials, broadcast locally; privately owned TV stations required to lease transmitters from state-owned Republic TV and Radio Industry Corporation (2019)

.uz

percent of population: 89% (2023 est.)

total subscriptions: 6.147 million (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 17 (2023 est.)

total subscriptions: 40.2 million (2024 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 1,110 (2024 est.)

milk, wheat, cotton, potatoes, carrots/turnips, tomatoes, grapes, watermelons, vegetables, apples (2023) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

on food: 46.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.) on alcohol and tobacco: 3.2% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

revenues: $21.565 billion (2023 est.) expenditures: $25.953 billion (2023 est.) note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

-$5.738 billion (2024 est.) -$7.799 billion (2023 est.) -$2.847 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

$25.714 billion (2023 est.) note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

lower-middle income Central Asian economy; key exporter of natural gas, cotton, and gold; ongoing reform efforts to reduce state-owned sector dominance, attract foreign investment, and improve sustainability of cotton production

Uzbekistani soum (UZS) per US dollar - 12,652.287 (2024 est.) 11,734.833 (2023 est.) 11,050.145 (2022 est.) 10,609.464 (2021 est.) 10,054.261 (2020 est.)

$26.173 billion (2024 est.) $25.05 billion (2023 est.) $20.966 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

gold, cotton yarn, garments, fertilizers, fabric (2023) note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Switzerland 34%, Russia 12%, UK 11%, China 7%, Turkey 6% (2023) note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

$114.965 billion (2024 est.) note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

household consumption: 68% (2024 est.) government consumption: 13.9% (2024 est.) investment in fixed capital: 37.1% (2024 est.) investment in inventories: -3.8% (2024 est.) exports of goods and services: 22.8% (2024 est.) imports of goods and services: -38% (2024 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

agriculture: 18.3% (2024 est.) industry: 31.8% (2024 est.) services: 45.2% (2024 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

34.5 (2023 est.) note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

lowest 10%: 2.1% (2023 est.) highest 10%: 25.3% (2023 est.) note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

$43.624 billion (2024 est.) $42.646 billion (2023 est.) $35.643 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

cars, vehicle parts/accessories, packaged medicine, refined petroleum, aircraft (2023) note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

China 32%, Russia 17%, Kazakhstan 8%, S. Korea 6%, Turkey 5% (2023) note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

7.2% (2024 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

textiles, food processing, machine building, metallurgy, mining, hydrocarbon extraction, chemicals

9.6% (2024 est.) 10% (2023 est.) 11.4% (2022 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

13.974 million (2024 est.) note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

11% (2023 est.) note: % of population with income below national poverty line

10.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

$379.989 billion (2024 est.) $356.797 billion (2023 est.) $335.678 billion (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

6.5% (2024 est.) 6.3% (2023 est.) 6% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

$10,500 (2024 est.) $10,000 (2023 est.) $9,600 (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

14.4% of GDP (2024 est.) 13.8% of GDP (2023 est.) 17.2% of GDP (2022 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

$41.237 billion (2024 est.) $34.558 billion (2023 est.) $35.774 billion (2022 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

11.5% (of GDP) (2023 est.) note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

4.5% (2024 est.) 4.5% (2023 est.) 4.5% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment

total: 10.9% (2024 est.) male: 7.2% (2024 est.) female: 18.1% (2024 est.) note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

production: 6.379 million metric tons (2023 est.) consumption: 8.941 million metric tons (2023 est.) exports: 4,000 metric tons (2023 est.) imports: 3.521 million metric tons (2023 est.) proven reserves: 1.375 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

installed generating capacity: 17.901 million kW (2023 est.) consumption: 75.753 billion kWh (2023 est.) exports: 2.043 billion kWh (2023 est.) imports: 4.977 billion kWh (2023 est.) transmission/distribution losses: 3.433 billion kWh (2023 est.)

electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

fossil fuels: 90.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) solar: 0.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) hydroelectricity: 8.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

55.305 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

production: 43.249 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) consumption: 44.455 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) exports: 1.308 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) imports: 2.514 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) proven reserves: 1.841 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)

total petroleum production: 64,000 bbl/day (2023 est.) refined petroleum consumption: 111,000 bbl/day (2023 est.) crude oil estimated reserves: 594 million barrels (2021 est.)

110.992 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from coal and metallurgical coke: 12.845 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from petroleum and other liquids: 13.437 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from consumed natural gas: 84.71 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

mostly mid-latitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east

growing concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts in the shrinking Aral Sea; desertification; water pollution and soil salination from industrial wastes and the heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides; soil contamination from buried nuclear processing and agricultural chemicals

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

agricultural land: 58.1% (2023 est.) arable land: 9.1% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 1% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 47.9% (2023 est.) forest: 8.7% (2023 est.) other: 31.8% (2023 est.)

energy: 848.1 kt (2022-2024 est.) agriculture: 868.1 kt (2019-2021 est.) waste: 261.3 kt (2019-2021 est.) other: 4.5 kt (2019-2021 est.)

46.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

48.87 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

municipal: 2.3 billion cubic meters (2022) industrial: 1.2 billion cubic meters (2022) agricultural: 41 billion cubic meters (2022)

urban population: 50.5% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 1.25% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

municipal solid waste generated annually: 4 million tons (2024 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 31.6% (2022 est.)

total : 447,400 sq km land: 425,400 sq km water: 22,000 sq km

about four times the size of Virginia; slightly larger than California

mostly mid-latitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east

0 km (doubly landlocked) note: Uzbekistan includes the southern portion of the Aral Sea with a 420 km shoreline

highest point: Xazrat Sulton Tog' 4,643 m lowest point: Sariqamish Kuli -12 m

41 00 N, 64 00 E

along with Liechtenstein, one of the only two doubly landlocked countries in the world

37,305 sq km (2022)

total: 6,893 km border countries (5): Afghanistan 144 km; Kazakhstan 2,330 km; Kyrgyzstan 1,314 km; Tajikistan 1,312 km; Turkmenistan 1,793 km

agricultural land: 58.1% (2023 est.) arable land: 9.1% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 1% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 47.9% (2023 est.) forest: 8.7% (2023 est.) other: 31.8% (2023 est.)

Central Asia, north of Turkmenistan, south of Kazakhstan

fresh water lake(s): Aral Sea (shared with Kazakhstan) - largely dried up

Syr Darya (shared with Kyrgyzstan [s], Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan [m]) - 3,078 km; Amu Darya river mouth (shared with Tajikistan [s], Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan) - 2,620 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: (Aral Sea basin) Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)

Asia

none (doubly landlocked)

earthquakes; floods; landslides or mudslides; avalanches; droughts

natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum

most of the population is concentrated in the fertile Fergana Valley in the easternmost arm of the country; the south has significant clusters of people, but the central and western deserts are sparsely populated

mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; broad, flat intensely irrigated river valleys along course of Amu Darya, Syr Darya (Sirdaryo), and Zaravshan; Fergana Valley in east surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in west

12 provinces ( viloyatlar , singular - viloyat ), 1 autonomous republic* ( avtonom respublikasi ), and 3 cities** ( shahar ); Andijon Viloyati, Buxoro Viloyati [Bukhara Province], Farg'ona Viloyati [Fergana Province], Jizzax Viloyati, Namangan Shahri , Namangan Viloyati , Navoiy Viloyati, Qashqadaryo Viloyati (Qarshi), Qoraqalpog'iston Respublikasi [Karakalpakstan Republic]* (Nukus), Samarqand Shahri [Samarkand City], Samarqand Viloyati [Samarkand Province], Sirdaryo Viloyati (Guliston), Surxondaryo Viloyati (Termiz), Toshkent Shahri [Tashkent City]**, Toshkent Viloyati [Nurafshon], Xorazm Viloyati (Urganch) note: administrative divisions show the same names as their administrative centers; exceptions show the administrative center name in parentheses

name: Tashkent (Toshkent) geographic coordinates: 41 19 N, 69 15 E time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) etymology: the current name of the ancient city was first used in the 11th century and comes from the Sogdian (Turkic) words tash ( stone) and kent (town); the city was first recorded in the 5th or 4th century B.C. with the name of Chach or Shash

citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Uzbekistan dual citizenship recognized: no residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

history: several previous; latest adopted 8 December 1992 amendment process: proposed by the Supreme Assembly or by referendum; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of both houses of the Assembly or passage in a referendum

conventional long form: Republic of Uzbekistan conventional short form: Uzbekistan local long form: O'zbekiston Respublikasi local short form: O'zbekiston former: Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic etymology: the name comes from the local people, the Uzbeks, whose name is said to have originated with Mongol leader Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad UZBEK; the Persian suffix - stan means "country"

chief of mission: Ambassador Jonathan HENICK (since 14 October 2022) embassy: 3 Moyqorghon, 5th Block, Yunusobod District, 100093 Tashkent mailing address: 7110 Tashkent Place, Washington DC 20521-7110 telephone: [998] 78-120-5450 FAX: [998] 78-120-6335 email address and website: ACSTashkent@state.gov https://uz.usembassy.gov/

chief of mission: Ambassador Furqat SIDIKOV (since 19 April 2023) chancery: 1746 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 887-5300 FAX: [1] (202) 293-6804 email address and website: info.washington@mfa.uz https://www.uzbekistan.org/ consulate(s) general: New York

chief of state: President Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV (since 14 December 2016) head of government: Prime Minister Abdulla ARIPOV (since 14 December 2016) cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president with most requiring approval of the Senate chamber of the Supreme Assembly (Oliy Majlis) election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister nominated by majority party in the Supreme Assembly but appointed along with the ministers and deputy ministers by the president most recent election date: 9 July 2023 election results: 2023: Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV reelected president in snap election; percent of vote - Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV (LDPU) 87. 7 %, Robaxon Maxmudova (Adolat) 4.5%, Ulugbek Inoyatov (PDP) 4%, Abdushukur Xamzayev (Ecological Party) 3.8% 2021: Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV reelected president in first round; percent of vote - Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV (LDPU) 80.3%, Maqsuda VORISOVA (PDP) 6.7%, Alisher QODIROV (National Revival Democratic Party) 5.5%, Narzullo OBLOMURODOV (Ecological Party) 4.1%, Bahrom ABDUHALIMOV (Adolat) 3.4% expected date of next election: 2030

description: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green separated by narrow red stripes with a vertical white crescent moon and 12 five-pointed white stars in the left corner of the top band meaning: blue stands for the Turkic peoples and the sky, white for peace and the striving for purity in thoughts and deeds, and green for nature and Islam; the red stripes represent the vital force of all living organisms; the crescent stands for Islam, and the 12 stars for the months and constellations of the Uzbek calendar

presidential republic; highly authoritarian

1 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

ADB, CICA, CIS, EAEU (observer), EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EEU (observer), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of 67 judges organized into administrative, civil, criminal, and economic sections); Constitutional Court (consists of 7 judges) judge selection and term of office: judges of the highest courts nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate of the Oliy Majlis; judges appointed for a single 10-year term; the court chairman and deputies appointed for 10-year terms without the right to reelection. (Article 132 of the constitution) subordinate courts: regional, district, city, and town courts

civil law system note: in 2020, the criminal code, criminal procedure code, and code of administrative responsibility were reformed; a constitutional referendum in 2023 included additional criminal code reforms

legislature name: Supreme Assembly (Oliy Majlis) legislative structure: bicameral

chamber name: Legislative Chamber (Qonunchilik palatasi) number of seats: 150 (all directly elected) electoral system: mixed system scope of elections: full renewal term in office: 5 years most recent election date: 11/7/2024 to 11/12/2024 parties elected and seats per party: Movement of Entrepreneurs and Businesspeople - Liberal Democratic Party (UzLiDeP) (64); Milliy Tiklanish Democratic Party (O'zMTDP) (29); Social Democratic Party ("Adolat" SDP) (21); People's Democratic Party (XDP) (20); Ecological Party (O'EP) (16) percentage of women in chamber: 38% expected date of next election: October 2029

chamber name: Senate (Senat) number of seats: 65 (56 indirectly elected; 9 appointed) scope of elections: full renewal term in office: 5 years most recent election date: 10/27/2024 percentage of women in chamber: 24.6% expected date of next election: November 2029

title: "O'zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat Madhiyasi" (National Anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan) lyrics/music: Abdulla ARIPOV/Mutal BURHANOV history: adopted 1992; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Uzbekistan kept the music of its Soviet-era anthem but adopted new lyrics

blue, white, red, green

total World Heritage Sites: 7 (5 cultural, 2 natural) selected World Heritage Site locales: Itchan Kala (c); Historic Bukhara (c); Historic Shakhrisyabz (c); Samarkand - Crossroad of Cultures (c); Western Tien Shan (n); Cold Winter Deserts of Turan (n); Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor (c)

Independence Day, 1 September (1991)

khumo (mythical bird)

Ecological Party of Uzbekistan or EPU Justice Social Democratic Party or ASDP People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan or PDP Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party or UzLiDep Uzbekistan National Revival Democratic Party or UzMTDP

18 years of age; universal

Uzbekistan is the geographic and population center of Central Asia, with a diverse economy and a relatively young population. Russia conquered and united the disparate territories of present-day Uzbekistan in the late 19th century. Stiff resistance to the Red Army after the Bolshevik Revolution was eventually suppressed and a socialist republic established in 1924. During the Soviet era, intensive production of "white gold" (cotton) and grain led to the overuse of agrochemicals and the depletion of water supplies, leaving the land degraded and the Aral Sea and certain rivers half-dry. Independent since the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) dissolved in 1991, the country has diversified agricultural production while developing its mineral and petroleum export capacity and increasing its manufacturing base, although cotton remains a major part of its economy. Uzbekistan s first president, Islom KARIMOV, led Uzbekistan for 25 years until his death in 2016. His successor, former Prime Minister Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV, has improved relations with Uzbekistan s neighbors and introduced wide-ranging economic, judicial, and social reforms. MIRZIYOYEV was reelected in 2021 with 80% of the vote and again following a 2023 constitutional referendum with 87% of the vote.

the military s responsibilities include ensuring the country s sovereignty and territorial integrity, securing its borders, and assisting with internal security; regional security and international terrorism are areas of concern; Uzbekistan joined the Russian-sponsored Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) in the 1990s but withdrew in 1999; it returned in 2006 but left again in 2012; although not part of CSTO, Uzbekistan continues to maintain defense ties with Russia, including joint military exercises and defense industrial cooperation; it also has defense ties with other regional countries, including Azerbaijan, China, India, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, and Turkey; it is part of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and participates in SCO training exercises (2025)

Armed Forces of Uzbekistan: Army, Air and Air Defense Forces; National Guard Ministry of Internal Affairs: Internal Security Troops, Border Guards, police (2024) note 1: the National Guard is under the Defense Ministry, but is independent of the other military services; it is responsible for ensuring public order and the security of diplomatic missions, radio and television broadcasting, and other state entities note 2: the State Security Service, whose chairperson reports directly to the president, is responsible for national security and intelligence matters, including terrorism, corruption, organized crime, border control, and narcotics

limited available information; estimated 50,000 active Armed Forces (2025)

the Uzbek Armed Forces use mainly Russian or Soviet-era armaments with smaller quantities of items from suppliers such as China, T rkiye, and the US; Uzbekistan has a small defense industry, which is involved in repairing and maintaining aircraft and armored vehicles, as well as producing light armored vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles/drones, and other military items (2025)

2.8% of GDP (2019 est.) 2.9% of GDP (2018 est.) 2.7% of GDP (2017 est.) 2.5% of GDP (2016 est.) 2.5% of GDP (2015 est.)

18-30 for voluntary/contract service for men and women; 18-27 years of age for compulsory military service for men with a 12-month service obligation (2025) note: those conscripted have the option of paying for a shorter service of one month while remaining in the reserves until the age of 27; Uzbek citizens who have completed their service terms in the armed forces have privileges in employment and admission to higher educational institutions

0-14 years: 29.6% (male 5,597,947/female 5,213,403) 15-64 years: 63.7% (male 11,649,017/female 11,617,411) 65 years and over: 6.7% (2024 est.) (male 1,077,849/female 1,364,966)

total: 2.45 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) beer: 0.18 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) wine: 0.09 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) spirits: 2.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

18.93 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

women married by age 15: 0.2% (2022) women married by age 18: 3.4% (2022)

1.8% (2021 est.)

74.7% (2022 est.)

5 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

total dependency ratio: 57.3 (2025 est.) youth dependency ratio: 46.3 (2025 est.) elderly dependency ratio: 11.1 (2025 est.) potential support ratio: 9 (2025 est.)

urban: 98% of population (2022 est.) rural: 95.2% of population (2022 est.) total: 96.6% of population (2022 est.) urban: 2% of population (2022 est.) rural: 4.8% of population (2022 est.) total: 3.4% of population (2022 est.)

5.5% of GDP (2023 est.) 22.1% national budget (2024 est.)

Uzbek 83.8%, Tajik 4.8%, Kazakh 2.5%, Russian 2.3%, Karakalpak 2.2%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.9% (2017 est.)

1.25 (2025 est.)

7.7% of GDP (2021) 7.1% of national budget (2022 est.)

4.9 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

total: 17.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.) male: 21.1 deaths/1,000 live births female: 15.1 deaths/1,000 live births

Uzbek (official) 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1% major-language sample(s): Jahon faktlari kitobi, asosiy ma'lumotlar uchun zaruriy manba. (Uzbek) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. note: in the semi-autonomous Republic of Karakalpakstan, both the Karakalpak language and Uzbek have official status

total population: 76.2 years (2024 est.) male: 73.6 years female: 79 years

total population: 100% (2022 est.) male: 100% (2022 est.) female: 100% (2022 est.)

2.603 million TASHKENT (capital) (2023)

26 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

total: 29.2 years (2025 est.) male: 28.1 years female: 29.8 years

23.7 years (2019 est.)

noun: Uzbekistani adjective: Uzbekistani

-1.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

16.6% (2016)

2.81 physicians/1,000 population (2021)

total: 37,015,151 (2025 est.) male: 18,576,048 female: 18,439,103

most of the population is concentrated in the fertile Fergana Valley in the easternmost arm of the country; the south has significant clusters of people, but the central and western deserts are sparsely populated

1.26% (2025 est.)

Muslim 88% (mostly Sunni), Eastern Orthodox 9%, other 3%

urban: 98.1% of population (2022 est.) rural: 98.7% of population (2022 est.) total: 98.4% of population (2022 est.) urban: 1.9% of population (2022 est.) rural: 1.3% of population (2022 est.) total: 1.6% of population (2022 est.)

total: 13 years (2024 est.) male: 13 years (2024 est.) female: 13 years (2024 est.)

at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

total: 15.4% (2025 est.) male: 30.2% (2025 est.) female: 1% (2025 est.)

2.6 children born/woman (2025 est.)

urban population: 50.5% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 1.25% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

2018 - signed space cooperation agreements with France and India 2022 - signed space cooperation agreement with Kazakhstan 2025 - Uzbek engineers began two-year satellite development training program in Japan with goal of building country's first satellite; signed space cooperation agreement with South Korea; announced development of 10-year national space program

Space Research and Technology Agency (UzCosmos or UzSpace; established 2019) (2025) note: Uzcosmos operates under the Ministry of Digital Technologies

has a small but growing space effort focused on acquiring satellites and developing the country s space industries and technologies in key sectors, including cartography, data processing, environmental and disaster monitoring, land use, resource management, and telecommunications; recognized for its astronomy program; member of international space organizations; cooperates with foreign space agencies or commercial companies from a variety of countries, including those of Canada, China, France, India, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Russia, South Korea, Spain, Turkey, and the UAE (2025)

Islamic Jihad Union (IJU); Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU); Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Khorasan (ISIS-K) note 1: these groups have typically been active in the area where the Uzbek, Kyrgyz, and Tajik borders converge and ill-defined and porous borders allow for the relatively free movement of people and illicit goods note 2: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

refugees: 8,505 (2024 est.) stateless persons: 20,000 (2024 est.)

74 (2025)

UK

3 (2025)

total: 4,642 km (2018) broad gauge: 4,642 km (2018) 1.520-m gauge (1,684 km electrified)