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Communications

Broadband - fixed subscriptions [time series]

total: 1,709,400 | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 31 (2017 est.)

Broadcast media [time series]

a mix of 3 publicly operated TV stations and numerous privately owned TV stations; several free and special-interest pay-TV channels; cable and satellite multi-channel subscription services are available; all TV signals are broadcast digitally; Internet television, such as Netflix and others, is available; public broadcasting maintains a network of 13 national and 25 regional radio stations; a large number of private radio broadcasters and access to Internet radio

Internet country code [time series]

.finote - Aland Islands assigned .ax

Internet users [time series]

total: 4,822,132 | percent of population: 87.7% (July 2016 est.)

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: modern system with excellent service; one of the most progressive in Europe; one of the highest broadband and mobile penetrations rates in the region; forefront in testing 5G networks; for 2025 and 2030 FttP (fiber to the home) and DOCSIS3.1 (new generation of cable services for high speed connections) technologies (2018) | domestic: digital fiber-optic, fixed-line 7 per 100 subscription; 132 per 100 mobile-cellular (2018) | international: country code - 358; landing points for Botnia, BCS North-1 & 2, SFL, SFS-4, C-Lion1, Eastern Lights, Baltic Sea Submarine Cable, FEC, and EESF-2 & 3 submarine cables provide links to many Finland points, Estonia, Sweden, Germany, and Russia; satellite earth stations - access to Intelsat transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) (2019)

Telephones - fixed lines [time series]

total subscriptions: 378,200 | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 7 (2017 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

total subscriptions: 7,307,800 | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 132 (2017 est.)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

barley, wheat, sugar beets, potatoes; dairy cattle; fish

Budget [time series]

revenues: 134.2 billion (2017 est.) | expenditures: 135.6 billion (2017 est.) | note: Central Government Budget data; these numbers represent a significant reduction from previous official reporting

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) [time series]

-0.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Central bank discount rate [time series]

1.25% (31 December 2017) | 0% (31 December 2010) | note: this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area

Commercial bank prime lending rate [time series]

1.61% (31 December 2017 est.) | 1.79% (31 December 2016 est.)

Current account balance [time series]

$1.806 billion (2017 est.) | -$819 million (2016 est.)

Debt - external [time series]

$150.6 billion (31 December 2016 est.) | $147.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income (Distribution of family income - Gini index) [time series]

27.2 (2016) | 22.2 (1995)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free-market economy with per capita GDP almost as high as that of Austria and the Netherlands and slightly above that of Germany and Belgium. Trade is important, with exports accounting for over one-third of GDP in recent years. The government is open to, and actively takes steps to attract, foreign direct investment. Finland is historically competitive in manufacturing, particularly in the wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics industries. Finland excels in export of technology as well as promotion of startups in the information and communications technology, gaming, cleantech, and biotechnology sectors. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods. Because of the cold climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important export industry, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population. Finland had been one of the best performing economies within the EU before 2009 and its banks and financial markets avoided the worst of global financial crisis. However, the world slowdown hit exports and domestic demand hard in that year, causing Finland’s economy to contract from 2012 to 2014. The recession affected general government finances and the debt ratio. The economy returned to growth in 2016, posting a 1.9% GDP increase before growing an estimated 3.3% in 2017, supported by a strong increase in investment, private consumption, and net exports. Finnish economists expect GDP to grow a rate of 2-3% in the next few years. Finland's main challenges will be reducing high labor costs and boosting demand for its exports. In June 2016, the government enacted a Competitiveness Pact aimed at reducing labor costs, increasing hours worked, and introducing more flexibility into the wage bargaining system. As a result, wage growth was nearly flat in 2017. The Government was also seeking to reform the health care system and social services. In the long term, Finland must address a rapidly aging population and decreasing productivity in traditional industries that threaten competitiveness, fiscal sustainability, and economic growth.

Exchange rates [time series]

euros (EUR) per US dollar - | 0.885 (2017 est.) | 0.903 (2016 est.) | 0.9214 (2015 est.) | 0.885 (2014 est.) | 0.7634 (2013 est.)

Exports [time series]

$67.73 billion (2017 est.) | $51.9 billion (2016 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

electrical and optical equipment, machinery, transport equipment, paper and pulp, chemicals, basic metals; timber

Exports - partners [time series]

Germany 14.2%, Sweden 10.1%, US 7%, Netherlands 6.8%, China 5.7%, Russia 5.7%, UK 4.5% (2017)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate) [time series]

$252.8 billion (2017 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP (purchasing power parity)) [time series]

$244.9 billion (2017 est.) | $238.2 billion (2016 est.) | $232.4 billion (2015 est.) | note: data are in 2017 dollars

GDP - composition, by end use [time series]

household consumption: 54.4% (2017 est.) | government consumption: 22.9% (2017 est.) | investment in fixed capital: 22.1% (2017 est.) | investment in inventories: 0.4% (2017 est.) | exports of goods and services: 38.5% (2017 est.) | imports of goods and services: -38.2% (2017 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin [time series]

agriculture: 2.7% (2017 est.) | industry: 28.2% (2017 est.) | services: 69.1% (2017 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita (PPP)) [time series]

$44,500 (2017 est.) | $43,400 (2016 est.) | $42,500 (2015 est.) | note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

2.8% (2017 est.) | 2.5% (2016 est.) | 0.1% (2015 est.)

Gross national saving [time series]

23.3% of GDP (2017 est.) | 21.7% of GDP (2016 est.) | 20% of GDP (2015 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 6.7% | highest 10%: 45.2% (2013)

Imports [time series]

$65.26 billion (2017 est.) | $58.18 billion (2016 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, computers, electronic industry products, textile yarn and fabrics, grains

Imports - partners [time series]

Germany 17.7%, Sweden 15.8%, Russia 13.1%, Netherlands 8.7% (2017)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

6.2% (2017 est.)

Industries [time series]

metals and metal products, electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

0.8% (2017 est.) | 0.4% (2016 est.)

Labor force [time series]

2.473 million (2017 est.)

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture: 4% | industry: 20.7% | services: 75.3% (2017 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares [time series]

$231 billion (31 December 2016 est.) | $207.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) | $208.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Public debt [time series]

61.3% of GDP (2017 est.) | 62.9% of GDP (2016 est.) | note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold [time series]

$10.51 billion (31 December 2017 est.) | $11.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock of broad money [time series]

$152.6 billion (31 December 2017 est.) | $124 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad [time series]

$185.6 billion (31 December 2017 est.) | $116.7 billion (2016 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home [time series]

$135.2 billion (31 December 2017 est.) | $84.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock of domestic credit [time series]

$323.9 billion (31 December 2017 est.) | $351.6 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock of narrow money [time series]

$152.6 billion (31 December 2017 est.) | $124 billion (31 December 2016 est.) | note: see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders

Taxes and other revenues [time series]

53.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Unemployment rate [time series]

8.5% (2017 est.) | 8.8% (2016 est.)

Energy

Carbon dioxide emissions (Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy) [time series]

46.01 million Mt (2017 est.)

Crude oil - exports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude oil - imports [time series]

236,700 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Crude oil - production [time series]

0 bbl/day (2018 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves [time series]

0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Electricity - consumption [time series]

82.79 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - exports [time series]

3.159 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels [time series]

41% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants [time series]

20% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels [time series]

17% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources [time series]

23% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - imports [time series]

22.11 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity [time series]

16.27 million kW (2016 est.)

Electricity - production [time series]

66.54 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity access [time series]

electrification - total population: 100% (2016)

Natural gas - consumption [time series]

2.35 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - exports [time series]

4 million cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - imports [time series]

2.322 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - production [time series]

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]

NA cu m (1 January 2016 est.)

Refined petroleum products - consumption [time series]

217,100 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports [time series]

166,200 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports [time series]

122,200 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production [time series]

310,600 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 338,145 sq km | land: 303,815 sq km | water: 34,330 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly more than two times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Montana | Area comparison map: The World Factbook Field Image Modal × Europe :: Finland Print Image Description slightly more than two times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Montana

Climate [time series]

cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes

Coastline [time series]

1,250 km

Elevation [time series]

mean elevation: 164 m | lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m | highest point: Halti (alternatively Haltia, Haltitunturi, Haltiatunturi) 1,328 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

limited air pollution in urban centers; some water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling | signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geographic coordinates [time series]

64 00 N, 26 00 E

Geography - note [time series]

long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on European continent; population concentrated on small southwestern coastal plain

Irrigated land [time series]

690 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 2,563 km | border countries (3): Norway 709 km, Sweden 545 km, Russia 1309 km

Land use [time series]

agricultural land: 7.5% (2011 est.) | arable land: 7.4% (2011 est.) / permanent crops: 0% (2011 est.) / permanent pasture: 0.1% (2011 est.) | forest: 72.9% (2011 est.) | other: 19.6% (2011 est.)

Location [time series]

Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia

Map references [time series]

Europe

Maritime claims [time series]

territorial sea: 12 nm (in the Gulf of Finland - 3 nm) | contiguous zone: 24 nm | continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation | exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm; extends to continental shelf boundary with Sweden, Estonia, and Russia

Natural hazards [time series]

severe winters in the north

Natural resources [time series]

timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, limestone

Population distribution [time series]

the vast majority of people are found in the south; the northern interior areas remain sparsely poplulated

Terrain [time series]

mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

19 regions (maakunnat, singular - maakunta (Finnish); landskapen, singular - landskapet (Swedish)); Aland (Swedish), Ahvenanmaa (Finnish); Etela-Karjala (Finnish), Sodra Karelen (Swedish) [South Karelia]; Etela-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Sodra Osterbotten (Swedish) [South Ostrobothnia]; Etela-Savo (Finnish), Sodra Savolax (Swedish) [South Savo]; Kanta-Hame (Finnish), Egentliga Tavastland (Swedish); Kainuu (Finnish), Kajanaland (Swedish); Keski-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Mellersta Osterbotten (Swedish) [Central Ostrobothnia]; Keski-Suomi (Finnish), Mellersta Finland (Swedish) [Central Finland]; Kymenlaakso (Finnish), Kymmenedalen (Swedish); Lappi (Finnish), Lappland (Swedish); Paijat-Hame (Finnish), Paijanne-Tavastland (Swedish); Pirkanmaa (Finnish), Birkaland (Swedish) [Tampere]; Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Osterbotten (Swedish) [Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Karjala (Finnish), Norra Karelen (Swedish) [North Karelia]; Pohjois-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Norra Osterbotten (Swedish) [North Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Savo (Finnish), Norra Savolax (Swedish) [North Savo]; Satakunta (Finnish and Swedish); Uusimaa (Finnish), Nyland (Swedish) [Newland]; Varsinais-Suomi (Finnish), Egentliga Finland (Swedish) [Southwest Finland]

Capital [time series]

name: Helsinki | geographic coordinates: 60 10 N, 24 56 E | time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) | daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October | etymology: the name may derive from the Swedish "helsing," an archaic name for "neck" ("hals"), and which may refer to a narrowing of the Vantaa River that flows into the Gulf of Finland at Helsinki; "fors" refers to "rapids," so "helsing fors" meaning becomes "the narrows' rapids"

Citizenship [time series]

citizenship by birth: no | citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Finland | dual citizenship recognized: yes | residency requirement for naturalization: 6 years

Constitution [time series]

history: previous 1906, 1919; latest drafted 17 June 1997, approved by Parliament 11 June 1999, entered into force 1 March 2000 | amendments: proposed by Parliament; passage normally requires simple majority vote in two readings in the first parliamentary session and at least two-thirds majority vote in a single reading by the newly elected Parliament; proposals declared "urgent" by five-sixths of Parliament members can be passed by at least two-thirds majority vote in the first parliamentary session only; amended several times, last in 2012 (2016)

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Republic of Finland | conventional short form: Finland | local long form: Suomen tasavalta/Republiken Finland | local short form: Suomi/Finland | etymology: name may derive from the ancient Fenni peoples who are first described as living in northeastern Europe in the first centuries A.D.

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Robert "Bob" Frank PENCE (since 24 May 2018) | telephone: [358] (9) 6162-50 | embassy: Itainen Puistotie 14B, 00140 Helsinki | mailing address: APO AE 09723 | FAX: [358] (9) 6162-5135

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

Ambassador Kirsti KAUPPI (since 17 September 2015) | chancery: 3301 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 | telephone: [1] (202) 298-5800 | FAX: [1] (202) 298-6030 | consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, New York

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Sauli NIINISTO (since 1 March 2012) | head of government: Prime Minister Sanna MARIN (since 10 December 2019) | cabinet: Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to Parliament | elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 28 January 2018 (next to be held in January 2024); prime minister appointed by Parliament | election results: Sauli NIINISTO reelected president; percent of vote Sauli NIINISTO (independent) 62.7%, Pekka HAAVISTO (Vihr) 12.4%, Laura HUHTASAARI (PS) 6.9%, Paavo VAYRYNEN (independent) 6.2%, Matti VANHANEN (Kesk) 4.1%, other 7.7%

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

white with a blue cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the blue represents the thousands of lakes scattered across the country, while the white is for the snow that covers the land in winter

Government type [time series]

parliamentary republic

Independence [time series]

6 December 1917 (from Russia)

International law organization participation [time series]

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation [time series]

ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch [time series]

highest courts: Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus (consists of the court president and 18 judges); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 21 judges, including the court president and organized into 3 chambers); note - Finland has a dual judicial system - courts with civil and criminal jurisdiction and administrative courts with jurisdiction for litigation between individuals and administrative organs of the state and communities | judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court judges appointed by the president of the republic; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 68 | subordinate courts: 6 Courts of Appeal; 8 regional administrative courts; 27 district courts; special courts for issues relating to markets, labor, insurance, impeachment, land, tenancy, and water rights

Legal system [time series]

civil law system based on the Swedish model

Legislative branch [time series]

description: unicameral Parliament or Eduskunta (200 seats; 199 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 1 member in the province of Aland directly elected by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms) (e.g. 2019) | elections: last held on 14 April 2019 (next to be held on April 2023) (e.g. 2019) | election results: percent of vote by party/coalition - SDP 17.7%, Finn Party 17.5%, Kok 17.0%. Centre Party 13.8%, Green League 11.5%, Left Alliance 8.2%; seats by party/coalition -SDP 40, Finn Party 39, Kok 38, Centre Party 31, Green League 20, Left Alliance 16; composition men 107, women 93, percent of women 46.5% (e.g. 2019)

National anthem(s) (National anthem) [time series]

name: "Maamme" (Our Land) | lyrics/music: Johan Ludvig RUNEBERG/Fredrik PACIUS | note: in use since 1848; although never officially adopted by law, the anthem has been popular since it was first sung by a student group in 1848; Estonia's anthem uses the same melody as that of Finland

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 6 December (1917)

National symbol(s) [time series]

lion; national colors: blue, white

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Aland Coalition (a coalition of several political parties on the Aland Islands) Center Party or Kesk [Juha SIPILA] Christian Democrats or KD [Sari ESSAYAH] Finns Party or PS [Jussi HALLA-AHO] Green League or Vihr [Pekka HAAVISTO] Left Alliance or Vas [Li ANDERSSON]] National Coalition Party or Kok [Petteri ORPO] Social Democratic Party or SDP [Antti RINNE] Swedish People's Party or SFP [Anna-Maja HENRIKSSON]

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Introduction

Background [time series]

Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries, and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It gained complete independence in 1917. During World War II, Finland successfully defended its independence through cooperation with Germany and resisted subsequent invasions by the Soviet Union - albeit with some loss of territory. In the subsequent half century, Finland transformed from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern industrial economy; per capita income is among the highest in Western Europe. A member of the EU since 1995, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro single currency at its initiation in January 1999. In the 21st century, the key features of Finland's modern welfare state are high quality education, promotion of equality, and a national social welfare system - currently challenged by an aging population and the fluctuations of an export-driven economy.

Military and Security

Military and security forces [time series]

Finnish Defense Forces (FDF): Army (Puolustusvoimat), Navy (Merivoimat), Air Force (Ilmavoimat) (2019)

Military expenditures [time series]

1.29% of GDP (2019) | 1.23% of GDP (2018) | 1.26% of GDP (2017) | 1.31% of GDP (2016) | 1.29% of GDP (2015)

Military service age and obligation [time series]

all Finnish men are called-up for military service the year they turn 18; at 18, women may volunteer for military service; service obligation 6-12 months; individuals enter the reserve upon completing their initial obligation; military obligation to age 60 (2016)

People and Society

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 16.44% (male 465,298 /female 445,186) | 15-24 years: 11.21% (male 317,500 /female 303,326) | 25-54 years: 37.64% (male 1,064,751 /female 1,019,748) | 55-64 years: 13.19% (male 359,434 /female 370,993) | 65 years and over: 21.51% (male 519,775 /female 671,353) (2018 est.) | population pyramid: The World Factbook Field Image Modal × Europe :: Finland Print Image Description This is the population pyramid for Finland. A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends. For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page under the References tab.

Birth rate [time series]

10.7 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate [time series]

85.5% (2015) | note: percent of women aged 18-49

Current health expenditure (Current Health Expenditure) [time series]

9.5% (2016)

Death rate [time series]

10.1 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Dependency ratios [time series]

total dependency ratio: 57.9 (2015 est.) | youth dependency ratio: 25.9 (2015 est.) | elderly dependency ratio: 32 (2015 est.) | potential support ratio: 3.1 (2015 est.)

Drinking water source [time series]

Education expenditure (Education expenditures) [time series]

6.9% of GDP (2016)

Ethnic groups [time series]

Finn, Swede, Russian, Estonian, Romani, Sami

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

0.1% (2018)

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

<100 (2018)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

4,000 (2018)

Hospital bed density [time series]

4.4 beds/1,000 population (2015)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 2.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.) | male: 2.7 deaths/1,000 live births | female: 2.4 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages [time series]

Finnish (official) 87.6%, Swedish (official) 5.2%, Russian 1.4%, other 5.8% (2018 est.)

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 81.1 years (2018 est.) | male: 78.1 years | female: 84.2 years

Major urban areas - population [time series]

1.292 million HELSINKI (capital) (2019)

Maternal mortality ratio (Maternal mortality rate) [time series]

3 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Median age [time series]

total: 42.6 years (2018 est.) | male: 41 years | female: 44.3 years

Mother's mean age at first birth [time series]

28.8 years (2015 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Finn(s) | adjective: Finnish

Net migration rate [time series]

2.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate [time series]

22.2% (2016)

Physician density (Physicians density) [time series]

3.81 physicians/1,000 population (2016)

Population [time series]

5,537,364 (July 2018 est.)

Population distribution [time series]

the vast majority of people are found in the south; the northern interior areas remain sparsely poplulated

Population growth rate [time series]

0.33% (2018 est.)

Religions [time series]

Lutheran 69.8%, Greek Orthodox 1.1%, other 1.7%, unspecified 27.4% (2018 est.)

Sanitation facility access [time series]

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) [time series]

total: 19 years | male: 19 years | female: 20 years (2016)

Sex ratio [time series]

Total fertility rate [time series]

1.75 children born/woman (2018 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) (Unemployment, youth ages 15-24) [time series]

total: 20.1% | male: 20.9% | female: 19.3% (2017 est.)

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 85.4% of total population (2019) | rate of urbanization: 0.42% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia and other areas ceded to the former Soviet Union, but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands

Refugees and internally displaced persons [time series]

refugees (country of origin): 8,523 (Iraq) (2018) | stateless persons: 2,759 (2018)

Transportation

Airports [time series]

148 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 74 (2017) | over 3,047 m: 3 (2017) | 2,438 to 3,047 m: 26 (2017) | 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 (2017) | 914 to 1,523 m: 21 (2017) | under 914 m: 14 (2017)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 74 (2013) | 914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2013) | under 914 m: 71 (2013)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix [time series]

OH (2016)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 259 | by type: bulk carrier 7, container ship 1, general cargo 88, oil tanker 4, other 159 (2018)

National air transport system [time series]

number of registered air carriers: 3 (2015) | inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 73 (2015) | annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 9,972,333 (2015) | annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 713.484 million mt-km (2015)

Pipelines [time series]

1288 km gas transmission pipes, 1976 km distribution pipes (2016)

Ports (Ports and terminals) [time series]

major seaport(s): Helsinki, Kotka, Naantali, Porvoo, Raahe, Rauma

Railways [time series]

total: 5,926 km (2016) | broad gauge: 5,926 km 1.524-m gauge (3,270 km electrified) (2016)

Roadways [time series]

total: 454,000 km (2012) | highways: 78,000 km (50,000 paved, including 700 km of expressways; 28,000 unpaved) (2012) | private and forest roads: 350,000 km (2012) | urban: 26,000 km (2012)

Waterways [time series]

8,000 km (includes Saimaa Canal system of 3,577 km; southern part leased from Russia; water transport used frequently in the summer and widely replaced with sledges on the ice in winter; there are 187,888 lakes in Finland that cover 31,500 km); Finland also maintains 8,200 km of coastal fairways (2013)