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Communications

Internet country code [time series]

.fi

Internet users (Internet hosts) [time series]

1,219,173 (2004)

Internet users [time series]

2.65 million (2002)

Broadcast media (Radio broadcast stations) [time series]

AM 2, FM 186, shortwave 1 (1998)

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: modern system with excellent service domestic: digital fiber-optic fixed-line network and an extensive cellular network provide domestic needs international: country code - 358; 1 submarine cable (Finland Estonia Connection); satellite earth stations - access to Intelsat transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden)

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

2.548 million (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

4.7 million (2003)

Broadcast media (Television broadcast stations) [time series]

120 (plus 431 repeaters) (1999)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

barley, wheat, sugar beets, potatoes; dairy cattle; fish

Budget [time series]

revenues: $96.43 billion expenditures: $91.95 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2004 est.)

Exchange rates (Currency (code)) [time series]

euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Current account balance [time series]

$11.39 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external [time series]

$30 billion (December 1993)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income (Distribution of family income - Gini index) [time series]

25.6 (1991)

Economic aid (Economic aid - donor) [time series]

ODA, $379 million (2001)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free-market economy, with per capita output roughly that of the UK, France, Germany, and Italy. Its key economic sector is manufacturing - principally the wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics industries. Trade is important, with exports equaling two-fifths of GDP. Finland excels in high-tech exports, e.g., mobile phones. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods. Because of the climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important export earner, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population. Rapidly increasing integration with Western Europe - Finland was one of the 12 countries joining the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) - will dominate the economic picture over the next several years. Growth in 2003 was held back by the global slowdown but picked up in 2004. High unemployment remains a persistent problem.

Electricity - consumption [time series]

78.58 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports [time series]

1.5 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports [time series]

13.5 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production [time series]

71.59 billion kWh (2002)

Exchange rates [time series]

euros per US dollar - 0.81 (2004), 0.89 (2003), 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000)

Exports [time series]

$61.04 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals; timber, paper, pulp (1999)

Exports - partners [time series]

Sweden 11.1%, Germany 10.7%, Russia 8.9%, UK 7%, US 6.4%, Netherlands 5.1% (2004)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP (purchasing power parity)) [time series]

$151.2 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP - composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 3.3% industry: 30.2% services: 66.5% (2004 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita) [time series]

purchasing power parity - $29,000 (2004 est.)

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

3% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 4.2% highest 10%: 21.6% (1991)

Imports [time series]

$45.17 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics, grains (1999)

Imports - partners [time series]

Germany 16.2%, Sweden 14.3%, Russia 12.8%, Netherlands 6.3%, Denmark 5.2%, UK 4.6%, France 4.3% (2004)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

2% (2004 est.)

Industries [time series]

metals and metal products, electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

0.7% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed) [time series]

18.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Labor force [time series]

2.66 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture and forestry 8%, industry 22%, construction 6%, commerce 14%, finance, insurance, and business services 10%, transport and communications 8%, public services 32%

Natural gas - consumption [time series]

4.557 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports [time series]

0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports [time series]

4.567 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - production [time series]

0 cu m (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption [time series]

211,400 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports [time series]

101,000 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports [time series]

318,300 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - production [time series]

0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Population below poverty line [time series]

Public debt [time series]

46.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold [time series]

$11.17 billion (2003)

Unemployment rate [time series]

8.9% (2004 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 338,145 sq km land: 304,473 sq km water: 33,672 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly smaller than Montana

Climate [time series]

cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes

Coastline [time series]

1,250 km

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m highest point: Haltiatunturi 1,328 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

air pollution from manufacturing and power plants contributing to acid rain; water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geographic coordinates [time series]

64 00 N, 26 00 E

Geography - note [time series]

long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on European continent; population concentrated on small southwestern coastal plain

Irrigated land [time series]

640 sq km (1998 est.)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 2,681 km border countries: Norway 727 km, Sweden 614 km, Russia 1,340 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 7.19% permanent crops: 0.03% other: 92.78% (2001)

Location [time series]

Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia

Map references [time series]

Europe

Maritime claims [time series]

territorial sea: 12 nm (in the Gulf of Finland - 3 nm) continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm; extends to continental shelf boundary with Sweden

Natural hazards [time series]

Natural resources [time series]

timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, limestone

Terrain [time series]

mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

6 provinces (laanit, singular - laani); Aland, Etela-Suomen Laani, Ita-Suomen Laani, Lansi-Suomen Laani, Lappi, Oulun Laani

Capital [time series]

Helsinki

Constitution [time series]

1 March 2000

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Republic of Finland conventional short form: Finland local long form: Suomen Tasavalta local short form: Suomi

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Earle I. MACK embassy: Itainen Puistotie 14B, 00140 Helsinki mailing address: APO AE 09723 telephone: [358] (9) 616250 FAX: [358] (9) 6162 5800

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Jukka Robert VALTASAARI chancery: 3301 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 298-5800 FAX: [1] (202) 298-6030 consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Tarja HALONEN (since 1 March 2000) head of government: Prime Minister Matti VANHANEN (since 24 June 2003) and Deputy Prime Minister Eero HEINALUOMA (since 24 September 2005) cabinet: Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to parliament elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 16 January 2000 and 6 February 2000 (next to be held February 2006); the president appoints the prime minister and deputy prime minister from the majority party or the majority coalition after parliamentary elections and the parliament must approve the appointment election results: Tarja HALONEN elected president; percent of vote - Tarja HALONEN (SDP) 51.6%, Esko AHO (Kesk) 48.4% note: government coalition - Kesk, SDP, and SFP

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

white with a blue cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

Government type [time series]

republic

Independence [time series]

6 December 1917 (from Russia)

International organization participation [time series]

AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WEU (observer), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus (judges appointed by the president)

Legal system [time series]

civil law system based on Swedish law; the president may request the Supreme Court to review laws; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral Parliament or Eduskunta (200 seats; members are elected by popular vote on a proportional basis to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 16 March 2003 (next to be held March 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - Kesk 24.7%, SDP 24.5%, Kok 18.5%, VAS 9.9%, VIHR 8%, KD 5.3%, SFP 4.6%; seats by party - Kesk 55, SDP 53, Kok 40, VAS 19, VIHR 14, KD 7, SFP 8, others 4

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 6 December (1917)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Center Party or Kesk [Matti VANHANEN]; Christian Democrats or KD [Paivi RASANEN]; Green League or VIHR [Tarja CRONBERG]; Left Alliance or VAS composed of People's Democratic League and Democratic Alternative [Suvi-Anne SIIMES]; National Coalition (conservative) Party or Kok [Jyrki KATAINEN]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Eero HEINALUOMA]; Swedish People's Party or SFP [Jan-Erik ENESTAM]

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Introduction

Background [time series]

Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It won its complete independence in 1917. During World War II, it was able to successfully defend its freedom and resist invasions by the Soviet Union - albeit with some loss of territory. In the subsequent half century, the Finns made a remarkable transformation from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern industrial economy; per capita income is now on par with Western Europe. As a member of the European Union, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro system at its initiation in January 1999.

Military

Manpower available for military service [time series]

males age 18-49: 1,121,275 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service [time series]

males age 18-49: 913,617 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually [time series]

males: 32,040 (2005 est.)

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Finnish Defense Forces: Army, Navy (includes Coastal Defense Forces), Air Force (2003)

Military expenditures - dollar figure [time series]

$1.8 billion (FY98/99)

Military expenditures (Military expenditures - percent of GDP) [time series]

2% (FY98/99)

Military service age and obligation [time series]

18 years of age for voluntary and compulsory military service (October 2004)

People

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 17.3% (male 460,977/female 443,859) 15-64 years: 66.8% (male 1,764,874/female 1,723,385) 65 years and over: 15.9% (male 328,952/female 501,395) (2005 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

10.5 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate [time series]

9.79 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Ethnic groups [time series]

Finn 93.4%, Swede 5.7%, Russian 0.4%, Estonian 0.2%, Roma 0.2%, Sami 0.1%

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

less than 0.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

less than 100 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

1,500 (2003 est.)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 3.57 deaths/1,000 live births male: 3.89 deaths/1,000 live births female: 3.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Languages [time series]

Finnish 92% (official), Swedish 5.6% (official), other 2.4% (small Sami- and Russian-speaking minorities) (2003)

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 78.35 years male: 74.82 years female: 82.02 years (2005 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 100% (2000 est.) male: 100% female: 100%

Median age [time series]

total: 40.97 years male: 39.43 years female: 42.52 years (2005 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Finn(s) adjective: Finnish

Net migration rate [time series]

0.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Population [time series]

5,223,442 (July 2005 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

0.16% (2005 est.)

Religions [time series]

Lutheran National Church 84.2%, Greek Orthodox in Finland 1.1%, other Christian 1.1%, other 0.1%, none 13.5% (2003)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

1.73 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union, but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands

Transportation

Airports [time series]

148 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 75 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 27 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 914 to 1,523 m: 23 under 914 m: 13 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 73 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 69 (2004 est.)

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

total: 78,197 km paved: 50,539 km (including 794 km of expressways) unpaved: 27,658 km (2004)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 94 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,152,175 GRT/1,053,906 DWT by type: bulk carrier 3, cargo 27, chemical tanker 6, container 1, passenger 5, passenger/cargo 20, petroleum tanker 7, roll on/roll off 25 foreign-owned: 2 (Norway 1, United States 1) registered in other countries: 42 (2005)

Pipelines [time series]

gas 694 km (2004)

Ports (Ports and harbors) [time series]

Hamina, Hanko, Helsinki, Kotka, Naantali, Pori, Porvou, Raahe, Rauma, Turku

Railways [time series]

total: 5,851 km broad gauge: 5,851 km 1.524-m gauge (2,400 km electrified) (2004)

Waterways [time series]

7,842 km note: includes Saimaa Canal system of 3,577 km; southern part leased from Russia (2004)