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Communications

Internet users (Internet Service Providers (ISPs)) [time series]

36 (1999)

Broadcast media (Radio broadcast stations) [time series]

AM 2, FM 186, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios [time series]

7.7 million (1997)

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

modern system with excellent service domestic: cable, microwave radio relay, and an extensive cellular net take provide of domestic needs international: 1 submarine cable; satellite earth stations - access to Intelsat transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden)

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

2.861 million (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

2,162,574 (1997)

Broadcast media (Television broadcast stations) [time series]

130 (plus 385 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions [time series]

3.2 million (1997)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

cereals, sugar beets, potatoes; dairy cattle; fish

Budget [time series]

revenues: $41 billion expenditures: $41 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997 est.)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

1 markka (FMk) or Finmark = 100 pennia

Debt - external [time series]

$30 billion (December 1993)

Economic aid (Economic aid - donor) [time series]

ODA, $379 million (1997)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free-market economy, with per capita output roughly that of the UK, France, Germany, and Italy. Its key economic sector is manufacturing - principally the wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics industries. Trade is important, with exports equaling more than one-third of GDP. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods. Because of the climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important export earner, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population. The economy has come back from the recession of 1990-92, which had been caused by economic overheating, depressed foreign markets, and the dismantling of the barter system between Finland and the former Soviet Union. Rapidly increasing integration with Western Europe - Finland was one of the 11 countries joining the euro monetary system (EMU) on 1 January 1999 - will dominate the economic picture over the next several years. Growth in 2000 will probably be at the same level as in 1999, enough to continue the decline in unemployment from its current high level.

Electricity - consumption [time series]

79.278 billion kWh (1998)

Electricity - exports [time series]

300 million kWh (1998)

Electricity - imports [time series]

9.55 billion kWh (1998)

Electricity - production [time series]

75.299 billion kWh (1998)

Electricity - production by source [time series]

fossil fuel: 41.62% hydro: 19.59% nuclear: 27.59% other: 11.2% (1998)

Exchange rates [time series]

euros per US$1 - 0.9867 (January 2000), 0.9386 (1999); markkaa (FMk) per US$1 - 5.3441 (1998), 5.1914 (1997), 4.5936 (1996), 4.3667 (1995) note: on 1 January 1999, the EU introduced a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in some member countries at a fixed rate of 5.94573 markkaa per euro; the euro will replace the local currency in consenting countries for all transactions in 2002

Exports [time series]

$43 billion (f.o.b., 1998)

Exports - commodities [time series]

machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals; timber, paper, and pulp

Exports - partners [time series]

EU 56% (Germany 12%, UK 9%, Sweden 9%, France 5%), US 7%, Russia 6%, Japan (1998)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP) [time series]

purchasing power parity - $108.6 billion (1999 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP - composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 5% industry: 32% services: 63% (1997)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita) [time series]

purchasing power parity - $21,000 (1999 est.)

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

3.5% (1999 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 4.2% highest 10%: 21.6% (1991)

Imports [time series]

$30.7 billion (f.o.b., 1998)

Imports - commodities [time series]

foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics, fodder grains

Imports - partners [time series]

EU 60% (Germany 15%, Sweden 12%, UK 7%), US 8%, Russia 7%, Japan 6% (1998)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

4.8% (1999)

Industries [time series]

metal products, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, copper refining, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

1% (1999 est.)

Labor force [time series]

2.533 million

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

public services 32%, industry 22%, commerce 14%, finance, insurance, and business services 10%, agriculture and forestry 8%, transport and communications 8%, construction 6%

Population below poverty line [time series]

NA%

Unemployment rate [time series]

10% (1999 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 337,030 sq km land: 305,470 sq km water: 31,560 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly smaller than Montana

Climate [time series]

cold temperate; potentially subarctic, but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes

Coastline [time series]

1,126 km (excludes islands and coastal indentations)

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m highest point: Haltiatunturi 1,328 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

air pollution from manufacturing and power plants contributing to acid rain; water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Geographic coordinates [time series]

64 00 N, 26 00 E

Geography - note [time series]

long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on European continent; population concentrated on small southwestern coastal plain

Irrigated land [time series]

640 sq km (1993 est.)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 2,628 km border countries: Norway 729 km, Sweden 586 km, Russia 1,313 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 8% permanent crops: 0% permanent pastures: 0% forests and woodland: 76% other: 16% (1993 est.)

Location [time series]

Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia

Map references [time series]

Europe

Maritime claims [time series]

contiguous zone: 6 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm territorial sea: 12 nm (in the Gulf of Finland - 3 nm)

Natural hazards [time series]

Natural resources [time series]

timber, copper, zinc, iron ore, silver

Terrain [time series]

mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

6 provinces (laanit, singular - laani); Aland, Etela-Suomen Laani, Ita-Suomen Laani, Lansi-Suomen Laani, Lappi, Oulun Laani

Capital [time series]

Helsinki

Constitution [time series]

17 July 1919

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Republic of Finland conventional short form: Finland local long form: Suomen Tasavalta local short form: Suomi

Data code [time series]

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Eric EDELMAN embassy: Itainen Puistotie 14A, FIN-00140, Helsinki mailing address: APO AE 09723 telephone: [358] (9) 171931 FAX: [358] (9) 174681

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Jaakko Tapani LAAJAVA chancery: 3301 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 298-5800 FAX: [1] (202) 298-6030 consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Tarja HALONEN (since 1 March 2000) head of government: Prime Minister Paavo LIPPONEN (since 13 April 1995) and Deputy Prime Minister Sauli NIINISTO (since 13 April 1995) cabinet: Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to Parliament elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 6 February 2000 (next to be held NA February 2006); prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed from the majority party by the president after parliamentary elections election results: Tarja HALONEN elected president; percent of vote - Tarja HALONEN (SDP) 51.6%, Esco AHO (Kesk) 48.4% note: government coalition - SFP, Kok, Leftist Alliance (People's Democratic Union and Democratic Alternative), SFP, and Green Union

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

white with a blue cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

Government type [time series]

republic

Independence [time series]

6 December 1917 (from Russia)

International organization participation [time series]

AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOGIP, UNMOP, UNTSO, UPU, WEU (observer), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus, judges appointed by the president

Legal system [time series]

civil law system based on Swedish law; Supreme Court may request legislation interpreting or modifying laws; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral Parliament or Eduskunta (200 seats; members are elected by popular vote on a proportional basis to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 21 March 1999 (next to be held NA March 2003) election results: percent of vote by party - SDP 22.9%, Kesk 22.5%, Kok 21.0%, Leftist Alliance (Communist) 10.9%, SFP 5.1%, Green Union 7.2%, SKL 4.2%; seats by party - SDP 51, Kesk 48, Kok 46, Leftist Alliance (Communist) 20, SFP 11, Green Union 11, SKL 10, other 3

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 6 December (1917)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Center Party or Kesk [Esko AHO]; Ecological Party or EPV [Eugen PARKATTI]; Finnish Christian Union or SKL [C. P. Bjarne KALLIS]; Green Union [Satu HASSI]; Leftist Alliance (Communist) composed of People's Democratic League and Democratic Alternative [Claes ANDERSSON]; Liberal People's Party or LKP [Pekka RYTILA]; National Coalition (conservative) Party or Kok [Sauli NIINISTO]; Rural Party or SMP [Raimo VISTBACKA]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Paavo LIPPONEN]; Swedish People's Party or SFP [(Johan) Ole NORRBACK]; Young Finns [Risto PENTTILA]

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

Communist Workers Party [Timo LAHDENMAKI]; Constitutional Rightist Party; Finnish Communist Party-Unity [Yrjo HAKANEN]; Finnish Pensioners Party

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Introduction

Background [time series]

Ruled by Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries and by Russia from 1809, Finland finally won its independence in 1917. During World War II, it was able to successfully defend its freedom and fend off invasions by the Soviet Union and Germany. In the subsequent half century, the Finns have made a remarkable transformation from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern industrial economy; per capita income is now on par with Western Europe. As a member of the European Union, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro system at its initiation in January 1999.

Military

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Army, Navy, Air Force, Frontier Guard (includes Sea Guard)

Military expenditures - dollar figure [time series]

$1.8 billion (FY98)

Military expenditures (Military expenditures - percent of GDP) [time series]

2% (FY98)

Military manpower - availability [time series]

males age 15-49: 1,262,526 (2000 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service [time series]

males age 15-49: 1,041,795 (2000 est.)

Military manpower - military age [time series]

17 years of age

Military manpower - reaching military age annually [time series]

males: 34,651 (2000 est.)

People

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 18% (male 478,497; female 459,646) 15-64 years: 67% (male 1,747,738; female 1,712,058) 65 years and over: 15% (male 295,177; female 474,370) (2000 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

10.8 births/1,000 population (2000 est.)

Death rate [time series]

9.73 deaths/1,000 population (2000 est.)

Ethnic groups [time series]

Finn 93%, Swede 6%, Lapp 0.11%, Roma 0.12%, Tatar 0.02%

Infant mortality rate [time series]

3.82 deaths/1,000 live births (2000 est.)

Languages [time series]

Finnish 93.4% (official), Swedish 5.9% (official), small Lapp- and Russian-speaking minorities

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 77.41 years male: 73.74 years female: 81.2 years (2000 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 100% (1980 est.) male: NA% female: NA%

Nationality [time series]

noun: Finn(s) adjective: Finnish

Net migration rate [time series]

0.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2000 est.)

Population [time series]

5,167,486 (July 2000 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

0.17% (2000 est.)

Religions [time series]

Evangelical Lutheran 89%, Greek Orthodox 1%, none 9%, other 1%

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2000 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

1.7 children born/woman (2000 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

none [Country Listing] [ The World Factbook Home]

Transportation

Airports [time series]

157 (1999 est.)

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 69 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 26 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 914 to 1,523 m: 20 under 914 m: 10 (1999 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 88 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 82 (1999 est.)

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

total: 77,895 km paved: 49,853 km (including 473 km of expressways) unpaved: 28,042 km (1998 est.)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 101 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,185,966 GRT/1,153,089 DWT ships by type: bulk 9, cargo 23, chemical tanker 6, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 11, rail car carrier 1, roll-on/roll-off 38, short-sea passenger 12 (1999 est.)

Pipelines [time series]

natural gas 580 km

Ports (Ports and harbors) [time series]

Hamina, Helsinki, Kokkola, Kotka, Loviisa, Oulu, Pori, Rauma, Turku, Uusikaupunki, Varkaus

Railways [time series]

total: 5,865 km broad gauge: 5,865 km 1.524-m gauge (2,192 km electrified; 480 km double- or multiple-track) (1998)

Waterways [time series]

6,675 km total (including Saimaa Canal); 3,700 km suitable for steamers