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Communications

Broadcast media [time series]

a state-owned TV station and multiple privately-owned TV stations; state-owned national radio station supplemented by more than 40 privately-owned radio stations; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available (2007)

Internet country code [time series]

.tz

Internet users (Internet hosts) [time series]

26,074 (2012) country comparison to the world: 110

Internet users [time series]

678,000 (2009) country comparison to the world: 111

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: telecommunications services are marginal; system operating below capacity and being modernized for better service; small aperture terminal (VSAT) system under construction domestic: fixed-line telephone network inadequate with less than 1 connection per 100 persons; mobile-cellular service, aided by multiple providers, is increasing rapidly and, in 2011 exceeded a subscriber base of 50 telephones per 100 persons; trunk service provided by open-wire, microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, and fiber-optic cable; some links being made digital international: country code - 255; landing point for the EASSy fiber-optic submarine cable system linking East Africa with Europe and North America; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean, 1 Atlantic Ocean)

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

161,100 (2011) country comparison to the world: 132

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

25.666 million (2011) country comparison to the world: 39

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

coffee, sisal, tea, cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), cashew nuts, tobacco, cloves, corn, wheat, cassava (tapioca), bananas, fruits, vegetables; cattle, sheep, goats

Budget [time series]

revenues: $6.075 billion expenditures: $7.67 billion (2012 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) [time series]

-5.7% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 167

Central bank discount rate [time series]

8.25% (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 95 3.7% (31 December 2009 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate [time series]

21.3% (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 49 14.96% (31 December 2011 est.)

Current account balance [time series]

-$3.946 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 156 -$3.872 billion (2011 est.)

Debt - external [time series]

$11.18 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 91 $10.33 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income (Distribution of family income - Gini index) [time series]

37.6 (2007) country comparison to the world: 75 34.6 (2000)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Tanzania is one of the world's poorest economies in terms of per capita income, however, it has achieved high growth based on gold production and tourism. The economy depends on agriculture, which accounts for more than one-quarter of GDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs about 80% of the work force. The World Bank, the IMF, and bilateral donors have provided funds to rehabilitate Tanzania's aging economic infrastructure, including rail and port infrastructure that are important trade links for inland countries. Recent banking reforms have helped increase private-sector growth and investment, and the government has increased spending on agriculture to 7% of its budget. Continued donor assistance and solid macroeconomic policies supported a positive growth rate, despite the world recession. In 2008, Tanzania received the world's largest Millennium Challenge Compact grant, worth $698 million. Dar es Salaam used fiscal stimulus and loosened monetary policy to ease the impact of the global recession. GDP growth in 2009-12 was a respectable 6% per year due to high gold prices and increased production.

Exchange rates [time series]

Tanzanian shillings (TZS) per US dollar - 1,586.9 (2012 est.) 1,572.1 (2011 est.) 1,409.3 (2010 est.) 1,320.3 (2009) 1,178.1 (2008)

Exports [time series]

$5.031 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 113 $4.843 billion (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

gold, coffee, cashew nuts, manufactures, cotton

Exports - partners [time series]

China 14.3%, Japan 7.8%, India 7.8%, Germany 6.7%, UAE 4.5% (2011)

Fiscal year [time series]

1 July - 30 June

GDP (official exchange rate) [time series]

$27.98 billion (2012 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP (purchasing power parity)) [time series]

$73.5 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 85 $69.01 billion (2011 est.) $64.83 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP - composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 27.1% industry: 24.1% services: 48.7% (2012 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita (PPP)) [time series]

$1,700 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 201 $1,600 (2011 est.) $1,600 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

6.5% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 33 6.4% (2011 est.) 7% (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 2.8% highest 10%: 29.6% (2007)

Imports [time series]

$9.724 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 98 $9.635 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

consumer goods, machinery and transportation equipment, industrial raw materials, crude oil

Imports - partners [time series]

India 18.8%, China 17.4%, South Africa 6%, Kenya 5.9%, UAE 4.7% (2011)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

7% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 42

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

15.3% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 213 12.7% (2011 est.)

Investment (gross fixed) [time series]

26.5% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 38

Labor force [time series]

24.77 million (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 27

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture: 80% industry and services: 20% (2002 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares [time series]

$1.539 billion (31 December 2011) country comparison to the world: 104 $1.264 billion (31 December 2010) $1.293 billion (31 December 2008)

Population below poverty line [time series]

36% (2002 est.)

Public debt [time series]

34.4% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 104 37.6% of GDP (2011 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold [time series]

$3.787 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 101 $3.726 billion (31 December 2011 est.) note: excludes gold

Stock of broad money [time series]

$8.285 billion (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 114 $7.568 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad [time series]

$NA

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home [time series]

$NA

Stock of domestic credit [time series]

$6.803 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 110 $5.665 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money [time series]

$4.964 billion (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 101 $4.327 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Taxes and other revenues [time series]

21.7% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 147

Unemployment rate [time series]

NA%

Energy

Carbon dioxide emissions (Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy) [time series]

7.566 million Mt (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 109

Crude oil - exports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 196

Crude oil - imports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 132

Crude oil - production [time series]

0 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 197

Crude oil - proved reserves [time series]

0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 197

Electricity - consumption [time series]

3.589 billion kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 126

Electricity - exports [time series]

0 kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 142

Electricity - from fossil fuels [time series]

39.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 170

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants [time series]

60.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 31

Electricity - from nuclear fuels [time series]

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 192

Electricity - from other renewable sources [time series]

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 196

Electricity - imports [time series]

0 kWh (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 145

Electricity - installed generating capacity [time series]

957,000 kW (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 124

Electricity - production [time series]

4.489 billion kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 121

Natural gas - consumption [time series]

780 million cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 93

Natural gas - exports [time series]

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 69

Natural gas - imports [time series]

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 141

Natural gas - production [time series]

780 million cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 67

Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]

6.513 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 85

Refined petroleum products - consumption [time series]

43,310 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 106

Refined petroleum products - exports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 138

Refined petroleum products - imports [time series]

32,680 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 86

Refined petroleum products - production [time series]

0 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 202

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 947,300 sq km country comparison to the world: 31 land: 885,800 sq km water: 61,500 sq km note: includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly larger than twice the size of California

Climate [time series]

varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands

Coastline [time series]

1,424 km

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Kilimanjaro 5,895 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

soil degradation; deforestation; desertification; destruction of coral reefs threatens marine habitats; recent droughts affected marginal agriculture; wildlife threatened by illegal hunting and trade, especially for ivory

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Total water withdrawal (Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)) [time series]

total: 5.18 cu km/yr (10%/0%/89%) per capita: 135 cu m/yr (2000)

Geographic coordinates [time series]

6 00 S, 35 00 E

Geography - note [time series]

Kilimanjaro is the highest point in Africa and one of only two mountains on the continent that has glaciers (the other is Mount Kenya); bordered by three of the largest lakes on the continent: Lake Victoria (the world's second-largest freshwater lake) in the north, Lake Tanganyika (the world's second deepest) in the west, and Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) in the southwest

Irrigated land [time series]

1,840 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 3,861 km border countries: Burundi 451 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 459 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi 475 km, Mozambique 756 km, Rwanda 217 km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 4.23% permanent crops: 1.16% other: 94.61% (2005)

Location [time series]

Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Kenya and Mozambique

Map references [time series]

Africa

Maritime claims [time series]

territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Natural hazards [time series]

flooding on the central plateau during the rainy season; drought volcanism: limited volcanic activity; Ol Doinyo Lengai (elev. 2,962 m) has emitted lava in recent years; other historically active volcanoes include Kieyo and Meru

Natural resources [time series]

hydropower, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel

Terrain [time series]

plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south

Total renewable water resources [time series]

91 cu km (2001)

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

30 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Geita, Iringa, Kagera, Katavi, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Manyara, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Njombe, Pemba North, Pemba South, Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Simiyu, Singida, Tabora, Tanga, Zanzibar Central/South, Zanzibar North, Zanzibar Urban/West

Capital [time series]

name: Dar es Salaam geographic coordinates: 6 48 S, 39 17 E time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) note: legislative offices have been transferred to Dodoma, which is planned as the new national capital, and the National Assembly now meets there on a regular basis; the Executive Branch with all ministries and diplomatic representation remains located in Dar es Salaam

Constitution [time series]

25 April 1977; major revisions October 1984

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: United Republic of Tanzania conventional short form: Tanzania local long form: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania local short form: Tanzania former: United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Alfonso E. LENHARDT embassy: 686 Old Bagamoyo Road, Msasani, Dar es Salaam mailing address: P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam telephone: [255] (22) 266-8001 FAX: [255] (22) 266-8238, 266-8373

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Mwandaidi Sinare MAAJAR chancery: 1232 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20037 telephone: [1] (202) 939-6125 FAX: [1] (202) 797-7408

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Jakaya KIKWETE (since 21 December 2005); Vice President Mohammed Gharib BILAL (since 6 November 2010); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Jakaya KIKWETE (since 21 December 2005); Vice President Mohammed Gharib BILAL (since 6 November 2010) note: Zanzibar elects a president who is head of government for matters internal to Zanzibar; Ali Mohamed SHEIN elected to that office on 31 October 2010, sworn in 3 November 2010 cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members of the National Assembly (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: president and vice president elected on the same ballot by popular vote for five-year terms (eligible for a second term); election last held on 31 October 2010 (next to be held in 2015); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Jakaya KIKWETE elected president; percent of vote - Jakaya KIKWETE 61.2%, Willibrod SLAA 26.3%, Ibrahim LIPUMBA 8.1%, other 4.4%

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is blue; the banner combines colors found on the flags of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; green represents the natural vegetation of the country, gold its rich mineral deposits, black the native Swahili people, and blue the country's many lakes and rivers, as well as the Indian Ocean

Government type [time series]

republic

Independence [time series]

26 April 1964; Tanganyika became independent on 9 December 1961 (from UK-administered UN trusteeship); Zanzibar became independent on 19 December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar on 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed United Republic of Tanzania on 29 October 1964

International law organization participation [time series]

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation [time series]

ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CD, EAC, EADB, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch [time series]

Permanent Commission of Enquiry (official ombudsman); Court of Appeal (consists of a chief justice and four judges); High Court (consists of a Jaji Kiongozi and 29 judges appointed by the president; holds regular sessions in all regions); District Courts; Primary Courts (limited jurisdiction and appeals can be made to the higher courts)

Legal system [time series]

English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited to matters of interpretation

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral National Assembly or Bunge (357 seats; 239 members elected by popular vote, 102 allocated to women nominated by the president, 5 to members of the Zanzibar House of Representatives; members serve five-year terms, up to 10 additional members appointed by the president, 1 seat reserved for the Attorney General); note - in addition to enacting laws that apply to the entire United Republic of Tanzania, the Assembly enacts laws that apply only to the mainland; Zanzibar has its own House of Representatives with jurisdiction exclusive to Zanzibar (the Zanzibar House of Representatives has 50 seats; members elected by universal suffrage to serve five-year terms) elections: last held on 31 October 2010 (next to be held in 2015) election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CCM 259, CHADEMA 48, CUF 34, NCCR-M 4, other 7, Zanzibar representatives 5; Zanzibar House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CCM 28, CUF 22

National anthem(s) (National anthem) [time series]

name: "Mungu ibariki Afrika" (God Bless Africa) lyrics/music: collective/Enoch Mankayi SONTONGA note: adopted 1961; the anthem, which is also a popular song in Africa, shares the same melody with that of Zambia, but has different lyrics; the melody is also incorporated into South Africa's anthem

National holiday [time series]

Union Day (Tanganyika and Zanzibar), 26 April (1964)

National symbol(s) [time series]

Uhuru (Freedom) torch

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (Party of Democracy and Development) or CHADEMA [Willibrod SLAA]; Chama Cha Mapinduzi or CCM (Revolutionary Party) [Jakaya Mrisho KIKWETE]; Civic United Front or CUF [Ibrahim LIPUMBA]; Democratic Party [Christopher MTIKLA] (unregistered); National Convention for Construction and Reform - Mageuzi [Hashim RUNGWE]; Tanzania Labor Party or TLP [Mutamwega MUGAHWYA]; United Democratic Party or UDP [Fahma DOVUTWA]

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

Economic and Social Research Foundation or ESRF; Free Zanzibar; Tanzania Media Women's Association or TAMWA

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Introduction

Background [time series]

Shortly after achieving independence from Britain in the early 1960s, Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form the nation of Tanzania in 1964. One-party rule ended in 1995 with the first democratic elections held in the country since the 1970s. Zanzibar's semi-autonomous status and popular opposition have led to two contentious elections since 1995, which the ruling party won despite international observers' claims of voting irregularities. The formation of a government of national unity between Zanzibar's two leading parties succeeded in minimizing electoral tension in 2010.

Military

Manpower available for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 9,985,445 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 5,860,339 females age 16-49: 5,882,279 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually [time series]

male: 512,294 female: 514,164 (2010 est.)

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Tanzania People's Defense Force (Jeshi la Wananchi la Tanzania, JWTZ): Army, Naval Wing (includes Coast Guard), Air Defense Command (includes Air Wing), National Service (2007)

Military expenditures [time series]

0.2% of GDP (2005 est.) country comparison to the world: 169

Military service age and obligation [time series]

18 years of age for voluntary military service (2007)

People and Society

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 45% (male 10,646,436/ female 10,461,674) 15-64 years: 52.1% (male 12,110,684/ female 12,329,951) 65 years and over: 2.9% (male 590,927/ female 773,096) (2012 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

37.7 births/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 17

Children under the age of 5 years underweight [time series]

16.7% (2005) country comparison to the world: 45

Death rate [time series]

8.6 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 78

Education expenditure (Education expenditures) [time series]

6.8% of GDP (2008) country comparison to the world: 17

Ethnic groups [time series]

mainland - African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu consisting of more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian, European, and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, African, mixed Arab and African

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

5.6% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 12

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

86,000 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 4

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

1.4 million (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 6

Health expenditure (Health expenditures) [time series]

5.1% of GDP (2009) country comparison to the world: 138

Hospital bed density [time series]

1.1 beds/1,000 population (2006)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 46.5 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 48 male: 48.5 deaths/1,000 live births female: 44.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)

Languages [time series]

Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguja (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages note: Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people living in Zanzibar and nearby coastal Tanzania; although Kiswahili is Bantu in structure and origin, its vocabulary draws on a variety of sources including Arabic and English; it has become the lingua franca of central and eastern Africa; the first language of most people is one of the local languages

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 53.14 years country comparison to the world: 206 male: 51.62 years female: 54.7 years (2012 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write Kiswahili (Swahili), English, or Arabic total population: 69.4% male: 77.5% female: 62.2% (2002 census)

Major urban areas - population (Major cities - population) [time series]

DAR ES SALAAM (capital) 3.207 million (2009)

Major infectious diseases [time series]

degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria and plague water contact disease: schistosomiasis animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Maternal mortality ratio (Maternal mortality rate) [time series]

460 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 23

Median age [time series]

total: 18.7 years male: 18.5 years female: 19 years (2012 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Tanzanian(s) adjective: Tanzanian

Net migration rate [time series]

-0.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 128

Physician density (Physicians density) [time series]

0.008 physicians/1,000 population (2006)

Population [time series]

46,912,768 (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 28 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

Population growth rate [time series]

2.85% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 15

Religions [time series]

mainland - Christian 30%, Muslim 35%, indigenous beliefs 35%; Zanzibar - more than 99% Muslim

Sanitation facility access [time series]

improved: urban: 32% of population rural: 21% of population total: 24% of population unimproved: urban: 68% of population rural: 79% of population total: 76% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) [time series]

total: 9 years male: 9 years female: 9 years (2007)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

5.08 children born/woman (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 19

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) (Unemployment, youth ages 15-24) [time series]

total: 8.8% country comparison to the world: 111 male: 7.4% female: 10.1% (2005)

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 26% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 4.7% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

Tanzania still hosts more than a half million refugees, more than any other African country, mainly from Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, despite the international community's efforts at repatriation; disputes with Malawi over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant

Illicit drugs [time series]

targeted by traffickers moving hashish, Afghan heroin, and South American cocaine transported down the East African coastline, through airports, or overland through Central Africa; Zanzibar likely used by traffickers for drug smuggling; traffickers in the past have recruited Tanzanian couriers to move drugs through Iran into East Asia

Refugees and internally displaced persons [time series]

refugees (country of origin): 67,549 (Burundi); 61,913 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (2011)

Transportation

Airports [time series]

106 (2012) country comparison to the world: 52

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 11 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2012)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 95 1,524 to 2,437 m: 19 914 to 1,523 m: 58 under 914 m: 18 (2012)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 94 country comparison to the world: 52 by type: bulk carrier 6, cargo 66, carrier 4, chemical tanker 1, container 1, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 10, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 3 foreign-owned: 42 (Japan 1, Romania 1, Saudi Arabia 1, Syria 23, Turkey 13, UAE 3) registered in other countries: 3 (Panama 2, UK 1) (2010)

Pipelines [time series]

gas 254 km; oil 888 km; refined products 8 km (2010)

Ports (Ports and terminals) [time series]

Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar

Railways [time series]

total: 3,689 km country comparison to the world: 45 narrow gauge: 969 km 1.067-m gauge; 2,720 km 1.000-m gauge (2008)

Roadways [time series]

total: 91,049 km country comparison to the world: 51 paved: 6,578 km unpaved: 84,471 km (2007)

Transportation - note [time series]

the International Maritime Bureau reports that shipping in territorial and offshore waters in the Indian Ocean remain at risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships, especially as Somali-based pirates extend their activities south; numerous commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; crews have been robbed and stores or cargoes stolen

Waterways [time series]

(Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, and Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) are the principal avenues of commerce with neighboring countries; the rivers are not navigable) (2011)