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Communications

Broadcast media [time series]

a mixture of public and private TV stations; the public broadcaster operates multiple stations; roughly 100 private national, regional, and local stations; more than 75% of households are connected to multi-channel cable or satellite TV systems that provide access to Romanian, European, and international stations; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks and regional and local stations; more than 100 private radio stations (2008)

Internet country code [time series]

.ro

Internet users (Internet hosts) [time series]

2.667 million (2012) country comparison to the world: 35

Internet users [time series]

7.787 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 37

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: the telecommunications sector is being expanded and modernized; domestic and international service improving rapidly, especially mobile-cellular services domestic: more than 90 percent of telephone network is automatic; fixed-line teledensity exceeds 20 telephones per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 110 telephones per 100 persons international: country code - 40; the Black Sea Fiber Optic System provides connectivity to Bulgaria and Turkey; satellite earth stations - 10; digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

4.68 million (2011) country comparison to the world: 31

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

23.4 million (2011) country comparison to the world: 44

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, grapes; eggs, sheep

Budget [time series]

revenues: $54.27 billion expenditures: $58.14 billion (2012 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) [time series]

-2.3% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 78

Central bank discount rate [time series]

5.25% (31 December 2012) country comparison to the world: 63 5.75% (31 December 2011)

Commercial bank prime lending rate [time series]

10% (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 69 12.12% (31 December 2011 est.)

Current account balance [time series]

-$7.488 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 170 -$8.107 billion (2011 est.)

Debt - external [time series]

$125.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 39 $127.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income (Distribution of family income - Gini index) [time series]

33.3 (2010) country comparison to the world: 96 28.8 (2003)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Romania, which joined the European Union on 1 January 2007, began the transition from Communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country's needs. The country emerged in 2000 from a punishing three-year recession thanks to strong demand in EU export markets. Domestic consumption and investment fueled strong GDP growth, but led to large current account imbalances. Romania's macroeconomic gains have only recently started to spur creation of a middle class and to address Romania's widespread poverty. Corruption and red tape continue to permeate its business environment. Inflation rose in 2007-08, driven by strong consumer demand and high wage growth, rising energy costs, a nation-wide drought, and a relaxation of fiscal discipline. As a result of the global financial crisis, Romania's GDP fell more than 7% in 2009, prompting Bucharest to seek a $26 billion emergency assistance package from the IMF, the EU, and other international lenders. Drastic austerity measures, as part of Romania's IMF-led agreement, led to a 1.6% GDP contraction in 2010. The economy returned to positive growth in 2011 due to a strong export performance, but in a deflationary environment caused by bountiful crops and weak domestic demand. In March 2011, Romania and the IMF/EU/World Bank signed a 24-month precautionary stand-by agreement, worth $6.6 billion, to promote compliance with fiscal targets, progress on structural reforms, and financial sector stability. The Romanian authorities have announced that they do not intend to draw funds from the facility. Growth slowed to less than 1% in 2012.

Exchange rates [time series]

lei (RON) per US dollar - 3.49 (2012 est.) 3.0486 (2011 est.) 3.1779 (2010 est.) 3.0493 (2009) 2.5 (2008)

Exports [time series]

$67.72 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 52 $62.68 billion (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

machinery and equipment, metals and metal products, textiles and footwear, chemicals, agricultural products, minerals and fuels

Exports - partners [time series]

Germany 18.9%, Italy 13%, France 7.6%, Turkey 6.2%, Hungary 5.7% (2011)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate) [time series]

$171.4 billion (2012 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP (purchasing power parity)) [time series]

$274.1 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 49 $271.5 billion (2011 est.) $265 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP - composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 7.9% industry: 32.9% services: 59.2% (2011 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita (PPP)) [time series]

$12,800 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 98 $12,700 (2011 est.) $12,400 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

0.9% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 167 2.5% (2011 est.) -1.6% (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 3.4% highest 10%: 23.5% (2009 est.)

Imports [time series]

$78.31 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 39 $73.12 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels and minerals, metals, textile and products, agricultural products

Imports - partners [time series]

Germany 17.2%, Italy 11.4%, Hungary 8.8%, France 5.8%, China 4.6%, Kazakhstan 4.2%, Austria 4% (2011)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

5.6% (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 59

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

3% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 79 5.8% (2011 est.)

Investment (gross fixed) [time series]

26.4% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 40

Labor force [time series]

9.252 million (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 52

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture: 30% industry: 20.2% services: 49.8% (2010)

Market value of publicly traded shares [time series]

$21.2 billion (31 December 2011) country comparison to the world: 57 $32.38 billion (31 December 2010) $30.32 billion (31 December 2009)

Population below poverty line [time series]

21.1% (2010)

Public debt [time series]

34.6% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 102 33.4% of GDP (2011 est.) note: defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold [time series]

$49.93 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 36 $48.06 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of broad money [time series]

$63.44 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 66 $63.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad [time series]

$1.506 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 71 $1.516 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home [time series]

$74.49 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 48 $71.71 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of domestic credit [time series]

$80.41 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 58 $82.73 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money [time series]

$24.76 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 64 $25.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues [time series]

31.7% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 92

Unemployment rate [time series]

4.3% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 40 5.1% (2011 est.)

Energy

Carbon dioxide emissions (Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy) [time series]

78.43 million Mt (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 46

Crude oil - exports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 174

Crude oil - imports [time series]

169,000 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 38

Crude oil - production [time series]

92,140 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 50

Crude oil - proved reserves [time series]

600 million bbl (1 January 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 47

Electricity - consumption [time series]

45.61 billion kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 48

Electricity - exports [time series]

3.03 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 39

Electricity - from fossil fuels [time series]

62.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 136

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants [time series]

31.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 73

Electricity - from nuclear fuels [time series]

6.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 24

Electricity - from other renewable sources [time series]

0.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 91

Electricity - imports [time series]

767 million kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 65

Electricity - installed generating capacity [time series]

21.2 million kW (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 34

Electricity - production [time series]

62.6 billion kWh (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 43

Natural gas - consumption [time series]

12.87 billion cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 42

Natural gas - exports [time series]

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 138

Natural gas - imports [time series]

2.28 billion cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 47

Natural gas - production [time series]

10.59 billion cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 44

Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]

63 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 63

Refined petroleum products - consumption [time series]

218,200 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 55

Refined petroleum products - exports [time series]

107,300 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 41

Refined petroleum products - imports [time series]

34,250 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 83

Refined petroleum products - production [time series]

298,200 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 46

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 238,391 sq km country comparison to the world: 83 land: 229,891 sq km water: 8,500 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly smaller than Oregon

Climate [time series]

temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

Coastline [time series]

225 km

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Black Sea 0 m highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Total water withdrawal (Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)) [time series]

total: 6.5 cu km/yr (9%/34%/57%) per capita: 299 cu m/yr (2003)

Geographic coordinates [time series]

46 00 N, 25 00 E

Geography - note [time series]

controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine

Irrigated land [time series]

31,570 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 2,508 km border countries: Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Serbia 476 km, Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (east) 169 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 39.49% permanent crops: 1.92% other: 58.59% (2005)

Location [time series]

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine

Map references [time series]

Europe

Maritime claims [time series]

territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Natural hazards [time series]

earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides

Natural resources [time series]

petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower

Terrain [time series]

central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps

Total renewable water resources [time series]

42.3 cu km (2003)

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea

Capital [time series]

name: Bucharest geographic coordinates: 44 26 N, 26 06 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Constitution [time series]

8 December 1991; revised 29 October 2003

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: none conventional short form: Romania local long form: none local short form: Romania

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Duane BUTCHER embassy: Bulevardul Dr. Liviu Librescu 4-6, Bucharest, 015118 mailing address: American Embassy Bucharest, US Department of State, 5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20521-5260 (pouch) telephone: [40] (21) 200-3300 FAX: [40] (21) 200-3442

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Adrian Cosmin VIERITA chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 332-4846, 4848, 4851, 4852 FAX: [1] (202) 232-4748 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Traian BASESCU (since 27 August 2012) note: President BASESCU has had two suspensions to his presidency since assuming the post on 20 December 2004, the first from 20 April-23 May 2007, the second from 6 July-27 August 2012; he survived a referendum on both occasions head of government: Prime Minister Victor-Viorel PONTA (since 7 May 2012) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 November 2009 with runoff on 6 December 2009 (next to be held in November-December 2014); prime minister appointed by the president with the consent of the Parliament election results: Traian BASESCU reelected president; percent of vote - Traian BASESCU 50.3%, Mircea GEOANA 49.7%

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; modeled after the flag of France, the colors are those of the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1862 to form Romania; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed note: now similar to the flag of Chad, whose blue band is darker; also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova

Government type [time series]

republic

Independence [time series]

9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; independence recognized on 13 July 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed)

International law organization participation [time series]

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation [time series]

Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court of Justice (comprised of 11 judges appointed for three-year terms by the president in consultation with the Superior Council of Magistrates, which is comprised of the minister of justice, the prosecutor general, two civil society representatives appointed by the Senate, and 14 judges and prosecutors elected by their peers); a separate body, the Constitutional Court, validates elections and makes decisions regarding the constitutionality of laws, treaties, ordinances, and internal rules of the Parliament; it is comprised of nine members serving nine-year terms, with three members each appointed by the president, the Senate, and the Chamber of Deputies

Legal system [time series]

civil law system

Legislative branch [time series]

bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat (176 seats; members elected by popular vote in a mixed electoral system to serve four-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camera Deputatilor (412 seats; members elected by popular vote in a mixed electoral system to serve four-year terms) elections: Senate - last held on 9 December 2012 (next by December 2016); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 9 December 2012 (next by December 2016) election results: Senate - percent of vote by alliance/party - USL 60.1%, ARD 16.7%, PP-DD 14.6%, UDMR 5.3%, other 3.3%; seats by alliance/party - USL 122, ARD 24, PP-DD 21, UDMR 9; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by alliance/party - USL 58.6%, ARD 16.5%, PP-DD 14%, UDMR 5.2%, ethnic minorities 2.6%, other 3.1%; seats by alliance/party - USL 273, ARD 56, PP-DD 47, UDMR 18, ethnic minorities 18

National anthem(s) (National anthem) [time series]

name: "Desteapta-te romane!" (Wake up, Romanian!) lyrics/music: Andrei MURESIANU/Anton PANN note: adopted 1990; the anthem was written during the 1848 Revolution

National holiday [time series]

Unification Day (of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)

National symbol(s) [time series]

golden eagle

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD [Victor CIORBEA]; Civic Force or FC [Mihai-Razvan UNGUREANU]; Conservative Party or PC [Daniel CONSTANTIN] (formerly Humanist Party or PUR); Democratic Liberal Party or PDL [Vasile BLAGA]; Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Hunor KELEMEN]; National Liberal Party or PNL [Crin ANTONESCU]; National Peasant Christian Democratic Party or PNTCD [Aurelian PAVELESCU]; National Union for Romania's Progress or UNPR [Gabriel OPREA]; People's Party - Dan Diaconescu or PP-DD [Dan DIACONESCU]; Right Romania Alliance or ARD [Vasile BLAGA, Mihai-Razvan UNGUREANU, and Aurelian PAVELESCU] (a center-right electoral alliance that includes PDL, FC, PNT-CD); Social Democratic Party or PSD [Victor PONTA] (formerly Party of Social Democracy in Romania or PDSR); Social Liberal Union or USL [Victor PONTA and Crin ANTONESCU] (an alliance of the PSD, PNL, UNPR, and PC)

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

other: various human rights and professional associations

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Introduction

Background [time series]

The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia - for centuries under the suzerainty of the Turkish Ottoman Empire - secured their autonomy in 1856; they were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country gained recognition of its independence in 1878. It joined the Allied Powers in World War I and acquired new territories - most notably Transylvania - following the conflict. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a Communist "people's republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former Communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in 2004 and the EU in 2007.

Military

Manpower available for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 5,601,234 females age 16-49: 5,428,939 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 4,550,409 females age 16-49: 4,507,880 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually [time series]

male: 117,798 female: 111,607 (2010 est.)

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Land Forces, Naval Forces (Fortele Naval, FN), Romanian Air Force (Fortele Aeriene Romane, FAR) (2010)

Military expenditures [time series]

1.9% of GDP (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 74

Military service age and obligation [time series]

18-35 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription ended 2006; all military inductees (including women) contract for an initial 5-year term of service, with subsequent successive 3-year terms until age 36 (2009)

People and Society

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 14.8% (male 1,656,776/ female 1,569,374) 15-64 years: 70.3% (male 7,661,652/ female 7,698,170) 65 years and over: 14.9% (male 1,318,843/ female 1,943,689) (2012 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

9.49 births/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 201

Children under the age of 5 years underweight [time series]

3.5% (2002) country comparison to the world: 98

Death rate [time series]

11.84 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 31

Education expenditure (Education expenditures) [time series]

4.3% of GDP (2007) country comparison to the world: 92

Ethnic groups [time series]

Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 6.6%, Roma 2.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.3%, Russian 0.2%, Turkish 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002 census)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

0.1% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 150

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 70

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

16,000 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 83

Health expenditure (Health expenditures) [time series]

5.4% of GDP (2009) country comparison to the world: 131

Hospital bed density [time series]

6.54 beds/1,000 population (2006)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 10.73 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 142 male: 12.12 deaths/1,000 live births female: 9.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)

Languages [time series]

Romanian (official) 91%, Hungarian 6.7%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.1%, other 1.2%

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 74.22 years country comparison to the world: 109 male: 70.75 years female: 77.89 years (2012 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 97.7% male: 98.3% female: 97.1% (2010 est.)

Major urban areas - population (Major cities - population) [time series]

BUCHAREST (capital) 1.933 million (2009)

Maternal mortality ratio (Maternal mortality rate) [time series]

27 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 128

Median age [time series]

total: 39.1 years male: 37.7 years female: 40.6 years (2012 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Romanian(s) adjective: Romanian

Net migration rate [time series]

-0.26 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 126

Obesity - adult prevalence rate [time series]

8.6% (2000) country comparison to the world: 58

Physician density (Physicians density) [time series]

1.9166 physicians/1,000 population (2006)

Population [time series]

21,848,504 (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 56

Population growth rate [time series]

-0.26% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 209

Religions [time series]

Eastern Orthodox (including all sub-denominations) 86.8%, Protestant (various denominations including Reformate and Pentecostal) 7.5%, Roman Catholic 4.7%, other (mostly Muslim) and unspecified 0.9%, none 0.1% (2002 census)

Sanitation facility access [time series]

improved: urban: 88% of population rural: 54% of population total: 72% of population unimproved: urban: 12% of population rural: 46% of population total: 28% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) [time series]

total: 15 years male: 14 years female: 15 years (2008)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

1.3 children born/woman (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 213

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) (Unemployment, youth ages 15-24) [time series]

total: 20.8% country comparison to the world: 51 male: 21.2% female: 20.2% (2009)

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 57% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 0.6% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

the ICJ ruled largely in favor of Romania in its dispute submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary delimitation; Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea

Illicit drugs [time series]

major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route and small amounts of Latin American cocaine bound for Western Europe; although not a significant financial center, role as a narcotics conduit leaves it vulnerable to laundering, which occurs via the banking system, currency exchange houses, and casinos

Transportation

Airports [time series]

53 (2012) country comparison to the world: 86

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 26 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 10 1,524 to 2,437 m: 11 under 914 m: 1 (2012)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 27 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 21 (2012)

Heliports [time series]

4 (2012)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 5 country comparison to the world: 127 by type: cargo 1, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1 foreign-owned: 1 (Russia 1) registered in other countries: 31 (Georgia 7, Liberia 3, Malta 7, Marshall Islands 2, Moldova 2, Panama 3, Russia 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1, Sierra Leone 2, Tanzania 1, Togo 1, unknown 1) (2010)

Pipelines [time series]

gas 3,652 km; oil 2,424 km (2010)

Ports (Ports and terminals) [time series]

Braila, Constanta, Galati (Galatz), Mancanului (Giurgiu), Midia, Tulcea

Railways [time series]

total: 10,785 km country comparison to the world: 21 broad gauge: 135 km 1.524-m gauge standard gauge: 10,645 km 1.435-m gauge (4,002 km electrified) narrow gauge: 5 km 1.000-m gauge (2010)

Roadways [time series]

total: 82,386 km (does not include urban roads) country comparison to the world: 55 paved: 71,154 km (includes 371 km of expressways) unpaved: 11,232 km (2009)

Waterways [time series]

1,731 km (includes 1,075 km on the Danube River, 524 km on secondary branches, and 132 km on canals) (2010) country comparison to the world: 46