ARCHIVE // RO // 2015

Romania

2015 Edition — sovereign

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Communications
Broadcast media [time series]
a mixture of public and private TV stations; the public broadcaster operates multiple stations; roughly 100 private national, regional, and local stations; more than 75% of households are connected to multi-channel cable or satellite TV systems that provide access to Romanian, European, and international stations; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks and regional and local stations; more than 100 private radio stations (2008)
Internet country code [time series]
.ro
Internet users [time series]
total: 11.2 million | percent of population: 51.7% (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 44
Broadcast media (Radio broadcast stations) [time series]
698 (station frequency type NA) (2006)
Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]
general assessment: the telecommunications sector is being expanded and modernized; domestic and international service improving rapidly, especially mobile-cellular services | domestic: more than 90% of telephone network is automatic; fixed-line teledensity exceeds 20 telephones per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 110 telephones per 100 persons | international: country code - 40; the Black Sea Fiber Optic System provides connectivity to Bulgaria and Turkey; satellite earth stations - 10; digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest (2011)
Telephones - fixed lines [time series]
total subscriptions: 4.6 million | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 21 (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 33
Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]
total: 22.9 million | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 105 (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 53
Broadcast media (Television broadcast stations) [time series]
623 (plus 200 repeaters) (2006)
Economy
Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]
wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, grapes; eggs, sheep
Budget [time series]
revenues: $63.85 billion | expenditures: $67.58 billion (2014 est.)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) [time series]
-1.9% of GDP (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 82
Central bank discount rate [time series]
2.75% (31 December 2014) | 4% (31 December 2013) | country comparison to the world: 99
Commercial bank prime lending rate [time series]
8.45% (31 December 2014 est.) | 10.52% (31 December 2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 109
Current account balance [time series]
-$921 million (2014 est.) | -$2.059 billion (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 165
Debt - external [time series]
$114.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.) | $129.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 43
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income (Distribution of family income - Gini index) [time series]
27.3 (2012) | 24.2 (2010) | country comparison to the world: 127
Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]
Romania, which joined the EU on 1 January 2007, began the transition from Communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country's needs. Romania's macroeconomic gains have only recently started to spur creation of a middle class and to address Romania's widespread poverty. Corruption and red tape continue to permeate the business environment. In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, Romania signed on to a $26 billion emergency assistance package from the IMF, the EU, and other international lenders, but GDP contracted until 2011. In March 2011, Romania and the IMF/EU/World Bank signed a 24-month precautionary stand-by agreement, worth $6.6 billion, to promote fiscal discipline, encourage progress on structural reforms, and strengthen financial sector stability. In September 2013, Romanian authorities and the IMF/EU agreed to a follow-on precautionary two-year stand-by agreement, worth $5.4 billion, to continue with reforms, although Bucharest has announced that it does not intend to draw funds under the agreement. Economic growth rebounded in 2013, driven by strong industrial exports and an excellent agricultural harvest, and the current account deficit was reduced substantially. The economy closed out 2014 with 2.8% growth, down from the 3.5% posted in 2013. Industry outperformed other sectors of the economy. Exports remained the engine of economic growth, led by trade with the EU, which accounts for roughly 70% of Romania trade. In 2014, the Government of Romania succeeded in meeting its annual target for the budget deficit, the external deficit remained low, and inflation was the lowest since 1989, allowing a gradual loosening of the monetary policy throughout the year. However, progress on structural reforms has been uneven and the economy still is vulnerable to external shocks. An ageing population, weak domestic demand, tax evasion, and insufficient health-care represent the top vulnerabilities.
Exchange rates [time series]
lei (RON) per US dollar - | 3.3492 (2014 est.) | 3.3279 (2013 est.) | 3.47 (2012 est.) | 3.0486 (2011 est.) | 3.1779 (2010 est.)
Exports [time series]
$69.25 billion (2014 est.) | $58.29 billion (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 54
Exports - commodities [time series]
machinery and equipment, metals and metal products, textiles and footwear, chemicals, agricultural products, minerals and fuels
Exports - partners [time series]
Germany 19.6%, Italy 12.1%, France 6.9%, Hungary 5.2%, Turkey 4.6%, UK 4.2% (2014)
Fiscal year [time series]
calendar year
GDP (official exchange rate) [time series]
$200 billion (2014 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP (purchasing power parity)) [time series]
$392.8 billion (2014 est.) | $381.7 billion (2013 est.) | $369.2 billion (2012 est.) | note: data are in 2014 US dollars | country comparison to the world: 47
GDP - composition, by end use [time series]
household consumption: 69.3% | government consumption: 7.6% | investment in fixed capital: 23% | investment in inventories: 0.6% | exports of goods and services: 41.1% | imports of goods and services: -40.9% | (2014 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin [time series]
agriculture: 5.4% | industry: 27.3% | services: 67.3% (2014 est.)
Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita (PPP)) [time series]
$19,700 (2014 est.) | $19,200 (2013 est.) | $18,500 (2012 est.) | note: data are in 2014 US dollars | country comparison to the world: 85
Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]
2.9% (2014 est.) | 3.4% (2013 est.) | 0.6% (2012 est.) | country comparison to the world: 133
Gross national saving [time series]
22.5% of GDP (2014 est.) | 23.7% of GDP (2013 est.) | 22.5% of GDP (2012 est.) | country comparison to the world: 70
Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]
lowest 10%: 14.5% | highest 10%: 7.7% (2013 est.)
Imports [time series]
$77.23 billion (2014 est.) | $65.58 billion (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 42
Imports - commodities [time series]
machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels and minerals, metals, textile and products, agricultural products
Imports - partners [time series]
Germany 19.2%, Italy 10.9%, Hungary 7.9%, France 5.7%, Poland 4.7% (2014)
Industrial production growth rate [time series]
3.6% (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 98
Industries [time series]
electric machinery and equipment, textiles and footwear, light machinery, auto assembly, mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining
Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]
1.1% (2014 est.) | 4% (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 67
Labor force [time series]
9.172 million (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 52
Labor force - by occupation [time series]
agriculture: 27.9% | industry: 28.2% | services: 43.9% (2013)
Market value of publicly traded shares [time series]
$37.26 billion (31 December 2014 est.) | $43.67 billion (31 December 2013) | $31.71 billion (31 December 2012 est.) | country comparison to the world: 55
Population below poverty line [time series]
22.6% (2011 est.)
Public debt [time series]
39.6% of GDP (2014 est.) | 38% of GDP (2013 est.) | note: defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds | country comparison to the world: 97
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold [time series]
$42.96 billion (31 December 2014 est.) | $48.82 billion (31 December 2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 42
Stock of broad money [time series]
$70.61 billion (31 December 2014 est.) | $74.11 billion (31 December 2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 61
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad [time series]
$2.697 billion (31 December 2014 est.) | $2.327 billion (31 December 2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 70
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home [time series]
$87.24 billion (31 December 2014 est.) | $83.62 billion (31 December 2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 46
Stock of domestic credit [time series]
$80.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.) | $81.58 billion (31 December 2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 60
Stock of narrow money [time series]
$32.05 billion (31 December 2014 est.) | $30.82 billion (31 December 2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 63
Taxes and other revenues [time series]
32.1% of GDP (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 87
Unemployment rate [time series]
6.4% (2014 est.) | 7.2% (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 75
Energy
Carbon dioxide emissions (Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy) [time series]
86.06 million Mt (2012 est.) | country comparison to the world: 45
Crude oil - exports [time series]
1,604 bbl/day (2010 est.) | country comparison to the world: 66
Crude oil - imports [time series]
122,000 bbl/day (2010 est.) | country comparison to the world: 44
Crude oil - production [time series]
92,390 bbl/day (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 50
Crude oil - proved reserves [time series]
600 million bbl (1 January 2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 47
Electricity - consumption [time series]
49.69 billion kWh (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 46
Electricity - exports [time series]
2.466 billion kWh (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 41
Electricity - from fossil fuels [time series]
50% of total installed capacity (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 144
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants [time series]
29.7% of total installed capacity (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 77
Electricity - from nuclear fuels [time series]
5.8% of total installed capacity (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 23
Electricity - from other renewable sources [time series]
14.5% of total installed capacity (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 39
Electricity - imports [time series]
450 million kWh (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 80
Electricity - installed generating capacity [time series]
24 million kW (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 34
Electricity - production [time series]
55.78 billion kWh (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 48
Natural gas - consumption [time series]
12.1 billion cu m (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 43
Natural gas - exports [time series]
241.7 million cu m (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 167
Natural gas - imports [time series]
801 million cu m (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 43
Natural gas - production [time series]
11.4 billion cu m (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 43
Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]
105.5 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 51
Refined petroleum products - consumption [time series]
215,300 bbl/day (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 56
Refined petroleum products - exports [time series]
75,480 bbl/day (2010 est.) | country comparison to the world: 52
Refined petroleum products - imports [time series]
44,070 bbl/day (2010 est.) | country comparison to the world: 75
Refined petroleum products - production [time series]
218,700 bbl/day (2010 est.) | country comparison to the world: 52
Geography
Area [time series]
total: 238,391 sq km | land: 229,891 sq km | water: 8,500 sq km | country comparison to the world: 83
Area - comparative [time series]
slightly smaller than Oregon
Climate [time series]
temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
Coastline [time series]
225 km
Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]
lowest point: Black Sea 0 m | highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m
Environment - current issues [time series]
soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands
International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands | signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Total water withdrawal (Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)) [time series]
total: 6.88 cu km/yr (22%/61%/17%) | per capita: 320.8 cu m/yr (2009)
Geographic coordinates [time series]
46 00 N, 25 00 E
Geography - note [time series]
controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine
Irrigated land [time series]
6,153 sq km (2007)
Land boundaries [time series]
total: 2,844 km | border countries (5): Bulgaria 605 km, Hungary 424 km, Moldova 683 km, Serbia 531 km, Ukraine 601 km
Land use [time series]
agricultural land: 60.7% | arable land 39.1%; permanent crops 1.9%; permanent pasture 19.7% | forest: 28.7% | other: 10.6% (2011 est.)
Location [time series]
Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine
Map references [time series]
Europe
Maritime claims [time series]
territorial sea: 12 nm | contiguous zone: 24 nm | exclusive economic zone: 200 nm | continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Natural hazards [time series]
earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides
Natural resources [time series]
petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower
Terrain [time series]
central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps
Total renewable water resources [time series]
211.9 cu km (2011)
Government
Administrative divisions [time series]
41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dambovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Valcea, Vrancea
Capital [time series]
name: Bucharest | geographic coordinates: 44 26 N, 26 06 E | time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) | daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Constitution [time series]
several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991; amended 2003 (2014)
Country name [time series]
conventional long form: none | conventional short form: Romania | local long form: none | local short form: Romania
Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]
chief of mission: Ambassador Hans G. KLEMM (since 21 September 2015) | embassy: Bulevardul Dr. Liviu Librescu 4-6, District 1, Bucharest, 015118 | mailing address: American Embassy Bucharest, US Department of State, 5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20521-5260 (pouch) | telephone: [40] (21) 200-3300 | FAX: [40] (21) 200-3442
Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]
chief of mission: Ambassador George Cristian MAIOR (since 17 September 2015) | chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 | telephone: [1] (202) 332-4846, 4848, 4851, 4852 | FAX: [1] (202) 232-4748 | consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York
Executive branch [time series]
chief of state: President Klaus IOHANNIS (since 21 December 2014) | head of government: Prime Minister Victor-Viorel PONTA (since 7 May 2012); Deputy Prime Minister Gabriel OPREA (since 5 March 2014) | cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister | elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 2 November 2014 with a runoff on 16 November 2014 (next to be held on 16 November 2019); prime minister appointed by the president with consent of Parliament | election results: Klaus IOHANNIS elected president; percent of vote in runoff - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 54.4%, Victor PONTA (PSD) 45.6%
Flag (Flag description) [time series]
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; modeled after the flag of France, the colors are those of the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1862 to form Romania; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed | note: now similar to the flag of Chad, whose blue band is darker; also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova
Government type [time series]
republic
Independence [time series]
9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; independence recognized on 13 July 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed)
International law organization participation [time series]
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
International organization participation [time series]
Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Judicial branch [time series]
highest court(s): High Court of Cassation and Justice (consists of 111 judges organized into civil, penal, commercial, contentious administrative and fiscal business, and joint sections); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members) | judge selection and term of office: High Court of Cassation and Justice judges appointed by the president upon nomination by the Superior Council of Magistracy, a 19-member body of judges, prosecutors, and law specialists; judges appointed for 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court members - 6 elected by Parliament and 3 appointed by the president; members serve 9-year, non-renewable terms | subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; regional tribunals; first instance courts; military and arbitration courts
Legal system [time series]
civil law system
Legislative branch [time series]
description: bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat (176 seats; 137 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote and 39 directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camera Deputatilor (412 seats; 315 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote and 97 directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms); note - in the Chamber of Deputies, seats are reserved for minority parties that receive at least 10 percent of total valid votes cast | elections: Senate - last held on 9 December 2012 (next to be held by December 2016); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 9 December 2012 (next to be held by December 2016) | election results: Senate - percent of vote by alliance/party - USL 60.1%, ARD 16.7%, PP-DD 14.6%, UDMR 5.3%, other 3.3%; seats by alliance/party - USL 122, ARD 24, PP-DD 21, UDMR 9; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by alliance/party - USL 58.6%, ARD 16.5%, PP-DD 14%, UDMR 5.2%, ethnic minorities 2.6%, other 3.1%; seats by alliance/party - USL 273, ARD 56, PP-DD 47, UDMR 18, ethnic minorities 18
National anthem(s) (National anthem) [time series]
name: "Desteapta-te romane!" (Wake up, Romanian!) | lyrics/music: Andrei MURESIANU/Anton PANN | note: adopted 1990; the anthem was written during the 1848 Revolution
National holiday [time series]
Unification Day (of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)
National symbol(s) [time series]
golden eagle; national colors: blue, yellow, red
Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]
Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD [Aurelian PAVELESCU] | Conservative Party or PC [Daniel CONSTANTIN] (formerly Humanist Party or PUR) | Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Hunor KELEMEN] | National Liberal Party or PNL [Alina GORGIU and Vasile BLAGA co-presidents] - combined with former PDL and FC | National Union for Romania's Progress or UNPR [Gabriel OPREA] | New Republic Party or NR [Mihail NEAMTU] | People's Party - Dan Diaconescu or PP-DD [Marin DIACONESCU] | Popular Movement Party or PMP [Eugen TOMAC] | Social Democratic Party or PSD [Victor-Viorel PONTA] (formerly Party of Social Democracy in Romania or PDSR)
Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]
other: various human rights and professional associations
Suffrage [time series]
18 years of age; universal
Introduction
Background [time series]
The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia - for centuries under the suzerainty of the Turkish Ottoman Empire - secured their autonomy in 1856; they were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country gained recognition of its independence in 1878. It joined the Allied Powers in World War I and acquired new territories - most notably Transylvania - following the conflict. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a communist "people's republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in 2004 and the EU in 2007.
Military
Manpower available for military service [time series]
males age 16-49: 5,601,234 | females age 16-49: 5,428,939 (2010 est.)
Manpower fit for military service [time series]
males age 16-49: 4,550,409 | females age 16-49: 4,507,880 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually [time series]
male: 117,798 | female: 111,607 (2010 est.)
Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]
Land Forces, Naval Forces (Fortele Naval, FN), Romanian Air Force (Fortele Aeriene Romane, FAR) (2013)
Military expenditures [time series]
1.42% of GDP (2014 est.) | 1.3% of GDP (2013) | 1.29% of GDP (2012) | 1.3% of GDP (2011) | 1.29% of GDP (2010) | country comparison to the world: 69
Military service age and obligation [time series]
conscription ended 2006; 18 years of age for male and female voluntary service; all military inductees (including women) contract for an initial 5-year term of service, with subsequent successive 3-year terms until age 36 (2015)
People and Society
Age structure [time series]
0-14 years: 14.49% (male 1,612,090/female 1,526,432) | 15-24 years: 10.94% (male 1,215,309/female 1,154,618) | 25-54 years: 45.92% (male 5,030,926/female 4,919,140) | 55-64 years: 12.92% (male 1,308,475/female 1,491,858) | 65 years and over: 15.73% (male 1,376,634/female 2,030,868) (2015 est.)
Birth rate [time series]
9.14 births/1,000 population (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 208
Child labor - children ages 5-14 [time series]
total number: 26,658 | percentage: 1% (2000 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate [time series]
69.8% | note: percent of women aged 18-49 (2005)
Death rate [time series]
11.9 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 27
Dependency ratios [time series]
total dependency ratio: 48.9% | youth dependency ratio: 23.1% | elderly dependency ratio: 25.8% | potential support ratio: 3.9% (2015 est.)
Drinking water source [time series]
urban: 100% of population | rural: 100% of population | total: 100% of population | urban: 0% of population | rural: 0% of population | total: 0% of population (2015 est.)
Education expenditure (Education expenditures) [time series]
3.1% of GDP (2011) | country comparison to the world: 104
Ethnic groups [time series]
Romanian 83.4%, Hungarian 6.1%, Roma 3.1%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.2%, other 0.7%, unspecified 6.1% (2011 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]
0.11% (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 111
HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]
500 (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 84
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]
16,200 (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 85
Health expenditure (Health expenditures) [time series]
5.3% of GDP (2013) | country comparison to the world: 138
Hospital bed density [time series]
6.1 beds/1,000 population (2011)
Infant mortality rate [time series]
total: 9.89 deaths/1,000 live births | male: 11.23 deaths/1,000 live births | female: 8.47 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 139
Languages [time series]
Romanian (official) 85.4%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.2%, other 1%, unspecified 6.1% (2011 est.)
Life expectancy at birth [time series]
total population: 74.92 years | male: 71.46 years | female: 78.59 years (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 109
Literacy [time series]
definition: age 15 and over can read and write | total population: 98.8% | male: 99.1% | female: 98.5% (2015 est.)
Major urban areas - population [time series]
BUCHAREST (capital) 1.868 million (2015)
Median age [time series]
total: 40.2 years | male: 38.8 years | female: 41.7 years (2015 est.)
Nationality [time series]
noun: Romanian(s) | adjective: Romanian
Net migration rate [time series]
-0.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 122
Obesity - adult prevalence rate [time series]
23.4% (2014) | country comparison to the world: 101
Physician density (Physicians density) [time series]
2.45 physicians/1,000 population (2012)
Population [time series]
21,666,350 (July 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 58
Population growth rate [time series]
-0.3% (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 220
Religions [time series]
Eastern Orthodox (including all sub-denominations) 81.9%, Protestant (various denominations including Reformed and Pentecostal) 6.4%, Roman Catholic 4.3%, other (includes Muslim) 0.9%, none or atheist 0.2%, unspecified 6.3% (2011 est.)
Sanitation facility access [time series]
urban: 92.2% of population | rural: 63.3% of population | total: 79.1% of population | urban: 7.8% of population | rural: 36.7% of population | total: 20.9% of population (2015 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) [time series]
total: 14 years | male: 14 years | female: 15 years (2011)
Sex ratio [time series]
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female | 0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female | 15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female | 25-54 years: 1.02 male(s)/female | 55-64 years: 0.88 male(s)/female | 65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female | total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
Total fertility rate [time series]
1.33 children born/woman (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 215
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) (Unemployment, youth ages 15-24) [time series]
total: 22.7% | male: 22.3% | female: 23.2% (2012 est.) | country comparison to the world: 45
Urbanization [time series]
urban population: 54.6% of total population (2015) | rate of urbanization: 0.01% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Transnational Issues
Disputes - international [time series]
the ICJ ruled largely in favor of Romania in its dispute submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary delimitation; Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea
Illicit drugs [time series]
major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route and small amounts of Latin American cocaine bound for Western Europe; although not a significant financial center, role as a narcotics conduit leaves it vulnerable to laundering, which occurs via the banking system, currency exchange houses, and casinos
Refugees and internally displaced persons [time series]
stateless persons: 299 (2014)
Transportation
Airports [time series]
45 (2013) | country comparison to the world: 96
Airports - with paved runways [time series]
total: 26 | over 3,047 m: 4 | 2,438 to 3,047 m: 10 | 1,524 to 2,437 m: 11 | under 914 m: 1 (2013)
Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]
total: 19 | 914 to 1,523 m: 5 | 14 (2013)
Heliports [time series]
2 (2013)
Merchant marine [time series]
total: 5 | by type: cargo 1, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1 | foreign-owned: 1 (Russia 1) | registered in other countries: 31 (Georgia 7, Liberia 3, Malta 7, Marshall Islands 2, Moldova 2, Panama 3, Russia 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1, Sierra Leone 2, Tanzania 1, Togo 1, unknown 1) (2010) | country comparison to the world: 127
Pipelines [time series]
gas 3,726 km; oil 2,451 km (2013)
Ports (Ports and terminals) [time series]
major seaport(s): Constanta, Midia | river port(s): Braila, Galati (Galatz), Mancanului (Giurgiu), Tulcea (Danube River)
Railways [time series]
total: 11,268 km | broad gauge: 60 km 1.524-m gauge | standard gauge: 10,781 km 1.435-m gauge (3,292 km electrified) | narrow gauge: 427 km 0.760-m gauge (2014) | country comparison to the world: 22
Roadways [time series]
total: 84,185 km | paved: 49,873 km (includes 337 km of expressways) | unpaved: 34,312 km (2012) | country comparison to the world: 55
Waterways [time series]
1,731 km (includes 1,075 km on the Danube River, 524 km on secondary branches, and 132 km on canals) (2010) | country comparison to the world: 45