Romania

total: 5,684,782 (2020 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 30 (2020 est.)

a mixture of public and private TV stations; there are 7 public TV stations (2 national, 5 regional) using terrestrial broadcasting and 187 private TV stations (out of which 171 offer local coverage) using terrestrial broadcasting, plus 11 public TV stations using satellite broadcasting and 86 private TV stations using satellite broadcasting; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks and regional and local stations, having in total 20 public radio stations by terrestrial broadcasting plus 4 public radio stations by satellite broadcasting; there are 502 operational private radio stations using terrestrial broadcasting and 26 private radio stations using satellite broadcasting

.ro

total: 15.96 million (2021 est.) percent of population: 84% (2021 est.)

general assessment: Romania s telecom market has undergone several significant changes in recent years; the mobile market is served by network operators that have extensive LTE networks in place, while services based on 5G have been offered under their existing spectrum concessions since 2019; the delayed multi-spectrum auction, expected to be completed later in 2021, will enable the operators to expand 5G network capacity and enable consumers to make far greater use of the technology s potential; in line with legislation passed in July 2021 the MNOs will have to replace equipment provided by vendors deemed to be a security risk (2021) domestic: fixed-line teledensity is 13 telephones per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity is119 telephones per 100 persons (2021) international: country code - 40; landing point for the Diamond Link Global submarine cable linking Romania with Georgia; satellite earth stations - 10; digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest (2019)

total subscriptions: 2.222 million (2022 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 11 (2022 est.)

total subscriptions: 23.219 million (2022 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 118 (2022 est.)

wheat, maize, milk, sunflower seeds, barley, potatoes, rapeseed, grapes, plums, apples (2022) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

on food: 25.1% of household expenditures (2022 est.) on alcohol and tobacco: 5.5% of household expenditures (2022 est.)

revenues: $93.681 billion (2022 est.) expenditures: $110.163 billion (2022 est.) note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Fitch rating: BBB- (2011) Moody's rating: Baa3 (2006) Standard & Poors rating: BBB- (2014) note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

-$24.487 billion (2023 est.) -$27.326 billion (2022 est.) -$20.627 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

high-income EU member economy; joined Schengen area as of March 2024; euro membership delayed over convergence criteria; persistent inflation but recovery driven by consumption and EU-funded investments; skilled labor shortage; regional economic disparities; fiscal reforms to address rising deficits

lei (RON) per US dollar - 4.574 (2023 est.) 4.688 (2022 est.) 4.16 (2021 est.) 4.244 (2020 est.) 4.238 (2019 est.)

$137.337 billion (2023 est.) $129.286 billion (2022 est.) $115.879 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

vehicle parts/accessories, cars, insulated wire, refined petroleum, wheat (2022) note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Germany 19%, Italy 10%, Hungary 7%, France 6%, Bulgaria 4% (2022) note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

$351.003 billion (2023 est.) note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

household consumption: 62.2% (2023 est.) government consumption: 16.9% (2023 est.) investment in fixed capital: 26.9% (2023 est.) investment in inventories: -1.2% (2023 est.) exports of goods and services: 39.1% (2023 est.) imports of goods and services: -43.9% (2023 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

agriculture: 3.9% (2023 est.) industry: 27.6% (2023 est.) services: 59.8% (2023 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

33.9 (2021 est.) note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

lowest 10%: 1.9% (2021 est.) highest 10%: 24% (2021 est.) note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

$154.106 billion (2023 est.) $149.209 billion (2022 est.) $132.056 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

crude petroleum, vehicle parts/accessories, refined petroleum, packaged medicine, cars (2022) note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Germany 17%, Italy 8%, Hungary 6%, Turkey 6%, Poland 6% (2022) note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

1.15% (2023 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

electric machinery and equipment, auto assembly, textiles and footwear, light machinery, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining, mining, timber, construction materials

10.4% (2023 est.) 13.8% (2022 est.) 5.05% (2021 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

8.282 million (2023 est.) note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

21.2% (2021 est.) note: % of population with income below national poverty line

50.45% of GDP (2022 est.) note: central government debt as a % of GDP

$772.107 billion (2023 est.) $755.867 billion (2022 est.) $726.048 billion (2021 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

2.15% (2023 est.) 4.11% (2022 est.) 5.71% (2021 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

$40,500 (2023 est.) $39,700 (2022 est.) $38,000 (2021 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

2.76% of GDP (2023 est.) 2.94% of GDP (2022 est.) 3.19% of GDP (2021 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

$73 billion (2023 est.) $55.81 billion (2022 est.) $51.886 billion (2021 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

16.02% (of GDP) (2022 est.) note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

5.6% (2023 est.) 5.61% (2022 est.) 5.59% (2021 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment

total: 21.3% (2023 est.) male: 21.2% (2023 est.) female: 21.4% (2023 est.) note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

62.594 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.) from coal and metallurgical coke: 15.319 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.) from petroleum and other liquids: 28.604 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.) from consumed natural gas: 18.67 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

production: 18.16 million metric tons (2022 est.) consumption: 19.404 million metric tons (2022 est.) exports: 242,000 metric tons (2022 est.) imports: 1.338 million metric tons (2022 est.) proven reserves: 291 million metric tons (2022 est.)

installed generating capacity: 19.126 million kW (2022 est.) consumption: 49.805 billion kWh (2022 est.) exports: 7.429 billion kWh (2022 est.) imports: 8.653 billion kWh (2022 est.) transmission/distribution losses: 6.204 billion kWh (2022 est.)

electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

fossil fuels: 39.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.) nuclear: 18.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.) solar: 3.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.) wind: 12.7% of total installed capacity (2022 est.) hydroelectricity: 25.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.) biomass and waste: 0.9% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

60.67 million Btu/person (2022 est.)

production: 9.501 billion cubic meters (2022 est.) consumption: 10.055 billion cubic meters (2022 est.) exports: 832.421 million cubic meters (2022 est.) imports: 2.977 billion cubic meters (2022 est.) proven reserves: 105.48 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Number of operational nuclear reactors: 2 (2023) Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 1.3GW (2023 est.) Percent of total electricity production: 18.9% (2023 est.)

total petroleum production: 67,000 bbl/day (2023 est.) refined petroleum consumption: 221,000 bbl/day (2022 est.) crude oil estimated reserves: 600 million barrels (2021 est.)

particulate matter emissions: 13.3 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.) carbon dioxide emissions: 69.26 megatons (2016 est.) methane emissions: 27.62 megatons (2020 est.)

temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

soil erosion, degradation, and desertification; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

total global geoparks and regional networks: 2 global geoparks and regional networks: Buzău; Haţeg (2023)

agricultural land: 60.7% (2018 est.) arable land: 39.1% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 1.9% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 19.7% (2018 est.) forest: 28.7% (2018 est.) other: 10.6% (2018 est.)

Dunărea (Danube) river mouth (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Ukraine) - 2,888 km note [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)

0.16% of GDP (2018 est.)

212 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

municipal: 1.09 billion cubic meters (2020 est.) industrial: 3.9 billion cubic meters (2020 est.) agricultural: 1.43 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

urban population: 54.7% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: -0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

municipal solid waste generated annually: 4.895 million tons (2015 est.) municipal solid waste recycled annually: 277,547 tons (2015 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 5.7% (2015 est.)

total : 238,391 sq km land: 229,891 sq km water: 8,500 sq km

twice the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Oregon

temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

225 km

highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m lowest point: Black Sea 0 m mean elevation: 414 m

46 00 N, 25 00 E

controls the most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine; the Carpathian Mountains dominate the center of the country, while the Danube River forms much of the southern boundary with Serbia and Bulgaria

4,730 sq km (2020)

total: 2,844 km border countries (5): Bulgaria 605 km; Hungary 424 km; Moldova 683 km; Serbia 531 km; Ukraine 601 km

agricultural land: 60.7% (2018 est.) arable land: 39.1% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 1.9% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 19.7% (2018 est.) forest: 28.7% (2018 est.) other: 10.6% (2018 est.)

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine

Dunărea (Danube) river mouth (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Ukraine) - 2,888 km note [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Europe

territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides

petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower

urbanization is not particularly high, and a fairly even population distribution can be found throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; Hungarians, the country's largest minority, have a particularly strong presence in eastern Transylvania

central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps

41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dambovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Valcea, Vrancea

name: Bucharest geographic coordinates: 44 26 N, 26 06 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October etymology: related to the Romanian word "bucura" that is believed to be of Dacian origin and whose meaning is "to be glad (happy)"; Bucharest's meaning is thus akin to "city of joy"

citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Romania dual citizenship recognized: yes residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

history: several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991 amendments: initiated by the president of Romania through a proposal by the government, by at least one fourth of deputies or senators in Parliament, or by petition of eligible voters representing at least half of Romania s counties; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by both chambers or if mediation is required - by three-fourths majority vote in a joint session, followed by approval in a referendum; articles, including those on national sovereignty, form of government, political pluralism, and fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended; amended 2003

conventional long form: none conventional short form: Romania local long form: none local short form: Romania former: Kingdom of Romania, Romanian People's Republic, Socialist Republic of Romania etymology: the name derives from the Latin "Romanus" meaning "citizen of Rome" and was used to stress the common ancient heritage of Romania's three main regions - Moldavia, Transylvania, and Wallachia - during their gradual unification between the mid-19th century and early 20th century

chief of mission: Ambassador Kathleen KAVALEC (since 14 February 2023) embassy: 4-6, Dr. Liviu Librescu Blvd., District 1, Bucharest, 015118 mailing address: 5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20521-5260 telephone: [40] (21) 200-3300 FAX: [40] (21) 200-3442 email address and website: ACSBucharest@state.gov https://ro.usembassy.gov/

chief of mission: Ambassador Dan-Andrei MURARU (since 15 September 2021) chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 332-4829 FAX: [1] (202) 232-4748 email address and website: washington@mae.ro https://washington.mae.ro/en consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New York

chief of state: President Klaus Werner IOHANNIS (since 21 December 2014) head of government: Prime Minister Marcel CIOLACU (since 15 June 2023) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held in November 2024, but results were annulled, with new election expected in early 2025; prime minister appointed by the president with consent of Parliament election results: 2019: Klaus IOHANNIS reelected president in second round; percent of vote - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 66.1%, Viorica DANCILA (PSD) 33.9% 2014: Klaus IOHANNIS elected president in second round; percent of vote - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 54.4%, Victor PONTA (PSD) 45.6% note: Romania's constitutional court has annulled the results of the most recent presidential election in November-December 2024, which resets the election cycle. A new election is expected in early 2025.

three equal vertical bands of cobalt blue (hoist side), chrome yellow, and vermilion red; modeled after the flag of France, the colors are those of the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1862 to form Romania; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed note: now similar to the flag of Chad, whose blue band is darker; also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova

semi-presidential republic

9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; 13 July 1878 (independence recognized by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed)

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA,UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

highest court(s): High Court of Cassation and Justice (consists of 111 judges organized into civil, penal, commercial, contentious administrative and fiscal business, and joint sections); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members) judge selection and term of office: High Court of Cassation and Justice judges appointed by the president upon nomination by the Superior Council of Magistracy, a 19-member body of judges, prosecutors, and law specialists; judges appointed for 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court members - 6 elected by Parliament and 3 appointed by the president; members serve 9-year, nonrenewable terms subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; regional tribunals; first instance courts; military and arbitration courts

civil law system

description: bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of: Senate or Senat (136 seats; members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies - including 2 seats for diaspora - by party-list, proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms) Chamber of Deputies or Camera Deputatilor (330 seats; members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies - including 4 seats for diaspora - by party-list, proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms) elections: Senate - last held on 6 December 2020 (next to be held in 2024) Chamber of Deputies - last held on 6 December 2020 (next to be held in 2024) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - PSD 29.3%, PNL 25.6%, 2020 USR-PLUS Alliance 15.9%, AUR 9.2%, UDMR 5.9%, other 14.1%; seats by party - PSD 47, PNL 41, 2020 USR-PLUS Alliance 25, AUR 14, UDMR 9; composition - men 111, women 24, percentage women 17.8% Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - PSD 28.9%, PNL 25.2%, 2020 USR-PLUS Alliance 15.4%, AUR 9.1%, UDMR 5.7%, other 15.7%; seats by party - PSD 110, PNL 93, 2020 USR-PLUS Alliance 55, AUR 33, UDMR 21, other 18; composition - men 265, women 63, percentage women 19.2%; total Parliament percentage women 18.8%

name: "Desteapta-te romane!" (Wake up, Romanian!) lyrics/music: Andrei MURESIANU/Anton PANN note: adopted 1990; the anthem was written during the 1848 Revolution

total World Heritage Sites: 11 (9 cultural, 2 natural) selected World Heritage Site locales: Danube Delta (n); Churches of Moldavia (c); Monastery of Horezu (c); Villages with Fortified Churches in Transylvania (c); Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains (c); Historic Center of Sighişoara (c); Wooden Churches of Maramureş (c); Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe (n); Roșia Montană Mining Landscape (c); Br ncuși Monumental Ensemble of T rgu Jiu (c); Frontiers of the Roman Empire Dacia (c)

Unification Day (unification of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)

golden eagle; national colors: blue, yellow, red

Alliance for the Fatherland or APP Alliance for the Unity of Romanians or AUR Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD Civic Hungarian Party Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR Ecologist Party of Romania or PER Force of the Right or FD Greater Romania Party or PRM Green Party National Liberal Party or PNL Popular Movement Party or PMP PRO Romania or PRO Romanian Nationhood Party or PNR Save Romania Union Party or USR Social Democratic Party or PSD Social Liberal Humanist Party or PUSL (formerly Humanist Power Party (Social-Liberal) or PPU-SL) S.O.S. Romania The Right Alternative or AD United Romania Party or PRU We are Renewing the European Project in Romania or REPER

18 years of age; universal

The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia -- for centuries under the control of the Turkish Ottoman Empire -- secured their autonomy through the Treaty of Paris in 1856. They were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country joined the Allied Powers in World War I and subsequently acquired new territories -- most notably Transylvania -- that more than doubled its size. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a communist "people's republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in 2004, the EU in 2007, and the Schengen Area for air and sea travel in 2024.

the Romanian Armed Forces are responsible for territorial defense, fulfilling the country's commitments to European security, and contributing to multinational peacekeeping operations; the military has a variety of concerns, including cyber attacks and terrorism, but its primary focus is Russian aggression against neighboring Ukraine and Russia's activities in the Black Sea and Romania s other eastern neighbor, Moldova Romania joined NATO in 2004, and the Alliance forms a key pillar of the country s defense policy; it hosts a NATO multinational divisional headquarters (Multinational Division Southeast) and a French-led ground force battlegroup as part of NATO's Enhanced Forward Presence initiative in the southeastern part of the Alliance, which came about in response to Russia s 2022 invasion of Ukraine; NATO allies have also sent detachments of fighters to augment the Romanian Air Force since 2014 because of aggressive Russian activity in the Black Sea region; the Romanian military trains regularly with NATO and its member states and has participated in NATO- and EU-led multinational missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Poland (2024)

Romanian Armed Forces (Forțele Armate Rom ne or Armata Rom nă): Land Forces, Naval Forces, Air Force Ministry of Internal Affairs: General Inspectorate of the Romanian Police, the Romanian Gendarmerie (Jandarmeria Rom nă), the Romanian Border Police, the General Directorate for Internal Protection, and the Directorate General for Anticorruption (2024)

approximately 68,000 active-duty military personnel (53,000 Land Forces; 7,000 Naval Forces; 8,000 Air Force) (2024)

up to 120 Poland (NATO); Romania also has small numbers of military personnel deployed on other international missions under the EU, NATO, and UN (2024)

the military's inventory includes a considerable amount of Soviet-era and older domestically produced weapons systems, although in recent years Romania has launched an effort to acquire more modern and NATO-standard equipment from European countries and the US, including aircraft and armored vehicles (2024)

2.3% of GDP (2024 est.) 1.6% of GDP (2023) 1.7% of GDP (2022) 1.9% of GDP (2021) 2% of GDP (2020)

18 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; all military inductees contract for an initial 5-year term of service, with subsequent successive 3-year terms until age 36; conscription ended in 2006 (2023)

0-14 years: 15.4% (male 1,441,359/female 1,362,304) 15-64 years: 62% (male 5,618,366/female 5,632,718) 65 years and over: 22.6% (2024 est.) (male 1,688,070/female 2,405,338)

total: 10.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) beer: 5.33 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) wine: 3.38 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) spirits: 2.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

8.5 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

NA

NA

6.3% of GDP (2020)

54.8% (2023)

14.6 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

total dependency ratio: 53.7 youth dependency ratio: 24.6 elderly dependency ratio: 29.1 potential support ratio: 3.4 (2021 est.)

improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0% of population (2020 est.)

3.7% of GDP (2020 est.)

Romanian 89.3%, Hungarian 6%, Romani 3.4%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.1%, other 0.9% (2021 est.) note: data represent individuals who declared an ethnic group in the 2021 national census; 13% did not respond; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5 11% of Romania's population

0.79 (2024 est.)

6.9 beds/1,000 population (2017)

total: 5.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.) male: 5.8 deaths/1,000 live births female: 5.2 deaths/1,000 live births

Romanian (official) 91.6%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romani 1.2%, other 0.7% (2021 est.) major-language sample(s): Cartea informativa a lumii, sursa indispensabila pentru informatii de baza. (Romanian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. note: data represent individuals who declared a maternal language in the 2021 national census; 13.1% did not respond

total population: 76.9 years (2024 est.) male: 73.4 years female: 80.5 years

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 98.9% male: 99.1% female: 98.7% (2021)

1.776 million BUCHAREST (capital) (2023)

10 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

total: 45.5 years (2024 est.) male: 44 years female: 46.9 years

27.1 years (2020 est.)

noun: Romanian(s) adjective: Romanian

-3.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

22.5% (2016)

2.98 physicians/1,000 population (2017)

total: 18,148,155 male: 8,747,795 female: 9,400,360 (2024 est.)

urbanization is not particularly high, and a fairly even population distribution can be found throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; Hungarians, the country's largest minority, have a particularly strong presence in eastern Transylvania

-0.94% (2024 est.)

Romanian Orthodox 85.3%, Roman Catholic 4.5%, Reformed 3%, Pentecostal 2.5%, other 4.7% (2021 est.) note: data represent individuals who declared a religion in the 2021 national census; 13.9% did not respond

improved: urban: 96.9% of population rural: 76% of population total: 87.3% of population unimproved: urban: 3.1% of population rural: 24% of population total: 12.7% of population (2020 est.)

total: 14 years male: 14 years female: 15 years (2020)

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

total: 28% (2020 est.) male: 35.9% (2020 est.) female: 20% (2020 est.)

1.63 children born/woman (2024 est.)

urban population: 54.7% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: -0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Romanian Space Agency (Agentia Spatiala Romania, ROSA; established 1991) (2024)

space program is integrated into the European Space Agency (ESA) and dates back to the 1960s; program is involved in the development and production of a wide range of capabilities and technologies, including satellites, satellite/space launch vehicles (SLVs), remote sensing, human space flight, navigation, telecommunications, and other space-related applications; in addition to the ESA/EU and their member states (particularly Bulgaria, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy), it cooperates with a variety of other space agencies and commercial space entities, including those of Azerbaijan, China, Japan, Russia, and the US; also participates in international programs; has an active space industry sector with over 50 entities involved in space-related activities (2024) note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide

Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

a source country for cannabis

refugees (country of origin): 77,250 (Ukraine) (as of 14 April 2024) stateless persons: 297 (2022) note: 16,085 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-March 2024)

82 (2024)

YR

18 (2024)

total: 127 (2023) by type: general cargo 9, oil tanker 7, other 111

number of registered air carriers: 8 (2020) inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 60 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 4,908,235 (2018) annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 2.71 million (2018) mt-km

3,726 km gas, 2,451 km oil (2013)

total ports: 11 (2024) large: 0 medium: 2 small: 1 very small: 8 ports with oil terminals: 4 key ports: Basarabi, Braila, Cernavoda, Constanta, Danube-Black Sea Canal, Galati, Mangalia, Medgidia, Midia, Sulina, Tulcea

total: 10,628 km (2020) 4,030 km electrified

total: 85,387 km (2022)

1,731 km (2010) (includes 1,075 km on the Danube River, 524 km on secondary branches, and 132 km on canals)