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Communications

Broadcast media [time series]

a mixture of public and private TV stations; the public broadcaster operates multiple stations; roughly 100 private national, regional, and local stations; more than 75% of households are connected to multi-channel cable or satellite TV systems that provide access to Romanian, European, and international stations; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks and regional and local stations; more than 100 private radio stations (2008)

Internet country code [time series]

.ro

Internet users (Internet hosts) [time series]

2.667 million (2012) country comparison to the world: 35

Internet users [time series]

7.787 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 37

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: the telecommunications sector is being expanded and modernized; domestic and international service improving rapidly, especially mobile-cellular services domestic: more than 90 percent of telephone network is automatic; fixed-line teledensity exceeds 20 telephones per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 110 telephones per 100 persons international: country code - 40; the Black Sea Fiber Optic System provides connectivity to Bulgaria and Turkey; satellite earth stations - 10; digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest (2011)

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

4.68 million (2012) country comparison to the world: 32

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

22.7 million (2012) country comparison to the world: 45

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, grapes; eggs, sheep

Budget [time series]

revenues: $60.11 billion expenditures: $64.85 billion (2013 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) [time series]

-2.5% of GDP (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 106

Central bank discount rate [time series]

4% (31 December 2013) country comparison to the world: 66 5.25% (31 December 2012)

Commercial bank prime lending rate [time series]

NA% (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 70 11.49% (31 December 2012 est.)

Current account balance [time series]

-$1.986 billion (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 143 -$7.48 billion (2012 est.)

Debt - external [time series]

$131.6 billion (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 42 $131.6 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income (Distribution of family income - Gini index) [time series]

27.4 (2011) country comparison to the world: 127 24.2 (2010)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Romania, which joined the EU on 1 January 2007, began the transition from Communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country's needs. The country emerged in 2000 from a punishing three-year recession due to strong demand in EU export markets. Domestic consumption and investment fueled strong GDP growth, but led to large current account imbalances. Romania's macroeconomic gains have only recently started to spur creation of a middle class and to address Romania's widespread poverty. Corruption and red tape continue to permeate the business environment. As a result of the global financial crisis, Romania signed on to a $26 billion emergency assistance package from the IMF, the EU, and other international lenders. GDP contracted from 2009 to 2011. In March 2011, Romania and the IMF/EU/World Bank signed a 24-month precautionary stand-by agreement, worth $6.6 billion, to promote fiscal discipline, encourage progress on structural reforms, and strengthen financial sector stability. In September 2013, the Romanian authorities and the IMF/EU agreed to a follow-on stand-by agreement, worth $5.4 billion, to continue with reforms, although Bucharest announced that it does not intend to draw funds under the agreement. Economic growth accelerated in 2013, driven by strong industrial exports and an excellent agricultural harvest; in December 2013 inflation dropped to a historical low annual rate of 1.6%; and the current account deficit was reduced substantially. Yet, progress on structural reforms is uneven and the economy still is vulnerable to shocks.

Exchange rates [time series]

lei (RON) per US dollar - 3.41 (2013 est.) 3.4682 (2012 est.) 3.1779 (2010 est.) 3.0493 (2009) 2.5 (2008)

Exports [time series]

$65.84 billion (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 52 $57.86 billion (2012 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

machinery and equipment, metals and metal products, textiles and footwear, chemicals, agricultural products, minerals and fuels

Exports - partners [time series]

Germany 18.9%, Italy 12.3%, France 7.1%, Turkey 5.5%, Hungary 5.5% (2012)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate) [time series]

$188.9 billion (2013 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP (purchasing power parity)) [time series]

$288.5 billion (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 45 $278.7 billion (2012 est.) $277 billion (2011 est.) note: data are in 2013 US dollars

GDP - composition, by end use [time series]

household consumption: 71.4% government consumption: 6.2% investment in fixed capital: 23.6% investment in inventories: -0.7% exports of goods and services: 42.2% imports of goods and services: 42.7% (2013 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin [time series]

agriculture: 6.4% industry: 34.2% services: 59.4% (2013 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita (PPP)) [time series]

$14,400 (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 94 $13,700 (2012 est.) $13,600 (2011 est.) note: data are in 2013 US dollars

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

3.5% (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 92 0.6% (2012 est.) 2.3% (2011 est.)

Gross national saving [time series]

24.1% of GDP (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 55 23.1% of GDP (2012 est.) 22.4% of GDP (2011 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 14.1% highest 10%: 7.5% (2012 est.)

Imports [time series]

$73.42 billion (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 41 $70.17 billion (2012 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels and minerals, metals, textile and products, agricultural products

Imports - partners [time series]

Germany 17.5%, Italy 11%, Hungary 9.1%, France 5.7%, Russia 4.4%, Poland 4.3%, Austria 4.2%, Kazakhstan 4.1% (2012)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

8% (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 26

Industries [time series]

electric machinery and equipment, textiles and footwear, light machinery, auto assembly, mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

3.2% (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 120 3.4% (2012 est.)

Labor force [time series]

9.451 million (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 51

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture: 29% industry: 28.6% services: 42.4% (2012)

Market value of publicly traded shares [time series]

$43.67 billion (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 53 $31.71 billion (31 December 2012) $24.26 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Population below poverty line [time series]

22.2% (2011 est.)

Public debt [time series]

38.6% of GDP (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 96 37.9% of GDP (2012 est.) note: defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold [time series]

$48.78 billion (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 41 $46.8 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of broad money [time series]

$74.21 billion (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 61 $66.13 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad [time series]

$1.455 billion (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 75 $1.298 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home [time series]

$84.04 billion (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 47 $78.05 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of domestic credit [time series]

$91.77 billion (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 54 $90.75 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of narrow money [time series]

$30.82 billion (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 59 $26.51 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Taxes and other revenues [time series]

31.8% of GDP (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 82

Unemployment rate [time series]

7.3% (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 78 6.5% (2012 est.)

Energy

Carbon dioxide emissions (Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy) [time series]

86.19 million Mt (2011 est.)

Crude oil - exports [time series]

1,604 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 69

Crude oil - imports [time series]

122,000 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 45

Crude oil - production [time series]

101,600 bbl/day (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 51

Crude oil - proved reserves [time series]

600 million bbl (1 January 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 47

Electricity - consumption [time series]

52.36 billion kWh (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 46

Electricity - exports [time series]

1.15 billion kWh (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 56

Electricity - from fossil fuels [time series]

55.1% of total installed capacity (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 143

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants [time series]

30.1% of total installed capacity (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 79

Electricity - from nuclear fuels [time series]

6.5% of total installed capacity (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 22

Electricity - from other renewable sources [time series]

8.6% of total installed capacity (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 29

Electricity - imports [time series]

1.4 billion kWh (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 59

Electricity - installed generating capacity [time series]

21.77 million kW (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 36

Electricity - production [time series]

56.71 billion kWh (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 46

Natural gas - consumption [time series]

13.48 billion cu m (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 41

Natural gas - exports [time series]

0 cu m (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 170

Natural gas - imports [time series]

2.85 billion cu m (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 43

Natural gas - production [time series]

10.63 billion cu m (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 41

Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]

105.5 billion cu m (1 January 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 53

Refined petroleum products - consumption [time series]

218,200 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 54

Refined petroleum products - exports [time series]

75,480 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 51

Refined petroleum products - imports [time series]

44,070 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 74

Refined petroleum products - production [time series]

218,700 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 51

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 238,391 sq km country comparison to the world: 83 land: 229,891 sq km water: 8,500 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly smaller than Oregon

Climate [time series]

temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

Coastline [time series]

225 km

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Black Sea 0 m highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Total water withdrawal (Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)) [time series]

total: 6.88 cu km/yr (22%/61%/17%) per capita: 320.8 cu m/yr (2009)

Geographic coordinates [time series]

46 00 N, 25 00 E

Geography - note [time series]

controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine

Irrigated land [time series]

6,153 sq km (2007)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 2,508 km border countries: Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Serbia 476 km, Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (east) 169 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 37.73% permanent crops: 1.86% other: 60.41% (2011)

Location [time series]

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine

Map references [time series]

Europe

Maritime claims [time series]

territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Natural hazards [time series]

earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides

Natural resources [time series]

petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower

Terrain [time series]

central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps

Total renewable water resources [time series]

211.9 cu km (2011)

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dambovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Valcea, Vrancea

Capital [time series]

name: Bucharest geographic coordinates: 44 26 N, 26 06 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Constitution [time series]

several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991; amended 2003 (2014)

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: none conventional short form: Romania local long form: none local short form: Romania

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Duane BUTCHER (since 14 December 2012) embassy: Bulevardul Dr. Liviu Librescu 4-6, District 1, Bucharest, 015118 mailing address: American Embassy Bucharest, US Department of State, 5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20521-5260 (pouch) telephone: [40] (21) 200-3300 FAX: [40] (21) 200-3442

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Iulian BUGA (since 3 December 2013) chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 332-4846, 4848, 4851, 4852 FAX: [1] (202) 232-4748 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Traian BASESCU (since 20 December 2004); note - President BASESCU has twice been temporarily suspended since assuming his post: first from 20 April-23 May 2007, second from 6 July-27 August 2012; he survived two national recall referendums head of government: Prime Minister Victor-Viorel PONTA (since 7 May 2012); Deputy Prime Ministers Daniel CONSTANTIN, Hunor KELEMAN, Gabriel OPREA (since 5 March 2014) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 November 2009 with runoff on 6 December 2009 (next to be held in November-December 2014); prime minister appointed by the president with the consent of the Parliament election results: Traian BASESCU reelected president; percent of vote - Traian BASESCU 50.3%, Mircea GEOANA 49.7%

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; modeled after the flag of France, the colors are those of the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1862 to form Romania; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed note: now similar to the flag of Chad, whose blue band is darker; also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova

Government type [time series]

republic

Independence [time series]

9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; independence recognized on 13 July 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed)

International law organization participation [time series]

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation [time series]

Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch [time series]

highest court(s): High Court of Cassation and Justice (consists of 111 judges and organized into civil, penal, commercial, contentious administrative and fiscal business, and joint sections); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members) judge selection and term of office: High Court of Cassation and Justice judges appointed by the president upon nomination by the Superior Council of Magistracy, a 19-member body mostly of judges, prosecutors, and law specialists; judges appointed for 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court members - 6 elected by Parliament and 3 appointed by the president; members serve 9-year, non-renewable terms subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; regional tribunals; first instance courts; military and arbitration courts

Legal system [time series]

civil law system

Legislative branch [time series]

bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat (176 seats; members elected by popular vote in a mixed electoral system to serve four-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camera Deputatilor (412 seats; members elected by popular vote in a mixed electoral system to serve four-year terms) elections: Senate - last held on 9 December 2012 (next by December 2016); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 9 December 2012 (next by December 2016) election results: Senate - percent of vote by alliance/party - USL 60.1%, ARD 16.7%, PP-DD 14.6%, UDMR 5.3%, other 3.3%; seats by alliance/party - USL 122, ARD 24, PP-DD 21, UDMR 9; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by alliance/party - USL 58.6%, ARD 16.5%, PP-DD 14%, UDMR 5.2%, ethnic minorities 2.6%, other 3.1%; seats by alliance/party - USL 273, ARD 56, PP-DD 47, UDMR 18, ethnic minorities 18

National anthem(s) (National anthem) [time series]

name: "Desteapta-te romane!" (Wake up, Romanian!)

National holiday [time series]

Unification Day (of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)

National symbol(s) [time series]

golden eagle

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD [Aurelian PAVELESCU] Civic Force or FC [Mihai-Razvan UNGUREANU] Conservative Party or PC [Daniel CONSTANTIN] (formerly Humanist Party or PUR) Democratic Liberal Party or PDL [Vasile BLAGA] (formerly Democratic Party) Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Hunor KELEMEN] National Liberal Party or PNL [Crin ANTONESCU] National Union for Romania's Progress or UNPR [Gabriel OPREA] New Republic Party or NR [Mihai NEAMTU] People's Party - Dan Diaconescu or PP-DD [Dan DIACONESCU] Popular Movement Party or PMP [Eugene TOMAC] Social Democratic Party or PSD [Victor-Viorel PONTA] (formerly Party of Social Democracy in Romania or PDSR)

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

other: various human rights and professional associations

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Introduction

Background [time series]

The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia - for centuries under the suzerainty of the Turkish Ottoman Empire - secured their autonomy in 1856; they were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country gained recognition of its independence in 1878. It joined the Allied Powers in World War I and acquired new territories - most notably Transylvania - following the conflict. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a communist "people's republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in 2004 and the EU in 2007.

Military

Manpower available for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 5,601,234 females age 16-49: 5,428,939 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 4,550,409 females age 16-49: 4,507,880 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually [time series]

male: 117,798 female: 111,607 (2010 est.)

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Land Forces, Naval Forces (Fortele Naval, FN), Romanian Air Force (Fortele Aeriene Romane, FAR) (2013)

Military expenditures [time series]

1.29% of GDP (2012) country comparison to the world: 79 1.3% of GDP (2011) 1.29% of GDP (2010)

Military service age and obligation [time series]

20-35 years of age for compulsory male military service; conscription ended 2006, but military service remains mandatory; 18 years of age for male and female voluntary service; all military inductees (including women) contract for an initial 5-year term of service, with subsequent successive 3-year terms until age 36 (2012)

People and Society

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 14.6% (male 1,628,220/female 1,541,914) 15-24 years: 11.3% (male 1,258,746/female 1,197,681) 25-54 years: 45.7% (male 5,021,370/female 4,916,576) 55-64 years: 13% (male 1,320,781/female 1,508,878) 65 years and over: 15.1% (male 1,346,864/female 1,988,841) (2014 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

9.27 births/1,000 population (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 206

Child labor - children ages 5-14 [time series]

total number: 26,658 percentage: 1 % (2000 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight [time series]

3.5% (2002) country comparison to the world: 103

Contraceptive prevalence rate [time series]

69.8% note: percent of women aged 15-49 (2005)

Death rate [time series]

11.88 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 28

Dependency ratios [time series]

total dependency ratio: 43.6 % youth dependency ratio: 21.7 % elderly dependency ratio: 21.9 % potential support ratio: 4.6 (2014 est.)

Drinking water source [time series]

improved: urban: 98.5% of population rural: 75.6% of population total: 87.7% of population unimproved: urban: 1.5% of population rural: 24.4% of population total: 12.3% of population (2008 est.)

Education expenditure (Education expenditures) [time series]

4.2% of GDP (2009) country comparison to the world: 104

Ethnic groups [time series]

Romanian 83.4%, Hungarian 6.1%, Roma 3.1%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.2%, other 0.7%, unspecified 6.1% (2011 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

0.1% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 122

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 76

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

16,000 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 88

Health expenditure (Health expenditures) [time series]

5.9% of GDP (2010) country comparison to the world: 116

Hospital bed density [time series]

6.3 beds/1,000 population (2010)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 10.16 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 140 male: 11.52 deaths/1,000 live births female: 8.72 deaths/1,000 live births (2014 est.)

Languages [time series]

Romanian (official) 85.4%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.2%, other 1%, unspecified 6.1% (2011 est.)

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 74.69 years country comparison to the world: 108 male: 71.23 years female: 78.36 years (2014 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 97.7% male: 98.3% female: 97.1% (2011 est.)

Major urban areas - population [time series]

BUCHAREST (capital) 1.937 million (2011)

Maternal mortality ratio (Maternal mortality rate) [time series]

27 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 127

Median age [time series]

total: 39.8 years male: 38.4 years female: 41.4 years (2014 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth [time series]

26 (2011 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Romanian(s) adjective: Romanian

Net migration rate [time series]

-0.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 123

Obesity - adult prevalence rate [time series]

19.1% (2008) country comparison to the world: 101

Physician density (Physicians density) [time series]

2.39 physicians/1,000 population (2010)

Population [time series]

21,729,871 (July 2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 58

Population growth rate [time series]

-0.29% (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 216

Religions [time series]

Eastern Orthodox (including all sub-denominations) 81.9%, Protestant (various denominations including Reformed and Pentecostal) 6.4%, Roman Catholic 4.3%, other (includes Muslim) 0.9%, none or atheist 0.2%, unspecified 6.3% (2011 est.)

Sanitation facility access [time series]

improved: urban: 87.9% of population rural: 54.4% of population total: 72.1% of population unimproved: urban: 12.1% of population rural: 45.6% of population total: 27.9% of population (2008 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) [time series]

total: 14 years male: 14 years female: 15 years (2011)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2014 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

1.32 children born/woman (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 214

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) (Unemployment, youth ages 15-24) [time series]

total: 22.7% country comparison to the world: 49 male: 22.3% female: 23.2% (2012)

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 52.8% of total population (2011) rate of urbanization: -0.18% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

the ICJ ruled largely in favor of Romania in its dispute submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary delimitation; Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea

Illicit drugs [time series]

major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route and small amounts of Latin American cocaine bound for Western Europe; although not a significant financial center, role as a narcotics conduit leaves it vulnerable to laundering, which occurs via the banking system, currency exchange houses, and casinos

Refugees and internally displaced persons [time series]

stateless persons: 248 (2012)

Transportation

Airports [time series]

45 (2013) country comparison to the world: 97

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 26 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 10 1,524 to 2,437 m: 11 under 914 m: 1 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 19 914 to 1,523 m: 5 under 914 m: 14 (2013)

Heliports [time series]

2 (2013)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 5 country comparison to the world: 127 by type: cargo 1, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1 foreign-owned: 1 (Russia 1) registered in other countries: 31 (Georgia 7, Liberia 3, Malta 7, Marshall Islands 2, Moldova 2, Panama 3, Russia 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1, Sierra Leone 2, Tanzania 1, Togo 1, unknown 1) (2010)

Pipelines [time series]

gas 3,726 km; oil 2,451 km (2013)

Ports (Ports and terminals) [time series]

major seaport(s): Constanta, Midia river port(s): Braila, Galati (Galatz), Mancanului (Giurgiu), Tulcea (Danube River)

Railways [time series]

total: 10,777 km country comparison to the world: 22 broad gauge: 134 km 1.524-m gauge standard gauge: 10,639 km 1.435-m gauge (4,020 km electrified) narrow gauge: 4 km 1.000-m gauge (2012)

Roadways [time series]

total: 84,185 km country comparison to the world: 55 paved: 49,873 km (includes 337 km of expressways) unpaved: 34,312 km (2012)

Waterways [time series]

1,731 km (includes 1,075 km on the Danube River, 524 km on secondary branches, and 132 km on canals) (2010) country comparison to the world: 46