Romania

semi-presidential republic

name: Bucharest geographic coordinates: 44 26 N, 26 06 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October etymology: the name is said to come from a shepherd named Bucur who is reputed to have founded the town in 1457, but a settlement probably already existed on the site; the name may come from the personal name of an early landowner

chief of state: President Nicușor DAN (since 26 May 2025) head of government: Prime Minister Ilie BOLOJAN (since 23 June 2005) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president with consent of Parliament most recent election date: 18 May 2025 election results: 2025: Nicușor DAN elected president in runoff; percent of vote - Nicușor DAN (unaffiliated) 53.6%, George SIMION (AUR) 46.4% 2019: Klaus IOHANNIS reelected president in second round; percent of vote - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 66.1%, Viorica DANCILA (PSD) 33.9% expected date of next election: 2030 note: the prime ministerial position will be rotated in 2027 from BOLOJAN to another coalition party member as part of a power-sharing agreement

legislature name: Parliament of Romania (Parlamentul României) legislative structure: bicameral

highest court(s): High Court of Cassation and Justice (consists of 111 judges organized into civil, penal, commercial, contentious administrative and fiscal business, and joint sections); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members) judge selection and term of office: High Court of Cassation and Justice judges appointed by the president upon nomination by the Superior Council of Magistracy, a 19-member body of judges, prosecutors, and law specialists; judges appointed for 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court members - 6 elected by Parliament and 3 appointed by the president; members serve 9-year, nonrenewable terms subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; regional tribunals; first instance courts; military and arbitration courts

history: several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991 amendment process: initiated by the president of Romania through a proposal by the government, by at least one fourth of deputies or senators in Parliament, or by petition of eligible voters representing at least half of Romania s counties; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by both chambers or if mediation is required - by three-fourths majority vote in a joint session, followed by approval in a referendum; articles, including those on national sovereignty, form of government, political pluralism, and fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended

Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA,UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

2.3% of GDP (2025 est.) 2.2% of GDP (2024 est.) 1.6% of GDP (2023 est.) 1.8% of GDP (2022 est.) 1.9% of GDP (2021 est.)

Romanian Armed Forces (Forțele Armate Rom ne or Armata Rom nă): Romanian Land Forces, Romanian Naval Forces, Romanian Air Force Ministry of Internal Affairs: Romanian Police, Romanian Gendarmerie, Romanian Border Police (2025)

typically 18-35 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; compulsory service ended in 2007 (2025) note: in 2025, the Romanian Government approved a voluntary service plan for citizens aged 18 to 35 to apply for a four-month basic military training programme, open to both men and women who have not completed active military service or not already in reserve; participants would subsequently be registered as reservists

the Romanian Armed Forces are responsible for territorial defense, fulfilling the country's commitments to European security, and contributing to multinational peacekeeping operations; the military has a variety of concerns, including Russian aggression against Ukraine, Russia's activities in the Black Sea and in Moldova, cyber attacks, hybrid threats, and terrorism; a key focus for the military is equipment modernization Romania joined NATO in 2004, and its membership forms a key pillar of the country s defense policy; it hosts a NATO multinational divisional headquarters (Multinational Division Southeast) and a French-led ground force battlegroup as part of NATO's Enhanced Forward Presence initiative in the southeastern part of the Alliance, which came about in response to Russia s 2022 invasion of Ukraine; NATO allies have also sent detachments of fighters to augment the Romanian Air Force since 2014 because of aggressive Russian activity in the Black Sea region; the Romanian military trains with NATO and its member states and has participated in NATO- and EU-led multinational missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Poland; it also participates in UN peacekeeping missions (2025)

470 Bosnia Herzegovina (EUFOR); 200 Kosovo (KFOR/NATO); up to 120 Poland (NATO); Romania also has small numbers of military personnel deployed on other international missions under the EU, NATO, and UN (2025)

$774.376 billion (2024 est.) $768.126 billion (2023 est.) $750.091 billion (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

$40,600 (2024 est.) $40,300 (2023 est.) $39,400 (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

0.8% (2024 est.) 2.4% (2023 est.) 4% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

5.7% (2024 est.) 10.4% (2023 est.) 13.8% (2022 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

50.9% of GDP (2022 est.) note: central government debt as a % of GDP

$136.253 billion (2024 est.) $136.488 billion (2023 est.) $129.286 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

$159.575 billion (2024 est.) $153.427 billion (2023 est.) $149.209 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

5.4% (2024 est.) 5.6% (2023 est.) 5.7% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment

revenues: $93.691 billion (2022 est.) expenditures: $112.799 billion (2022 est.) note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

electric machinery and equipment, auto assembly, textiles and footwear, light machinery, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining, mining, timber, construction materials

wheat, maize, milk, sunflower seeds, barley, rapeseed, potatoes, grapes, plums, apples (2023) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

total: 18,148,155 (2024 est.) male: 8,747,795 female: 9,400,360

-0.86% (2025 est.)

0-14 years: 15.4% (male 1,441,359/female 1,362,304) 15-64 years: 62% (male 5,618,366/female 5,632,718) 65 years and over: 22.6% (2024 est.) (male 1,688,070/female 2,405,338)

8.45 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

14.28 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

-2.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

total population: 76.9 years (2024 est.) male: 73.4 years female: 80.5 years

urban population: 54.7% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: -0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Romanian 89.3%, Hungarian 6%, Romani 3.4%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.1%, other 0.9% (2021 est.) note: data represent individuals who declared an ethnic group in the 2021 national census; 13% did not respond; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5 11% of Romania's population

Romanian (official) 91.6%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romani 1.2%, other 0.7% (2021 est.) major-language sample(s): Cartea informativa a lumii, sursa indispensabila pentru informatii de baza. (Romanian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. note: data represent individuals who declared a maternal language in the 2021 national census; 13.1% did not respond

Romanian Orthodox 85.3%, Roman Catholic 4.5%, Reformed 3%, Pentecostal 2.5%, other 4.7% (2021 est.) note: data represent individuals who declared a religion in the 2021 national census; 13.9% did not respond

total population: 99.2% (2021 est.) male: 99% (2021 est.) female: 99.3% (2021 est.)

petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower

Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

refugees: 184,991 (2024 est.) stateless persons: 297 (2024 est.)

103 (2025)

total: 10,628 km (2020) 4,030 km electrified

total: 127 (2023) by type: general cargo 9, oil tanker 7, other 111

total subscriptions: 23.2 million (2022 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 118 (2022 est.)

percent of population: 89% (2023 est.)