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Communications

Broadcast media [time series]

following a law passed in 2005, Mongolia's state-run radio and TV provider converted to a public service provider; also available are private radio and TV broadcasters, as well as multi-channel satellite and cable TV providers; more than 100 radio stations, including some 20 via repeaters for the public broadcaster; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2008)

Internet country code [time series]

.mn

Internet users (Internet hosts) [time series]

20,084 (2012) country comparison to the world: 118

Internet users [time series]

330,000 (2008) country comparison to the world: 125

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: network is improving with international direct dialing available in many areas; a fiber-optic network has been installed that is improving broadband and communication services between major urban centers with multiple companies providing inter-city fiber-optic cable services domestic: very low fixed-line teledensity; there are multiple mobile- cellular providers and subscribership is increasing international: country code - 976; satellite earth stations - 7

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

187,600 (2011) country comparison to the world: 128

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

2.942 million (2011) country comparison to the world: 129

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

wheat, barley, vegetables, forage crops; sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses

Budget [time series]

revenues: $4.409 billion expenditures: $4.925 billion (2012 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) [time series]

-5.2% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 160

Central bank discount rate [time series]

10.99% (31 December 2010) country comparison to the world: 22 10.82% (31 December 2009 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate [time series]

18.3% (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 39 15.5% (31 December 2011 est.)

Current account balance [time series]

-$2.76 billion (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 147 -$885.9 million (2010 est.)

Debt - external [time series]

$2.07 billion (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 141 $1.94 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income (Distribution of family income - Gini index) [time series]

36.5 (2008) country comparison to the world: 80 32.8 (2002)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Mongolia's extensive mineral deposits and attendant growth in mining-sector activities have transformed Mongolia's economy, which traditionally has been dependent on herding and agriculture. Mongolia's copper, gold, coal, molybdenum, fluorspar, uranium, tin, and tungsten deposits, among others, have attracted foreign direct investment. Soviet assistance, at its height one-third of GDP, disappeared almost overnight in 1990 and 1991 at the time of the dismantlement of the USSR. The following decade saw Mongolia endure both deep recession, because of political inaction and natural disasters, as well as economic growth, because of reform-embracing, free-market economics and extensive privatization of the formerly state-run economy. The country opened a fledgling stock exchange in 1991. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization in 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade regimes. Growth averaged nearly 9% per year in 2004-08 largely because of high copper prices globally and new gold production. By late 2008, Mongolia was hit hard by the global financial crisis. Slower global economic growth hurt the country's exports, notably copper, and slashed government revenues. As a result, Mongolia's real economy contracted 1.3% in 2009. In early 2009, the International Monetary Fund reached a $236 million Stand-by Arrangement with Mongolia and the country has largely emerged from the crisis. The banking sector is recovering and the government has started to enact greater supervision regulations. In October 2009, Mongolia passed long-awaited legislation on an investment agreement to develop the Oyu Tolgoi mine, considered to be among the world's largest untapped copper deposits. Another similarly lengthy process is under review by the National Security Council for an investment agreement for the massive coal mine at Tavan Tolgoi. The economy grew by 6.4% in 2010, 17.5% in 2011, and by more than 12% in 2012, largely on the strength of commodity exports to nearby countries and high government spending domestically. Mongolia's economy, however, faces near-term economic risks from the government's loose fiscal policies, which are contributing to high inflation, and uncertainties in foreign demand for Mongolian exports. Trade with China represents more than half of Mongolia's total external trade - China receives more than 90% of Mongolia's exports. Mongolia purchases 95% of its petroleum products and a substantial amount of electric power from Russia, leaving it vulnerable to price increases. Due to severe winter weather in 2009-10, Mongolia lost 22% of its total livestock, and meat prices doubled. Inflation remained higher than 10% for much of 2010-12, due in part to higher food prices. Remittances from Mongolians working abroad, particularly in South Korea, are significant.

Exchange rates [time series]

togrog/tugriks (MNT) per US dollar - 1,299.5 (2012 est.) 1,265.5 (2011 est.) 1,357.1 (2010 est.) 1,442.8 (2009) 1,170 (2007)

Exports [time series]

$4.78 billion (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 116 $2.909 billion (2010 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

copper, apparel, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals, coal, crude oil

Exports - partners [time series]

China 85.7%, Canada 6.3% (2011)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate) [time series]

$9.923 billion (2012 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP (purchasing power parity)) [time series]

$15.22 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 140 $13.51 billion (2011 est.) $11.5 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2011 US dollars

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP - composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 15.1% industry: 33.8% services: 51.2% (2012 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita (PPP)) [time series]

$5,400 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 149 $4,800 (2011 est.) $4,200 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2011 US dollars

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

12.7% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 5 17.5% (2011 est.) 6.4% (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 3% highest 10%: 28.4% (2008)

Imports [time series]

$5.79 billion (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 121 $3.089 billion (2010 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

machinery and equipment, fuel, cars, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, cigarettes and tobacco, appliances, soap and detergent

Imports - partners [time series]

China 43.4%, Russia 23.3%, South Korea 5.6%, Japan 5.1%, US 5% (2011)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

23% (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 2

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

12.9% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 208 9.5% (2011 est.)

Labor force [time series]

1.147 million (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 140

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture: 33.5% industry: 11.5% services: 55% (2010)

Market value of publicly traded shares [time series]

$1.579 billion (31 December 2011) country comparison to the world: 107 $1.093 billion (31 December 2010) $430.2 million (31 December 2009)

Population below poverty line [time series]

39.2% (2010 est.)

Stock of broad money [time series]

$4.592 billion (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 130 $3.725 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad [time series]

$95 million (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 82 $62 million (31 December 2010 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home [time series]

$4.715 billion (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 87 $1.691 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Stock of domestic credit [time series]

$4.71 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 116 $3.077 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money [time series]

$1.702 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 133 $1.247 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues [time series]

44.4% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 36

Unemployment rate [time series]

9% (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 104 13% (2010)

Energy

Carbon dioxide emissions (Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy) [time series]

9.436 million Mt (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 101

Crude oil - exports [time series]

5,260 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 60

Crude oil - imports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 91

Crude oil - production [time series]

6,983 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 84

Crude oil - proved reserves [time series]

NA bbl

Electricity - consumption [time series]

3.375 billion kWh (2010) country comparison to the world: 129

Electricity - exports [time series]

22.2 million kWh (2010) country comparison to the world: 83

Electricity - from fossil fuels [time series]

99.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 48

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants [time series]

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 182

Electricity - from nuclear fuels [time series]

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 133

Electricity - from other renewable sources [time series]

0.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 92

Electricity - imports [time series]

262.9 million kWh (2010) country comparison to the world: 83

Electricity - installed generating capacity [time series]

833,200 kW (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 127

Electricity - production [time series]

4.056 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 123

Natural gas - consumption [time series]

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 168

Natural gas - exports [time series]

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 111

Natural gas - imports [time series]

11,790 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 76

Natural gas - production [time series]

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 161

Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]

0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 165

Refined petroleum products - consumption [time series]

21,610 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 127

Refined petroleum products - exports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 197

Refined petroleum products - imports [time series]

15,730 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 116

Refined petroleum products - production [time series]

0 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 171

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 1,564,116 sq km country comparison to the world: 19 land: 1,553,556 sq km water: 10,560 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly smaller than Alaska

Climate [time series]

desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)

Coastline [time series]

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Hoh Nuur 560 m highest point: Nayramadlin Orgil (Huyten Orgil) 4,374 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

limited natural freshwater resources in some areas; the policies of former Communist regimes promoted rapid urbanization and industrial growth that had negative effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, and the converting of virgin land to agricultural production increased soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification and mining activities had a deleterious effect on the environment

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Total water withdrawal (Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)) [time series]

total: 0.44 cu km/yr (20%/27%/52%) per capita: 166 cu m/yr (2000)

Geographic coordinates [time series]

46 00 N, 105 00 E

Geography - note [time series]

landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia

Irrigated land [time series]

840 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 8,220 km border countries: China 4,677 km, Russia 3,543 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 0.76% permanent crops: 0% other: 99.24% (2005)

Location [time series]

Northern Asia, between China and Russia

Map references [time series]

Asia

Maritime claims [time series]

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards [time series]

dust storms; grassland and forest fires; drought; "zud," which is harsh winter conditions

Natural resources [time series]

oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron

Terrain [time series]

vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central

Total renewable water resources [time series]

34.8 cu km (1999)

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan (Zavkhan), Govi-Altay, Govisumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs

Capital [time series]

name: Ulaanbaatar geographic coordinates: 47 55 N, 106 55 E time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution [time series]

13 January 1992

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: none conventional short form: Mongolia local long form: none local short form: Mongol Uls former: Outer Mongolia

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Piper Anne Wind CAMPBELL embassy: Big Ring Road, 11th Micro Region, Ulaanbaatar, 14171 Mongolia mailing address: PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002; P.O. Box 1021, Ulaanbaatar-13 telephone: [976] (11) 329-095 FAX: [976] (11) 320-776

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Khasbazar BEKHBAT chancery: 2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 333-7117 FAX: [1] (202) 298-9227 consulate(s) general: New York, San Francisco

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ (since 18 June 2009) head of government: Prime Minister Norov ALTANKHUYAG (since 9 August 2012); Deputy Prime Minister Dendev TERBISHDAGVA (since 20 August 2012) cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the prime minister in consultation with the president and confirmed by the State Great Hural (parliament) (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: presidential candidates nominated by political parties represented in State Great Hural and elected by popular vote for a four-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 24 May 2009 (next to be held by May 2013); following legislative elections, leader of majority party or majority coalition usually elected prime minister by State Great Hural election results: in elections in May 2009, Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ elected president; percent of vote - Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ 51.2%, Nambar ENKHBAYAR 47.4%, others 1.3%

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol); blue represents the sky, red symbolizes progress and prosperity

Government type [time series]

parliamentary

Independence [time series]

11 July 1921 (from China)

International law organization participation [time series]

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation [time series]

ADB, ARF, CD, CICA, CP, EBRD, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, OSCE, SCO (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court (serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts but rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts; judges are nominated by the General Council of Courts and approved by the president); Constitutional Court (this independent court resolves disputes about potentially unconstitutional laws and acts of the president, members of parliament, and the cabinet)

Legal system [time series]

civil law system influenced by Soviet and Romano-Germanic legal systems; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral State Great Hural (76 seats; of which 48 members are directly elected from 26 electoral districts, while 28 members are proportionally elected based on a party's share of the total votes; all serve four-year terms) elections: last held on 28 June 2012 (next to be held in June 2016) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - DP 33, MPP 25, Justice Coalition 11, others 5, vacant 2

National anthem(s) (National anthem) [time series]

name: "Mongol ulsyn toriin duulal" (National Anthem of Mongolia) lyrics/music: Tsendiin DAMDINSUREN/Bilegiin DAMDINSUREN and Luvsanjamts MURJORJ note: music adopted 1950, lyrics adopted 2006; the anthem's lyrics have been altered on numerous occasions

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921)

National symbol(s) [time series]

soyombo emblem

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Civil Will-Green Party or CWGP [Dangaasuren EHKHBAT]; Democratic Party or DP [Norov ALTANHUYAG]; Mongolian People's Party or MPP [O. ENKHTUVSHIN]; Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambar ENKHBAYAR]

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

other: human rights groups; women's groups

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Introduction

Background [time series]

The Mongols gained fame in the 13th century when under Chinggis KHAAN they established a huge Eurasian empire through conquest. After his death the empire was divided into several powerful Mongol states, but these broke apart in the 14th century. The Mongols eventually retired to their original steppe homelands and in the late 17th century came under Chinese rule. Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing and a Communist regime was installed in 1924. The modern country of Mongolia, however, represents only part of the Mongols' historical homeland; more ethnic Mongolians live in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China than in Mongolia. Following a peaceful democratic revolution, the ex-Communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) won elections in 1990 and 1992, but was defeated by the Democratic Union Coalition (DUC) in the 1996 parliamentary election. The MPRP won an overwhelming majority in the 2000 parliamentary election, but the party lost seats in the 2004 election and shared power with democratic coalition parties from 2004-08. The MPRP regained a solid majority in the 2008 parliamentary elections but nevertheless formed a coalition government with the Democratic Party that lasted until January 2012. In 2010 the MPRP voted to retake the name of the Mongolian People's Party (MPP), a name it used in the early 1920s.

Military

Manpower available for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 898,546 females age 16-49: 891,192 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 726,199 females age 16-49: 756,628 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually [time series]

male: 30,829 female: 29,648 (2010 est.)

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Mongolian Armed Forces: Mongolian Army, Mongolian Air Force; there is no navy (2010)

Military expenditures [time series]

1.4% of GDP (2006) country comparison to the world: 101

Military service age and obligation [time series]

18-25 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 12 months in land or air defense forces or police; a small portion of Mongolian land forces (2.5 percent) is comprised of contract soldiers; women cannot be deployed overseas for military operations (2006)

People and Society

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 27.1% (male 439,504/ female 421,838) 15-64 years: 68.9% (male 1,095,073/ female 1,096,374) 65 years and over: 4% (male 55,274/ female 71,934) (2012 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

20.7 births/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 85

Children under the age of 5 years underweight [time series]

5.3% (2005) country comparison to the world: 83

Death rate [time series]

6.01 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 161

Education expenditure (Education expenditures) [time series]

5.6% of GDP (2009) country comparison to the world: 39

Ethnic groups [time series]

Mongol (mostly Khalkha) 94.9%, Turkic (mostly Kazakh) 5%, other (including Chinese and Russian) 0.1% (2000)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

less than 0.1% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 141

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

fewer than 100 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 123

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

fewer than 500 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 155

Health expenditure (Health expenditures) [time series]

9.3% of GDP (2009) country comparison to the world: 39

Hospital bed density [time series]

5.89 beds/1,000 population (2009)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 36 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 65 male: 38.94 deaths/1,000 live births female: 32.91 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)

Languages [time series]

Khalkha Mongol 90% (official), Turkic, Russian (1999)

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 68.63 years country comparison to the world: 155 male: 66.16 years female: 71.23 years (2012 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 97.4% male: 96.9% female: 97.9% (2010 est.)

Major urban areas - population (Major cities - population) [time series]

ULAANBAATAR (capital) 949,000 (2009)

Maternal mortality ratio (Maternal mortality rate) [time series]

63 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 98

Median age [time series]

total: 26.6 years male: 26.2 years female: 27 years (2012 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Mongolian(s) adjective: Mongolian

Net migration rate [time series]

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 96

Obesity - adult prevalence rate [time series]

9.8% (2005) country comparison to the world: 57

Physician density (Physicians density) [time series]

2.763 physicians/1,000 population (2008)

Population [time series]

3,179,997 (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 135

Population growth rate [time series]

1.469% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 83

Religions [time series]

Buddhist Lamaist 50%, Shamanist and Christian 6%, Muslim 4%, none 40% (2004)

Sanitation facility access [time series]

improved: urban: 64% of population rural: 32% of population total: 50% of population unimproved: urban: 36% of population rural: 68% of population total: 50% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) [time series]

total: 14 years male: 13 years female: 15 years (2009)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

2.19 children born/woman (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 105

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) (Unemployment, youth ages 15-24) [time series]

total: 20% country comparison to the world: 58 male: 19.5% female: 20.7% (2003)

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 62% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 1.9% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

none

Transportation

Airports [time series]

44 (2012) country comparison to the world: 97

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 15 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 11 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2012)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 29 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 23 under 914 m: 1 (2012)

Heliports [time series]

1 (2012)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 57 country comparison to the world: 68 by type: bulk carrier 21, cargo 25, chemical tanker 1, container 2, liquefied gas 2, passenger/cargo 2, roll on/roll off 3, vehicle carrier 1 foreign-owned: 44 (Indonesia 2, Japan 2, North Korea 1, Russia 2, Singapore 3, Ukraine 1, Vietnam 33) (2010)

Railways [time series]

total: 1,908 km country comparison to the world: 73 broad gauge: 1,908 km 1.520-m gauge note: the railway is 50 percent owned by the Russian State Railway (2010)

Roadways [time series]

total: 49,249 km country comparison to the world: 80 paved: 3,015 km unpaved: 46,234 km (2010)

Waterways [time series]

580 km (the only waterway in operation is Lake Hovsgol) (135 km); Selenge River (270 km) and Orhon River (175 km) are navigable but carry little traffic; lakes and rivers freeze in winter, they are open from May to September) (2010) country comparison to the world: 82