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Communications

Broadcast media [time series]

following a law passed in 2005, Mongolia's state-run radio and TV provider converted to a public service provider; also available are private radio and TV broadcasters, as well as multi-channel satellite and cable TV providers; more than 100 radio stations, including some 20 via repeaters for the public broadcaster; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2008)

Internet country code [time series]

.mn

Internet users (Internet hosts) [time series]

7,942 (2010) country comparison to the world: 134

Internet users [time series]

330,000 (2008) country comparison to the world: 125

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: network is improving with international direct dialing available in many areas; a fiber-optic network has been installed that is improving broadband and communication services between major urban centers with multiple companies providing inter-city fiber-optic cable services domestic: very low fixed-line teledensity; there are multiple mobile- cellular providers and subscribership is increasing rapidly; international: country code - 976; satellite earth stations - 7

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

188,900 (2009) country comparison to the world: 125

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

2.249 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 127

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

wheat, barley, vegetables, forage crops; sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses

Central bank discount rate [time series]

10.82% (31 December 2009) country comparison to the world: 22 14.78% (31 December 2008)

Commercial bank prime lending rate [time series]

21.67% (31 December 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 16 20.58% (31 December 2008 est.)

Current account balance [time series]

-$228.7 million (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 93 -$710 million (2008 est.)

Debt - external [time series]

$1.86 billion (2009) country comparison to the world: 141 $1.6 billion (2008)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income (Distribution of family income - Gini index) [time series]

32.8 (2002) country comparison to the world: 97 44 (1998)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Economic activity in Mongolia has traditionally been based on herding and agriculture - Mongolia's extensive mineral deposits, however, have attracted foreign investors. The country holds copper, gold, coal, molybdenum, fluorspar, uranium, tin, and tungsten deposits, which account for a large part of foreign direct investment and government revenues. Soviet assistance, at its height one-third of GDP, disappeared almost overnight in 1990 and 1991 at the time of the dismantlement of the USSR. The following decade saw Mongolia endure both deep recession, because of political inaction and natural disasters, as well as economic growth, because of reform-embracing, free-market economics and extensive privatization of the formerly state-run economy. Severe winters and summer droughts in 2000-02 resulted in massive livestock die-off and zero or negative GDP growth. This was compounded by falling prices for Mongolia's primary sector exports and widespread opposition to privatization. Growth averaged nearly 9% per year in 2004-08 largely because of high copper prices and new gold production. In 2008 Mongolia experienced a soaring inflation rate with year-to-year inflation reaching nearly 30% - the highest inflation rate in over a decade. By late 2008, as the country began to feel the effects of the global financial crisis, falling commodity prices helped lower inflation, but also reduced government revenues and forced cuts in spending. In early 2009, the International Monetary Fund reached a $236 million Stand-by Arrangement with Mongolia, and the country has started to move out of the crisis. Although the banking sector remains unstable, the government is now enforcing stricter supervision regulations. In October 2009, the government passed long-awaited legislation on an investment agreement to develop Mongolia's Oyu Tolgoi mine, considered to be one of the world's largest untapped copper deposits. The economy grew an estimated 7% in 2010, largely on the strength of exports to nearby countries, and international reserves reached $1.6 billion in September, an all time high for Mongolia. Mongolia's economy continues to be heavily influenced by its neighbors. Mongolia purchases 95% of its petroleum products and a substantial amount of electric power from Russia, leaving it vulnerable to price increases. Trade with China represents more than half of Mongolia's total external trade - China receives about two-thirds of Mongolia's exports. Remittances from Mongolians working abroad are sizable, but have fallen due to the economic crisis; money laundering is a growing concern. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization in 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade regimes.

Electricity - consumption [time series]

3.439 billion kWh (2009) country comparison to the world: 120

Electricity - exports [time series]

21.2 million kWh (2009)

Electricity - imports [time series]

186.1 million kWh (2009)

Electricity - production [time series]

4.03 billion kWh (2009) country comparison to the world: 117

Exchange rates [time series]

togrog/tugriks (MNT) per US dollar - 1,442.8 (2009), 1,267.51 (2008), 1,170 (2007), 1,165 (2006)

Exports [time series]

$1.902 billion (2009) country comparison to the world: 132 $2.539 billion (2008)

Exports - commodities [time series]

copper, apparel, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals, coal

Exports - partners [time series]

China 78.52%, Canada 9.46%, Russia 3.02% (2009)

GDP (official exchange rate) [time series]

$5.807 billion (2010 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP (purchasing power parity)) [time series]

$10.16 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 150 $9.5 billion (2009 est.) $9.654 billion (2008 est.) note: data are in 2010 US dollars

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP - composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 21.2% industry: 29.5% services: 49.3% (2009 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita (PPP)) [time series]

$3,300 (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 165 $3,100 (2009 est.) $3,200 (2008 est.) note: data are in 2010 US dollars

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

7% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 23 -1.6% (2009 est.) 8.9% (2008 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 2.9% highest 10%: 24.9% (2005)

Imports [time series]

$2.131 billion (2009) country comparison to the world: 150 $3.224 billion (2008)

Imports - commodities [time series]

machinery and equipment, fuel, cars, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea

Imports - partners [time series]

China 35.99%, Russia 31.56%, South Korea 7.08%, Japan 4.8% (2009)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

3% (2006 est.) country comparison to the world: 110

Industries [time series]

construction and construction materials; mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, tin, tungsten, and gold); oil; food and beverages; processing of animal products, cashmere and natural fiber manufacturing

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

4.2% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 125 28% (2008 est.)

Labor force [time series]

1.068 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 141

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture: 34% industry: 5% services: 61% (2008)

Market value of publicly traded shares [time series]

$430.2 million (31 December 2009) country comparison to the world: 105 $407 million (31 December 2008) $612.2 million (31 December 2007)

Natural gas - consumption [time series]

0 cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 135

Natural gas - exports [time series]

0 cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 93

Natural gas - imports [time series]

0 cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 153

Natural gas - production [time series]

0 cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 144

Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]

0 cu m (1 January 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 144

Oil - consumption [time series]

16,000 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 134

Oil - exports [time series]

5,300 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 103

Oil - imports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2009) country comparison to the world: 205

Oil - production [time series]

5,100 bbl/day (2009) country comparison to the world: 93

Oil - proved reserves [time series]

NA bbl (1 January 2010 est.)

Population below poverty line [time series]

36.1% (2004)

Stock of broad money [time series]

$1.996 billion (31 December 2009) country comparison to the world: 143 $1.791 billion (31 December 2008)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad [time series]

$NA

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home [time series]

$NA

Stock of domestic credit [time series]

$1.664 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 131 $1.183 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Stock of narrow money [time series]

$451.4 million (31 December 2009) country comparison to the world: 160 $510.7 million (31 December 2008)

Unemployment rate [time series]

2.8% (2008) country comparison to the world: 22 3% (2007)

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 1,564,116 sq km country comparison to the world: 19 land: 1,553,556 sq km water: 10,560 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly smaller than Alaska

Climate [time series]

desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)

Coastline [time series]

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Hoh Nuur 560 m highest point: Nayramadlin Orgil (Huyten Orgil) 4,374 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

limited natural fresh water resources in some areas; the policies of former Communist regimes promoted rapid urbanization and industrial growth that had negative effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, and the converting of virgin land to agricultural production increased soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification and mining activities had a deleterious effect on the environment

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Total water withdrawal (Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)) [time series]

total: 0.44 cu km/yr (20%/27%/52%) per capita: 166 cu m/yr (2000)

Geographic coordinates [time series]

46 00 N, 105 00 E

Geography - note [time series]

landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia

Irrigated land [time series]

840 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 8,220 km border countries: China 4,677 km, Russia 3,543 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 0.76% permanent crops: 0% other: 99.24% (2005)

Location [time series]

Northern Asia, between China and Russia

Map references [time series]

Asia

Maritime claims [time series]

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards [time series]

dust storms; grassland and forest fires; drought; "zud," which is harsh winter conditions

Natural resources [time series]

oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron

Terrain [time series]

vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central

Total renewable water resources [time series]

34.8 cu km (1999)

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan (Zavkhan), Govi-Altay, Govisumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs

Capital [time series]

name: Ulaanbaatar geographic coordinates: 47 55 N, 106 55 E time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution [time series]

13 January 1992

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: none conventional short form: Mongolia local long form: none local short form: Mongol Uls former: Outer Mongolia

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Jonathan ADDLETON embassy: Big Ring Road, 11th Micro Region, Ulaanbaatar, 14171 Mongolia mailing address: PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002; P.O. Box 1021, Ulaanbaatar-13 telephone: [976] (11) 329-095 FAX: [976] (11) 320-776

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Khasbazar BEKHBAT chancery: 2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 333-7117 FAX: [1] (202) 298-9227 consulate(s) general: New York

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ (since 18 June 2009) head of government: Prime Minister Sukhbaatar BATBOLD (since 29 October 2009); First Deputy Prime Minister (Norov ALTANKHUYAG (since 20 September 2008); Deputy Prime Minister Miegombyn ENKHBOLD (since 6 December 2007) cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the prime minister in consultation with the president and confirmed by the State Great Hural (parliament) (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: presidential candidates nominated by political parties represented in State Great Hural and elected by popular vote for a four-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 24 May 2009 (next to be held in May 2013); following legislative elections, leader of majority party or majority coalition usually elected prime minister by State Great Hural election results: in elections in May 2009, Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ elected president; percent of vote - Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ 51.2%, Nambar ENKHBAYAR 47.4%, others 1.3%

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol); blue represents the sky, red symbolizes progress and prosperity

Government type [time series]

parliamentary

Independence [time series]

11 July 1921 (from China)

International organization participation [time series]

ADB, ARF, CD, CICA, CP, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, OSCE (partner), SCO (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court (serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts but rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts; judges are nominated by the General Council of Courts and approved by the president)

Legal system [time series]

blend of Soviet and German systems that employ "continental" or "civil" code; case-precedent may be used to inform judges, but all decisions must refer to the law as written; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral State Great Hural 76 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms elections: last held on 29 June 2008 (next to be held in June 2012) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MPP 46, DP 27, others 3

National anthem(s) (National anthem) [time series]

name: "Mongol ulsyn toriin duulal" (National Anthem of Mongolia) lyrics/music: Tsendiin DAMDINSUREN/Bilegiin DAMDINSUREN and Luvsanjamts MURJORJ note: music adopted 1950, lyrics adopted 2006; the anthem's lyrics have been altered on numerous occasions

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Democratic Party or DP [Norov ALTANHUYAG]; Mongolian People's Party or MPP [Sukhbaatar BATBOLD]

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

other: human rights groups; women's groups

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Introduction

Background [time series]

The Mongols gained fame in the 13th century when under Chinggis KHAAN they established a huge Eurasian empire through conquest. After his death the empire was divided into several powerful Mongol states, but these broke apart in the 14th century. The Mongols eventually retired to their original steppe homelands and in the late 17th century came under Chinese rule. Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing and a Communist regime was installed in 1924. The modern country of Mongolia, however, represents only part of the Mongols' historical homeland; more ethnic Mongolians live in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China than in Mongolia. Following a peaceful democratic revolution, the ex-Communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) won elections in 1990 and 1992, but was defeated by the Democratic Union Coalition (DUC) in the 1996 parliamentary election. The MPRP won an overwhelming majority in the 2000 parliamentary election, but the party lost seats in the 2004 election and shared power with democratic coalition parties from 2004-08. The MPRP regained a solid majority in the 2008 parliamentary elections but nevertheless formed a coalition government with the Democratic Party. In 2010 the MPRP voted to retake the name of the Mongolian People's Party (MPP), a name it used in the early 1920s. The prime minister and most cabinet members are MPP members.

Military

Manpower available for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 887,059 females age 16-49: 880,788 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 715,585 females age 16-49: 748,083 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually [time series]

male: 29,240 female: 28,156 (2010 est.)

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Mongolian Armed Forces: Mongolian Army, Mongolian Air Force; there is no navy (2010)

Military expenditures [time series]

1.4% of GDP (2006) country comparison to the world: 106

Military service age and obligation [time series]

18-25 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 12 months in land or air defense forces or police; a small portion of Mongolian land forces (2.5 percent) is comprised of contract soldiers; women cannot be deployed overseas for military operations (2006)

People

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 28.1% (male 436,391/female 418,923) 15-64 years: 67.9% (male 1,031,819/female 1,033,806) 65 years and over: 4% (male 52,430/female 67,773) (2010 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

21.03 births/1,000 population (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 88

Death rate [time series]

6.08 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 164

Education expenditure (Education expenditures) [time series]

5.1% of GDP (2007) country comparison to the world: 65

Ethnic groups [time series]

Mongol (mostly Khalkha) 94.9%, Turkic (mostly Kazakh) 5%, other (including Chinese and Russian) 0.1% (2000)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

less than 0.1% (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 133

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

fewer than 200 (2003 est.) country comparison to the world: 107

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

fewer than 500 (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 152

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 38.56 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 69 male: 41.63 deaths/1,000 live births female: 35.35 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)

Languages [time series]

Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999)

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 67.98 years country comparison to the world: 153 male: 65.54 years female: 70.54 years (2010 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 97.8% male: 98% female: 97.5% (2000 census)

Median age [time series]

total: 25.8 years male: 25.3 years female: 26.2 years (2010 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Mongolian(s) adjective: Mongolian

Net migration rate [time series]

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population country comparison to the world: 116

Population [time series]

3,086,918 (July 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 134

Population growth rate [time series]

1.495% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 82

Religions [time series]

Buddhist Lamaist 50%, Shamanist and Christian 6%, Muslim 4%, none 40% (2004)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) [time series]

total: 14 years male: 13 years female: 14 years (2008)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2010 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

2.22 children born/woman (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 109

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 57% of total population (2008) rate of urbanization: 1.2% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

none

Transportation

Airports [time series]

46 (2010) country comparison to the world: 94

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 14 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 10 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2010)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 32 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 25 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2010)

Heliports [time series]

1 (2010)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 58 country comparison to the world: 67 by type: bulk carrier 20, cargo 29, chemical tanker 2, liquefied gas 2, passenger/cargo 1, roll on/roll off 3, vehicle carrier 1 foreign-owned: 44 (Indonesia 2, North Korea 1, Russia 4, Singapore 1, Turkey 1, Ukraine 1, Vietnam 34) (2010)

Railways [time series]

total: 1,810 km country comparison to the world: 76 broad gauge: 1,810 km 1.520-m gauge (2008)

Roadways [time series]

total: 49,250 km country comparison to the world: 82 paved: 2,824 km unpaved: 46,426 km (includes 1,994 km with gravel surface and 1,874 km with improved surface) (2009)

Waterways [time series]

580 km country comparison to the world: 82 note: only waterway in operation is Lake Hovsgol (135 km); Selenge River (270 km) and Orhon River (175 km) are navigable but carry little traffic; lakes and rivers freeze in winter, are open from May to September (2010)