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Communications

Broadcast media [time series]

following a law passed in 2005, Mongolia's state-run radio and TV provider converted to a public service provider; also available are private radio and TV broadcasters, as well as multi-channel satellite and cable TV providers; more than 100 radio stations, including some 20 via repeaters for the public broadcaster; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2008)

Internet country code [time series]

.mn

Internet users (Internet hosts) [time series]

20,084 (2012) country comparison to the world: 118

Internet users [time series]

330,000 (2008) country comparison to the world: 125

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: network is improving with international direct dialing available in many areas; a fiber-optic network has been installed that is improving broadband and communication services between major urban centers with multiple companies providing inter-city fiber-optic cable services domestic: very low fixed-line teledensity; there are multiple mobile-cellular providers and subscribership is increasing international: country code - 976; satellite earth stations - 7 (2011)

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

176,700 (2012) country comparison to the world: 129

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

3.375 million (2012) country comparison to the world: 126

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

wheat, barley, vegetables, forage crops; sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses

Budget [time series]

revenues: $3.228 billion expenditures: $4.091 billion (2012 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) [time series]

-8.5% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 194

Central bank discount rate [time series]

13.25% (31 December 2012) country comparison to the world: 15 12.25% (31 December 2011 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate [time series]

18.2% (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 38 15.5% (31 December 2011 est.)

Current account balance [time series]

$-3.362 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 153 $-2.76 billion (2011 est.)

Debt - external [time series]

$4.669 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 123 $2.564 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income (Distribution of family income - Gini index) [time series]

36.5 (2008) country comparison to the world: 82 32.8 (2002)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Mongolia's extensive mineral deposits and attendant growth in mining-sector activities have transformed Mongolia's economy, which traditionally has been dependent on herding and agriculture. Mongolia's copper, gold, coal, molybdenum, fluorspar, uranium, tin, and tungsten deposits, among others, have attracted foreign direct investment. Soviet assistance, at its height one-third of GDP, disappeared almost overnight in 1990 and 1991 at the time of the dismantlement of the USSR. The following decade saw Mongolia endure both deep recession, because of political inaction and natural disasters, as well as economic growth, because of reform-embracing, free-market economics and extensive privatization of the formerly state-run economy. The country opened a fledgling stock exchange in 1991. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization in 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade regimes. Growth averaged nearly 9% per year in 2004-08 largely because of high copper prices globally and new gold production. By late 2008, Mongolia was hit hard by the global financial crisis. Slower global economic growth hurt the country's exports, notably copper, and slashed government revenues. As a result, Mongolia's real economy contracted 1.3% in 2009. In early 2009, the International Monetary Fund reached a $236 million Stand-by Arrangement with Mongolia and the country has largely emerged from the crisis with better regulations and closer supervision. The banking sector strengthened but weaknesses remain. In October 2009, Mongolia passed long-awaited legislation on an investment agreement to develop the Oyu Tolgoi mine, considered to be among the world's largest untapped copper deposits. Recent calls by nationalist politicians to renegotiate the investment agreement, however, have called into question the attractiveness of Mongolia as a destination for foreign direct investment. Negotiations to develop the massive Tavan Tolgoi coal field face similar obstacles. The economy grew by 6.4% in 2010, 17.5% in 2011, and by more than 12.3% in 2012, largely on the strength of commodity exports to nearby countries and high government spending domestically. Mongolia's economy, however, faces near-term economic risks from the government's loose fiscal policies, which are contributing to high inflation, and uncertainties in foreign demand for Mongolian exports. Trade with China represents more than half of Mongolia's total external trade - China receives more than 90% of Mongolia's exports. Mongolia purchases 95% of its petroleum products and a substantial amount of electric power from Russia, leaving it vulnerable to price increases. Due to severe winter weather in 2009-10, Mongolia lost 22% of its total livestock, and meat prices doubled. Inflation remained higher than 10% for much of 2010-12, due in part to higher food and fuel prices. The economic slowdown in China during 2011-2012 resulted in fewer Mongolian exports, a widened trade gap, and decreased government revenues, putting pressure on Mongolian fiscal policy. Remittances from Mongolians working abroad, particularly in South Korea, are significant.

Exchange rates [time series]

togrog/tugriks (MNT) per US dollar - 1,357.6 (2012 est.) 1,265.5 (2011 est.) 1,357.1 (2010 est.) 1,442.8 (2009) 1,170 (2007)

Exports [time series]

$4.382 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 116 $4.816 billion (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

copper, apparel, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals, coal, crude oil

Exports - partners [time series]

China 89%, Canada 4.1% (2012)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate) [time series]

$10.12 billion (2012 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP (purchasing power parity)) [time series]

$15.03 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 141 $13.38 billion (2011 est.) $11.39 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - composition, by end use [time series]

household consumption: 53.2% government consumption: 14.1% investment in fixed capital: 51.7% investment in inventories: 7% exports of goods and services: 50.9% imports of goods and services: -76.9% (2012 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin [time series]

agriculture: 17.1% industry: 32.9% services: 50% (2012 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita (PPP)) [time series]

$5,300 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 153 $4,800 (2011 est.) $4,100 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

12.3% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 4 17.5% (2011 est.) 6.4% (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 3% highest 10%: 28.4% (2008)

Imports [time series]

$5.934 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 122 $5.807 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

machinery and equipment, fuel, cars, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, cigarettes and tobacco, appliances, soap and detergent

Imports - partners [time series]

China 37.5%, Russia 25.6%, US 9.4%, South Korea 6.1%, Japan 4.9% (2012)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

10.1% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 16

Industries [time series]

construction and construction materials; mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, tin, tungsten, and gold); oil; food and beverages; processing of animal products, cashmere and natural fiber manufacturing

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

15% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 211 9.5% (2011 est.)

Labor force [time series]

1.037 million (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 142

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture: 33% industry: 10.6% services: 56.4% (2011)

Market value of publicly traded shares [time series]

$1.29 billion (31 December 2012) country comparison to the world: 100 $1.579 billion (31 December 2011) $1.093 billion (31 December 2010)

Population below poverty line [time series]

29.8% (2011 est.)

Stock of broad money [time series]

$5.456 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 127 $4.592 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad [time series]

$44 million (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 93 $94.5 million (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home [time series]

$4.452 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 88 $4.715 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of domestic credit [time series]

$3.09 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 123 $3.204 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money [time series]

$1.318 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 142 $1.247 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues [time series]

31.9% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 86

Unemployment rate [time series]

9% (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 100 13% (2010)

Energy

Carbon dioxide emissions (Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy) [time series]

10.21 million Mt (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 100

Crude oil - exports [time series]

5,680 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 64

Crude oil - imports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 88

Crude oil - production [time series]

9,935 bbl/day (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 92

Crude oil - proved reserves [time series]

NA bbl

Electricity - consumption [time series]

3.951 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 122

Electricity - exports [time series]

22 million kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 86

Electricity - from fossil fuels [time series]

99.9% of total installed capacity (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 45

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants [time series]

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 181

Electricity - from nuclear fuels [time series]

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 132

Electricity - from other renewable sources [time series]

0.1% of total installed capacity (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 100

Electricity - imports [time series]

263 million kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 81

Electricity - installed generating capacity [time series]

833,200 kW (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 127

Electricity - production [time series]

4.48 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 121

Natural gas - consumption [time series]

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 167

Natural gas - exports [time series]

0 cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 141

Natural gas - imports [time series]

0 cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 92

Natural gas - production [time series]

0 cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 161

Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]

0 cu m (1 January 2013 es) country comparison to the world: 165

Refined petroleum products - consumption [time series]

21,610 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 126

Refined petroleum products - exports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 193

Refined petroleum products - imports [time series]

17,360 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 108

Refined petroleum products - production [time series]

0 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 201

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 1,564,116 sq km country comparison to the world: 19 land: 1,553,556 sq km water: 10,560 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly smaller than Alaska

Climate [time series]

desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)

Coastline [time series]

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Hoh Nuur 560 m highest point: Nayramadlin Orgil (Huyten Orgil) 4,374 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

limited natural freshwater resources in some areas; the policies of former Communist regimes promoted rapid urbanization and industrial growth that had negative effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, and the converting of virgin land to agricultural production increased soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification and mining activities had a deleterious effect on the environment

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Total water withdrawal (Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)) [time series]

total: 0.55 cu km/yr (13%/43%/44%) per capita: 196.8 cu m/yr (2009)

Geographic coordinates [time series]

46 00 N, 105 00 E

Geography - note [time series]

landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia

Irrigated land [time series]

843 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 8,220 km border countries: China 4,677 km, Russia 3,543 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 0.39% permanent crops: 0% other: 99.61% (2011)

Location [time series]

Northern Asia, between China and Russia

Map references [time series]

Asia

Maritime claims [time series]

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards [time series]

dust storms; grassland and forest fires; drought; "zud," which is harsh winter conditions

Natural resources [time series]

oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron

Terrain [time series]

vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central

Total renewable water resources [time series]

34.8 cu km (2011)

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan (Zavkhan), Govi-Altay, Govisumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs

Capital [time series]

name: Ulaanbaatar geographic coordinates: 47 55 N, 106 55 E time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution [time series]

several previous; latest adopted 13 January 1992, effective 12 February 1992; amended 1999, 2001 (2011)

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: none conventional short form: Mongolia local long form: none local short form: Mongol Uls former: Outer Mongolia

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Piper Anne Wind CAMPBELL (since 6 August 2012) embassy: Denver Street #3, 11th Micro Region, Big Ring Road, Ulaanbaatar, 14190 Mongolia mailing address: PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002; P.O. Box 341, Ulaanbaatar-14192 telephone: [976] 7007-6001 FAX: [976] 7007-6016

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Bulgaa ALTANGEREL (since 8 January 2013) chancery: 2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 333-7117 FAX: [1] (202) 298-9227 consulate(s) general: New York, San Francisco

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ (since 18 June 2009) head of government: Prime Minister Norov ALTANKHUYAG (since 9 August 2012); Deputy Prime Minister Dendev TERBISHDAGVA (since 20 August 2012) cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the prime minister in consultation with the president and confirmed by the State Great Hural (parliament) (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: presidential candidates nominated by political parties represented in State Great Hural and elected by popular vote for a four-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 26 June 2013 (next to be held in June 2017); following legislative elections, leaders of the majority party or a majority coalition usually elect the prime minister of the State Great Hural election results: in elections in June 2013, Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ elected president; percent of vote - Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ 50.2%, Badmaanyambuu BAT-ERDENE 42%, Natsag UDVAL 6.5%, others 1.3%

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol); blue represents the sky, red symbolizes progress and prosperity

Government type [time series]

parliamentary

Independence [time series]

11 July 1921 (from China)

International law organization participation [time series]

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation [time series]

ADB, ARF, CD, CICA, CP, EBRD, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, OSCE, SCO (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch [time series]

highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the Chief Justice and 16 judges organized into civil, criminal, and administrative chambers); Constitutional Court or Tsets (consists of a chairman and 8 members) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court chief justice and judges appointed by the president upon recommendation to the State Great Hural by the General Council of Courts; term of appointment is for life; chairman of the Constitutional Court elected from among its members; members appointed by the State Great Heral upon nominations - 3 each by the president, the State Great Hural, and the Supreme Court; term of appointment is 6 years; chairmanship limited to a single renewable 3-year term subordinate courts: aimag (provincial) and capital city appellate courts; soum, inter-soum, and district courts; Administrative Cases Courts (established in 2004)

Legal system [time series]

civil law system influenced by Soviet and Romano-Germanic legal systems; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral State Great Hural (76 seats; of which 48 members are directly elected from 26 electoral districts, while 28 members are proportionally elected based on a party's share of the total votes; all serve four-year terms) elections: last held on 28 June 2012 (next to be held in June 2016) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - DP 33, MPP 25, Justice Coalition 11, others 5, vacant 2

National anthem(s) (National anthem) [time series]

name: "Mongol ulsyn toriin duulal" (National Anthem of Mongolia) lyrics/music: Tsendiin DAMDINSUREN/Bilegiin DAMDINSUREN and Luvsanjamts MURJORJ note: music adopted 1950, lyrics adopted 2006; the anthem's lyrics have been altered on numerous occasions

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921)

National symbol(s) [time series]

soyombo emblem

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Civil Will-Green Party or CWGP [Dangaasuren EHKHBAT] Democratic Party or DP [Norov ALTANHUYAG] Justice Coalition (is made up of MPRP and MNDP) Mongolian Natinal Democratic party or MNDP [ENKHSAIKHAN Mendsaikhan] Mongolian People's Party or MPP [O. ENKHTUVSHIN] Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambar ENKHBAYAR]

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

other: human rights groups; women's groups

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Introduction

Background [time series]

The Mongols gained fame in the 13th century when under Chinggis KHAAN they established a huge Eurasian empire through conquest. After his death the empire was divided into several powerful Mongol states, but these broke apart in the 14th century. The Mongols eventually retired to their original steppe homelands and in the late 17th century came under Chinese rule. Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing and a communist regime was installed in 1924. The modern country of Mongolia, however, represents only part of the Mongols' historical homeland; more ethnic Mongolians live in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China than in Mongolia. Following a peaceful democratic revolution, the ex-communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) won elections in 1990 and 1992, but was defeated by the Democratic Union Coalition (DUC) in the 1996 parliamentary election. The MPRP won an overwhelming majority in the 2000 parliamentary election, but the party lost seats in the 2004 election and shared power with democratic coalition parties from 2004-08. The MPRP regained a solid majority in the 2008 parliamentary elections but nevertheless formed a coalition government with the Democratic Party that lasted until January 2012. In 2009, current President ELBEGDORJ of the Democratic Party was elected to office. In 2010, the MPRP voted to retake the name of the Mongolian People's Party (MPP), a name it used in the early 1920s. Shortly thereafter, a new party was formed by former president ENKHBAYAR, which adopted the MPRP name. In the 2012 Parliamentary elections, a coalition of four political parties led by the Democratic Party, gained control of the Parliament.

Military

Manpower available for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 898,546 females age 16-49: 891,192 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 726,199 females age 16-49: 756,628 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually [time series]

male: 30,829 female: 29,648 (2010 est.)

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Mongolian Armed Forces (Mongol ulsyn zevsegt huchin): Mongolian Army (includes Mongolian Air and Air Defense, which is to become a separate service in 2015); there is no navy (2013)

Military expenditures [time series]

0.8% of GDP (2012) country comparison to the world: 145

Military service age and obligation [time series]

18-25 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation is 12 months in land or air defense forces or police; a small portion of Mongolian land forces (2.5 percent) is comprised of contract soldiers; women cannot be deployed overseas for military operations (2012)

People and Society

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 26.9% (male 442,850/female 425,017) 15-24 years: 19% (male 311,460/female 302,286) 25-54 years: 44.5% (male 716,893/female 719,508) 55-64 years: 5.5% (male 85,545/female 93,234) 65 years and over: 4% (male 56,241/female 73,482) (2013 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

20.34 births/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 85

Child labor - children ages 5-14 [time series]

total number: 106,203 percentage: 18 % (2005 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight [time series]

5.3% (2005) country comparison to the world: 86

Contraceptive prevalence rate [time series]

55% (2010)

Death rate [time series]

5.98 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 164

Dependency ratios [time series]

total dependency ratio: 45.1 % youth dependency ratio: 39.6 % elderly dependency ratio: 5.5 % potential support ratio: 18.1 (2013)

Drinking water source [time series]

improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 53% of population total: 82% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 47% of population total: 18% of population (2010 est.)

Education expenditure (Education expenditures) [time series]

5.5% of GDP (2011) country comparison to the world: 55

Ethnic groups [time series]

Mongol (mostly Khalkha) 94.9%, Turkic (mostly Kazakh) 5%, other (including Chinese and Russian) 0.1% (2000)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

less than 0.1% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 149

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

fewer than 100 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 131

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

fewer than 500 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 152

Health expenditure (Health expenditures) [time series]

5.3% of GDP (2011) country comparison to the world: 129

Hospital bed density [time series]

6.8 beds/1,000 population (2011)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 34.78 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 65 male: 37.66 deaths/1,000 live births female: 31.76 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

Languages [time series]

Khalkha Mongol 90% (official), Turkic, Russian (1999)

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 68.95 years country comparison to the world: 157 male: 66.46 years female: 71.56 years (2013 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 97.4% male: 96.8% female: 97.9% (2011 est.)

Major urban areas - population [time series]

ULAANBAATAR (capital) 949,000 (2009)

Maternal mortality ratio (Maternal mortality rate) [time series]

63 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 97

Median age [time series]

total: 26.9 years male: 26.5 years female: 27.3 years (2013 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Mongolian(s) adjective: Mongolian

Net migration rate [time series]

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 95

Obesity - adult prevalence rate [time series]

14.4% (2008) country comparison to the world: 122

Physician density (Physicians density) [time series]

2.76 physicians/1,000 population (2008)

Population [time series]

3,226,516 (July 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 136

Population growth rate [time series]

1.44% (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 85

Religions [time series]

Buddhist Lamaist 50%, Shamanist and Christian 6%, Muslim 4%, none 40% (2004)

Sanitation facility access [time series]

improved: urban: 64% of population rural: 29% of population total: 51% of population unimproved: urban: 36% of population rural: 71% of population total: 49% of population (2010 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) [time series]

total: 14 years male: 14 years female: 15 years (2011)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

2.18 children born/woman (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 105

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) (Unemployment, youth ages 15-24) [time series]

total: 20% country comparison to the world: 57 male: 19.5% female: 20.7% (2003)

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 68.5% of total population (2011) rate of urbanization: 2.81% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

none

Refugees and internally displaced persons [time series]

stateless persons: 220 (2012)

Transportation

Airports [time series]

44 (2013) country comparison to the world: 98

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 15 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 10 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 29 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 24 under 914 m: 1 (2013)

Heliports [time series]

1 (2013)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 57 country comparison to the world: 68 by type: bulk carrier 21, cargo 25, chemical tanker 1, container 2, liquefied gas 2, passenger/cargo 2, roll on/roll off 3, vehicle carrier 1 foreign-owned: 44 (Indonesia 2, Japan 2, North Korea 1, Russia 2, Singapore 3, Ukraine 1, Vietnam 33) (2010)

Railways [time series]

total: 1,908 km country comparison to the world: 73 broad gauge: 1,908 km 1.520-m gauge note: the railway is 50 percent owned by the Russian State Railway (2010)

Roadways [time series]

total: 49,249 km country comparison to the world: 78 paved: 4,800 km unpaved: 44,449 km (2013)

Waterways [time series]

580 km (the only waterway in operation is Lake Hovsgol) (135 km); Selenge River (270 km) and Orhon River (175 km) are navigable but carry little traffic; lakes and rivers freeze in winter, they are open from May to September) (2010) country comparison to the world: 82