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Communications

Broadcast media [time series]

following a law passed in 2005, Mongolia's state-run radio and TV provider converted to a public service provider; also available are private radio and TV broadcasters, as well as multi-channel satellite and cable TV providers; more than 100 radio stations, including some 20 via repeaters for the public broadcaster; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2008)

Internet country code [time series]

.mn

Internet users [time series]

total: 642,000 | percent of population: 21.4% (July 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 131

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: network is improving with international direct dialing available in many areas; a fiber-optic network has been installed that is improving broadband and communication services between major urban centers with multiple companies providing inter-city fiber-optic cable services | domestic: very low fixed-line teledensity; there are multiple mobile-cellular providers and subscribership is increasing | international: country code - 976; satellite earth stations - 7 (2015)

Telephones - fixed lines [time series]

total subscriptions: 255,634 | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 9 (July 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 125

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

total: 3.068 million | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 103 (July 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 139

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

wheat, barley, vegetables, forage crops; sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses

Budget [time series]

revenues: $2.994 billion | expenditures: $3.354 billion (2015 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) [time series]

-3.1% of GDP (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 119

Central bank discount rate [time series]

12% (14 January 2016) | 13% (15 January 2015) | country comparison to the world: 16

Commercial bank prime lending rate [time series]

19.56% (31 December 2015 est.) | 19.03% (31 December 2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 16

Current account balance [time series]

-$567 million (2015 est.) | -$1.405 billion (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 105

Debt - external [time series]

$18.16 billion (31 December 2015 est.) | $20.83 billion (31 December 2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 93

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income (Distribution of family income - Gini index) [time series]

36.5 (2008) | 32.8 (2002) | country comparison to the world: 83

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Foreign direct investment in Mongolia's extractive industries – which are based on extensive deposits of copper, gold, coal, molybdenum, fluorspar, uranium, tin, and tungsten - has transformed Mongolia's landlocked economy from its traditional dependence on herding and agriculture. Exports now account for more than half of GDP. Mongolia depends on China for more than 60% of its external trade - China receives some 90% of Mongolia's exports and supplies Mongolia with more than one-third of its imports. Mongolia also relies on Russia for 90% of its energy supplies, leaving it vulnerable to price increases. Remittances from Mongolians working abroad, particularly in South Korea, are significant. | Soviet assistance, at its height one-third of GDP, disappeared almost overnight in 1990 and 1991 at the time of the dismantlement of the USSR. The following decade saw Mongolia endure both deep recession, because of political inaction, and natural disasters, as well as strong economic growth, because of market reforms and extensive privatization of the formerly state-run economy. The country opened a fledgling stock exchange in 1991. Mongolia joined the WTO in 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade regimes. | Growth averaged nearly 9% per year in 2004-08 largely because of high copper prices globally and new gold production. By late 2008, Mongolia was hit by the global financial crisis and Mongolia's real economy contracted 1.3% in 2009. In early 2009, the IMF reached a $236 million Stand-by Arrangement with Mongolia and it emerged from the crisis with a stronger banking sector and better fiscal management. In October 2009, Mongolia passed long-awaited legislation on an investment agreement to develop the Oyu Tolgoi (OT) mine, among the world's largest untapped copper-gold deposits. However, a dispute with foreign investors developing OT called into question the attractiveness of Mongolia as a destination for foreign investment. This caused a severe drop in FDI, and a slowing economy, leading to the dismissal of Prime Minister ALTANKHUYAG in November 2014. The economy had grown more than 10% per year between 2011 and 2013 - largely on the strength of commodity exports and high government spending - before slowing to 7.8% in 2014 and 2.3% in 2015. | The current government has made restoring investor trust and reviving the economy its top priority, but has failed to invigorate the economy in the face of the large drop off in foreign direct investment. Mongolia's economy faces near-term economic risks from the government's loose fiscal and monetary policies, from uncertainties in foreign demand for Mongolian exports, and on Mongolia's ability to access financing. The May 2015 agreement with Rio Tinto to restart the OT mine and the subsequent $4.4 billion finance package signing in December 2015 have served to increase investor confidence but are unlikely to overcome the downward economic pressures in the short term.

Exchange rates [time series]

togrog/tugriks (MNT) per US dollar - | 1,970.3 (2016 est.) | 1,817.9 (2014 est.) | 1,817.9 (2013 est.) | 1,357.6 (2012 est.) | 1,265.5 (2011 est.)

Exports [time series]

$4.619 billion (2015 est.) | $5.774 billion (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 110

Exports - commodities [time series]

copper, apparel, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals, coal, crude oil

Exports - partners [time series]

China 84%, Switzerland 9% (2015)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate) [time series]

$11.74 billion (2015 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP (purchasing power parity)) [time series]

$36.07 billion (2015 est.) | $35.26 billion (2014 est.) | $32.68 billion (2013 est.) | note: data are in 2015 US dollars | country comparison to the world: 118

GDP - composition, by end use [time series]

GDP - composition, by sector of origin [time series]

agriculture: 14.9% | industry: 34.1% | services: 51.1% (2015 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita (PPP)) [time series]

$12,100 (2015 est.) | $12,100 (2014 est.) | $11,300 (2013 est.) | note: data are in 2015 US dollars | country comparison to the world: 123

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

2.3% (2015 est.) | 7.9% (2014 est.) | 11.6% (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 127

Gross national saving [time series]

20.7% of GDP (2015 est.) | 23.7% of GDP (2014 est.) | 27.9% of GDP (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 78

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 3% | highest 10%: 28.4% (2008)

Imports [time series]

$3.512 billion (2015 est.) | $4.746 billion (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 135

Imports - commodities [time series]

machinery and equipment, fuel, cars, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, cigarettes and tobacco, appliances, soap and detergent

Imports - partners [time series]

China 39.9%, Russia 28.4%, Japan 6.4%, South Korea 6.2% (2015)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

8.8% (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 16

Industries [time series]

construction and construction materials; mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, tin, tungsten, gold); oil; food and beverages; processing of animal products, cashmere and natural fiber manufacturing

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

5.8% (2015 est.) | 13% (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 184

Labor force [time series]

1.164 million (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 139

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture: 28.6% | industry: 21% | services: 50.4% (2014)

Market value of publicly traded shares [time series]

$632.6 million (31 December 2015 est.) | $766.1 million (31 December 2014 est.) | $1.095 billion (31 December 2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 109

Population below poverty line [time series]

21.6% (2014 est.)

Public debt [time series]

72% of GDP (31 September 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 40

Stock of broad money [time series]

$5.036 billion (31 December 2015 est.) | $5.648 billion (31 December 2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 130

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad [time series]

$367.4 million (31 December 2015 est.) | $354.8 million (31 December 2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 87

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home [time series]

$16.89 billion (31 December 2015 est.) | $16.69 billion (31 December 2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 82

Stock of domestic credit [time series]

$8.048 billion (31 December 2015 est.) | $7.786 billion (31 December 2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 110

Stock of narrow money [time series]

$844.4 million (31 December 2015 est.) | $963.5 million (31 December 2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 155

Taxes and other revenues [time series]

25.5% of GDP (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 117

Unemployment rate [time series]

8.3% (2015 est.) | 4.8% (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 93

Energy

Carbon dioxide emissions (Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy) [time series]

14 million Mt (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 100

Crude oil - exports [time series]

14,360 bbl/day (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 66

Crude oil - imports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 93

Crude oil - production [time series]

23,180 bbl/day (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 69

Crude oil - proved reserves [time series]

NA bbl 0 bbl | country comparison to the world: 163

Electricity - consumption [time series]

5.6 billion kWh (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 125

Electricity - exports [time series]

33 million kWh (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 87

Electricity - from fossil fuels [time series]

99.8% of total installed capacity (2012 est.) | country comparison to the world: 41

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants [time series]

0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.) | country comparison to the world: 185

Electricity - from nuclear fuels [time series]

0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.) | country comparison to the world: 136

Electricity - from other renewable sources [time series]

0.2% of total installed capacity (2012 est.) | country comparison to the world: 109

Electricity - imports [time series]

1.3 billion kWh (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 83

Electricity - installed generating capacity [time series]

1 million kW (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 128

Electricity - production [time series]

5.1 billion kWh (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 121

Electricity access [time series]

population without electricity: 300,000 | electrification - total population: 90% | electrification - urban areas: 98% | electrification - rural areas: 73% (2013)

Natural gas - consumption [time series]

0 cu m (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 167

Natural gas - exports [time series]

0 cu m (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 141

Natural gas - imports [time series]

0 cu m (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 96

Natural gas - production [time series]

0 cu m (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 98

Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]

0 cu m (1 January 2014 es) | country comparison to the world: 166

Refined petroleum products - consumption [time series]

28,000 bbl/day (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 122

Refined petroleum products - exports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 200

Refined petroleum products - imports [time series]

25,620 bbl/day (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 102

Refined petroleum products - production [time series]

0 bbl/day (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 207

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 1,564,116 sq km | land: 1,553,556 sq km | water: 10,560 sq km | country comparison to the world: 19

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly smaller than Alaska; more than twice the size of Texas

Climate [time series]

desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)

Coastline [time series]

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation [time series]

mean elevation: 1,528 m | elevation extremes: lowest point: Hoh Nuur 560 m | highest point: Nayramadlin Orgil (Huyten Orgil) 4,374 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

limited natural freshwater resources in some areas; the policies of former Communist regimes promoted rapid urbanization and industrial growth that had negative effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, and the converting of virgin land to agricultural production increased soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification and mining activities had a deleterious effect on the environment

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling | signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geographic coordinates [time series]

46 00 N, 105 00 E

Geography - note [time series]

landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia

Irrigated land [time series]

840 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 8,082 km | border countries (2): China 4,630 km, Russia 3,452 km

Land use [time series]

agricultural land: 73% | arable land 0.4%; permanent crops 0%; permanent pasture 72.6% | forest: 7% | other: 20% (2011 est.)

Location [time series]

Northern Asia, between China and Russia

Map references [time series]

Asia

Maritime claims [time series]

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards [time series]

dust storms; grassland and forest fires; drought; "zud," which is harsh winter conditions

Natural resources [time series]

oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron

Terrain [time series]

vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan (Zavkhan), Govi-Altay, Govisumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs

Capital [time series]

name: Ulaanbaatar | geographic coordinates: 47 55 N, 106 55 E | time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) | daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Saturday in March; ends last Saturday in September | note: Mongolia has two time zones - Ulaanbaatar Time (8 hours in advance of UTC) and Hovd Time (7 hours in advance of UTC)

Citizenship [time series]

citizenship by birth: no | citizenship by descent only: both parents must be citizens of Mongolia; one parent if born within Mongolia | dual citizenship recognized: no | residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Constitution [time series]

several previous; latest adopted 13 January 1992, effective 12 February 1992; amended 1999, 2001; legislation on amendments proposed in 2015 continued into 2016 (2016)

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: none | conventional short form: Mongolia | local long form: none | local short form: Mongol Uls | former: Outer Mongolia | etymology: the name means "Land of the Mongols" in Latin; the Mongolian name Mongol Uls translates as "Mongol State"

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Jennifer Zimdahl GALT (since 5 October 2015) | embassy: Denver Street | mailing address: PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002; P.O. Box 341, Ulaanbaatar-14192 | telephone: [976] 7007-6001 | FAX: [976] 7007-6016

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Bulgaa ALTANGEREL (since 8 January 2013) | chancery: 2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 | telephone: [1] (202) 333-7117 | FAX: [1] (202) 298-9227 | consulate(s) general: New York, San Francisco

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ (since 18 June 2009) | head of government: Prime Minister Jargaltulga ERDENEBAT (since 7 July 2016); Deputy Prime Minister Ukhnaa KHURELSUKH (since 25 July 2016) | cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the prime minister in consultation with the president, confirmed by the State Great Hural (parliament) | elections/appointments: presidential candidates nominated by political parties represented in the State Great Hural and directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 26 June 2013 (next to be held in June 2017); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually elected prime minister by the State Great Hural | election results: Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ reelected president; percent of vote - Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ (DP) 50.2%, Badmaanyambuu BAT-ERDENE (MPP) 42%, Natsag UDVAL (MPRP) 6.5%, other 1.3%

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

three, equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol); blue represents the sky, red symbolizes progress and prosperity

Government type [time series]

semi-presidential republic

Independence [time series]

11 July 1921 (from China)

International law organization participation [time series]

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation [time series]

ADB, ARF, CD, CICA, CP, EBRD, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, OSCE, SCO (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch [time series]

highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the Chief Justice and 24 judges organized into civil, criminal, and administrative chambers); Constitutional Court or Tsets (consists of a chairman and 8 members) | judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court chief justice and judges appointed by the president upon recommendation to the State Great Hural by the General Council of Courts, a 14-member body of judges and judicial officials; term of appointment is for life; chairman of the Constitutional Court elected from among its members; members appointed by the State Great Hural upon nominations - 3 each by the president, the State Great Hural, and the Supreme Court; term of appointment is 6 years; chairmanship limited to a single renewable 3-year term | subordinate courts: aimag (provincial) and capital city appellate courts; soum, inter-soum, and district courts; Administrative Cases Courts

Legal system [time series]

civil law system influenced by Soviet and Romano-Germanic legal systems; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts

Legislative branch [time series]

description: unicameral State Great Hural or Ulsyn Ikh Khural (76 seats; 48 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 28 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms) | elections: last held on 29 June 2016 (next to be held in June 2020) | election results: MPRP 65, independent 9

National anthem(s) (National anthem) [time series]

name: "Mongol ulsyn toriin duulal" (National Anthem of Mongolia) | lyrics/music: Tsendiin DAMDINSUREN/Bilegiin DAMDINSUREN and Luvsanjamts MURJORJ | note: music adopted 1950, lyrics adopted 2006; lyrics altered on numerous occasions

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921)

National symbol(s) [time series]

soyombo emblem; national colors: red, blue, yellow

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Civil Will-Green Party or CWGP [Sanjaasuren OYUN, Sambuu DEMBEREL, Tserendorj GANKHUYAG] | Democratic Party or DP [Zandaakhuu ENKHBOLD] | Mongolian National Democratic Party or MNDP [Mendsaikhan ENKHSAIKHAN] | Mongolian People's Party or MPP [Miyegombo ENKHBOLD] | Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambar ENKHBAYAR] | New Labor Party or XYH [S. GANBAATAR]

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

other: human rights groups; women's rights groups; disability rights groups

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Introduction

Background [time series]

The Mongols gained fame in the 13th century when under Chinggis KHAAN they established a huge Eurasian empire through conquest. After his death the empire was divided into several powerful Mongol states, but these broke apart in the 14th century. The Mongols eventually retired to their original steppe homelands and in the late 17th century came under Chinese rule. Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing and a communist regime was installed in 1924. The modern country of Mongolia, however, represents only part of the Mongols' historical homeland; today, more ethnic Mongolians live in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China than in Mongolia. Following a peaceful democratic revolution in 1990, the ex-communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) won most parliamentary elections and stayed in power either governing alone or in coalition. In 2009, current President ELBEGDORJ of the Democratic Party (DP) was elected to office and was re-elected for a second and final term in June 2013. In 2010, the MPRP voted to retake the name of the Mongolian People's Party (MPP), a name it used in the early 1920s. Shortly thereafter, a new party was formed by former President ENKHBAYAR, which confusingly adopted for itself the MPRP name. Following the 2012 parliamentary elections, a coalition of four political parties was formed but then dissolved in November 2014 when Prime Minister ALTANKHUYAG was voted out of office. A new five-party grand coalition was formed in December 2014 under the leadership of Prime Minister SAIKHANBILEG. The coalition had been expected to last until the next parliamentary elections in the summer of 2016. However, in August 2015, the grand coalition also dissolved, and Prime Minister SAIKHANBILEG took charge of a new governing coalition comprising three parties. Parliamentary elections are scheduled for 29 June 2016.

Military and Security

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Mongolian Armed Forces (Mongol ulsyn zevsegt huchin): Mongolian Army, Mongolian Air Force (2016)

Military expenditures [time series]

0.98% of GDP (2015) | 1.12% of GDP (2012) | 0.99% of GDP (2011) | 1.12% of GDP (2010) | country comparison to the world: 90

Military service age and obligation [time series]

18-27 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; 1-year conscript service obligation in land or air forces or police for males only; after conscription, soldiers can contract into military service for 2 or 4 years; citizens can also voluntarily join the armed forces (2015)

People and Society

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 26.92% (male 416,053/female 399,954) | 15-24 years: 16.76% (male 256,897/female 251,160) | 25-54 years: 45.45% (male 667,509/female 710,116) | 55-64 years: 6.68% (male 92,781/female 109,768) | 65 years and over: 4.19% (male 51,691/female 75,401) (2016 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

19.6 births/1,000 population (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 84

Child labor - children ages 5-14 [time series]

total number: 106,203 | percentage: 18% (2005 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight [time series]

1.6% (2013) | country comparison to the world: 92

Contraceptive prevalence rate [time series]

54.9% (2010)

Death rate [time series]

6.3 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 150

Dependency ratios [time series]

total dependency ratio: 47.6% | youth dependency ratio: 41.7% | elderly dependency ratio: 6% | potential support ratio: 16.7% (2015 est.)

Drinking water source [time series]

Education expenditure (Education expenditures) [time series]

4.6% of GDP (2011) | country comparison to the world: 58

Ethnic groups [time series]

Khalkh 81.9%, Kazak 3.8%, Dorvod 2.7%, Bayad 2.1%, Buryat-Bouriates 1.7%, Zakhchin 1.2%, Dariganga 1%, Uriankhai 1%, other 4.6% (2010 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

0.02% (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 124

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

fewer than 100 (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 115

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

400 (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 124

Health expenditure (Health expenditures) [time series]

4.7% of GDP (2014) | country comparison to the world: 105

Hospital bed density [time series]

6.8 beds/1,000 population (2012)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 21.8 deaths/1,000 live births | male: 24.9 deaths/1,000 live births | female: 18.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 79

Languages [time series]

Khalkha Mongol 90% (official), Turkic, Russian (1999)

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 69.6 years | male: 65.4 years | female: 74.1 years (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 160

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write | total population: 98.4% | male: 98.2% | female: 98.6% (2015 est.)

Major urban areas - population [time series]

ULAANBAATAR (capital) 1.377 million (2015)

Maternal mortality ratio (Maternal mortality rate) [time series]

44 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 96

Median age [time series]

total: 27.9 years | male: 27.1 years | female: 28.7 years (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 134

Mother's mean age at first birth [time series]

20.5 | note: median age at first birth among women 20-24 (2008 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Mongolian(s) | adjective: Mongolian

Net migration rate [time series]

-0.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 138

Obesity - adult prevalence rate [time series]

15.7% (2014) | country comparison to the world: 122

Physician density (Physicians density) [time series]

2.84 physicians/1,000 population (2011)

Population [time series]

3,031,330 (July 2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 138

Population growth rate [time series]

1.25% (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 91

Religions [time series]

Buddhist 53%, Muslim 3%, Christian 2.2%, Shamanist 2.9%, other 0.4%, none 38.6% (2010 est.)

Sanitation facility access [time series]

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) [time series]

total: 15 years | male: 14 years | female: 15 years (2014)

Sex ratio [time series]

Total fertility rate [time series]

2.13 children born/woman (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 103

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) (Unemployment, youth ages 15-24) [time series]

total: 16.6% | male: 14.7% | female: 19.1% (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 92

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 72% of total population (2015) | rate of urbanization: 2.78% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

none

Transportation

Airports [time series]

44 (2013) | country comparison to the world: 98

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 15 | over 3,047 m: 2 | 2,438 to 3,047 m: 10 | 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 29 | over 3,047 m: 2 | 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 | 1,524 to 2,437 m: 24 | under 914 m: 1 (2013)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix [time series]

JU (2016)

Heliports [time series]

1 (2013)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 57 | by type: bulk carrier 21, cargo 25, chemical tanker 1, container 2, liquefied gas 2, passenger/cargo 2, roll on/roll off 3, vehicle carrier 1 | foreign-owned: 44 (Indonesia 2, Japan 2, North Korea 1, Russia 2, Singapore 3, Ukraine 1, Vietnam 33) (2010) | country comparison to the world: 68

National air transport system [time series]

number of registered air carriers: 3 | inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 12 | annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 541,129 | annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 7,130,148 mt-km (2015)

Railways [time series]

total: 1,815 km | broad gauge: 1,815 km 1.520-m gauge | note: national operator Ulannbaator Railway is jointly owned by the Mongolian Government and by the Russian State Railway (2016) | country comparison to the world: 75

Roadways [time series]

total: 49,249 km | paved: 4,800 km | unpaved: 44,449 km (2013) | country comparison to the world: 77

Waterways [time series]

580 km (the only waterway in operation is Lake Hovsgol) (135 km); Selenge River (270 km) and Orhon River (175 km) are navigable but carry little traffic; lakes and rivers ice free from May to September) (2010) | country comparison to the world: 81