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Communications

Airports [time series]

2 main

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

10,591 km total (1991); 5,091 km paved, 1,404 km gravel, 4,096 km earth

Waterways (Inland waterways) [time series]

NA km

Pipelines [time series]

none

Ports [time series]

none - landlocked

Railways (Railroads) [time series]

Telecommunication systems (Telecommunications) [time series]

125,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 2 FM, 5 (2 relays) TV; 370,000 radios, 325,000 TV; satellite communications ground stations - none

Defense Forces

Military and security forces (Branches) [time series]

Army, Air and Air Defense Force

Military expenditures (Defense expenditures) [time series]

exchange rate conversion - 7.0 billion dinars (est.), NA% of GDP (1992); note - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results

Manpower availability [time series]

males 15-49, 590,613; NA fit for military service; 22,913 reach military age (18) annually

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture) [time series]

provides 12% of Macedonia's GDP and meets the basic need for food; principal crops are rice, tobacco, wheat, corn, and millet; also grown are cotton, sesame, mulberry leaves, citrus fruit, and vegetables; Macedonia is one of the seven legal cultivators of the opium poppy for the world pharmaceutical industry, including some exports to the US; agricultural production is highly labor intensive

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

denar (plural - denars); 1 denar (NA) = 100 NA

Economic aid [time series]

$NA

Electricity [time series]

1,600,000 kw capacity; 6,300 million kWh produced, 3,103 kWh per capita (1991)

Exchange rates [time series]

denar (NA) per US$1 - 240 (January 1991)

Exports [time series]

$578 million (1990) commodities: manufactured goods 40%, machinery and transport equipment 14%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 23%, raw materials 7.6%, food (rice) and live animals 5.7%, beverages and tobacco 4.5%, chemicals 4.7% partners: principally Serbia and the other former Yugoslav republics, Germany, Greece, Albania

Debt - external (External debt) [time series]

$NA

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP) [time series]

$7.1 billion, per capita $3,110; real growth rate -18% (1991 est.)

Illicit drugs [time series]

Imports [time series]

$1,112 million (1990) commodities: fuels and lubricants 19%, manufactured goods 18%, machinery and transport equipment 15%, food and live animals 14%, chemicals 11.4%, raw materials 10%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 8.0%, beverages and tobacco 3.5% partners: other former Yugoslav republics, Greece, Albania, Germany, Bulgaria

Industrial production growth rate (Industrial production) [time series]

growth rate -18% (1991 est.)

Industries [time series]

low levels of technology predominate, such as, oil refining by distillation only; produces basic fuels; mining and manufacturing processes result in the extraction and production of coal as well as metallic chromium, lead, zinc, and ferronickel; light industry produces basic textiles, wood products, and tobacco

Economic overview (Overview) [time series]

Macedonia, although the poorest among the six republics of a disintegrated Yugoslav federation, can meet basic food and energy needs through its own agricultural and coal resources. As a breakaway republic, however, it will move down toward a bare subsistence level of life unless economic ties are reforged or enlarged with its neighbors Serbia, Albania, Greece, and Bulgaria. The economy depends on outside sources for all of its oil and gas and its modern machinery and parts. Continued political turmoil, both internally and in the region as a whole, prevents any swift readjustments of trade patterns and economic rules of the game. Inflation in early 1992 was out of control, the result of fracturing trade links, the decline in economic activity, and general uncertainties about the future status of the country; prices rose 38% in March 1992 alone. Macedonia's geographical isolation, technological backwardness, and political instability place it far down the list of countries of interest to Western investors. Recognition of Macedonia by the EC and an internal commitment to economic reform would help to encourage foreign investment over the long run.

Unemployment rate [time series]

20% (1991 est.)

Geography

Climate [time series]

hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall

Coastline [time series]

none - landlocked

Area - comparative (Comparative area) [time series]

slightly larger than Vermont

Disputes - international (Disputes) [time series]

Greece claims republic's name implies territorial claims against Aegean Macedonia

Environment - current issues (Environment) [time series]

Macedonia suffers from high seismic hazard; air pollution from metallurgical plants

Area (Land area) [time series]

24,856 km2

Land boundaries [time series]

748 km; Albania 151 km, Bulgaria 148 km, Greece 228 km, Serbia and Montenegro 221 km

Land use [time series]

arable land 5%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and woodland 30%; other 40%; includes irrigated NA%

Natural resources [time series]

chromium, lead, zinc, manganese, tungsten, nickel, low-grade iron ore, asbestos, sulphur, timber

Note [time series]

major transportation corridor from Western and Central Europe to Aegean Sea

Terrain [time series]

territory covered with deep basins and valleys; there are three large lakes, each divided by a frontier line

Area (Total area) [time series]

25,333 km2

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

Capital [time series]

Skopje

Political parties (Communists) [time series]

Constitution [time series]

adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991

Diplomatic representation in the US (Diplomatic representation) [time series]

has not been formerly recognized by the US

Executive branch (Elections) [time series]

President: last held 27 January 1991 (next to be held NA); results - Kiro GLIGOREV won Assembly: last held 11 November 1990 (next to be held NA);results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (120 total) IMRO-DPMNU 37, SDA 31, PDP 25, MARF 17, Party of Yugoslavs 1, Socialists 5, others 4

Executive branch [time series]

presidency, Council of Ministers, prime minister

Flag [time series]

Independence [time series]

20 November 1991 from Yugoslavia

Judicial branch [time series]

Constitutional Court, Judicial Court of the Republic

Executive branch (Leaders) [time series]

Chief of State: President Kiro GLIGOROV (since 27 January 1991) Head of Government: Prime Minister Nikola KLJUSEV (since March 1991), Deputy Prime Ministers Jovan ANDONOV (since March 1991), Blaze RISTOVSKI (since March 1991), and Bezir ZUTA (since March 1991)

Legal system [time series]

based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral Assembly

Country name (Long-form name) [time series]

Republic of Macedonia

International organization participation (Member of) [time series]

none

National holiday [time series]

Political parties (Other political or pressure groups) [time series]

Movement for All Macedonian Action (MAAK), IMRU-Democratic Party, League for Democracy, Albanian Democratic Union-Liberal Party

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Social Democratic Alliance (SDA; former Communist Party), Branko CRVENKOVSKI, chairman; Party of Democratic Prosperity, (PDP), Nevzat HALILI, chairman; National Democratic Party, Iliaz HALIMI, chairman; Alliance of Reform Forces of Macedonia (MARF), Sojan ANDOV, chairman; Socialist Party, chairman NA; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity (IMRO-DPMNU), Ljupco GEORGIEVSKI, chairman

Suffrage [time series]

universal at age 18

Government type (Type) [time series]

emerging democracy

People

Birth rate [time series]

NA births/1,000 population (1992)

Death rate [time series]

NA deaths/1,000 population (1992)

Ethnic groups (Ethnic divisions) [time series]

Macedonian 67%, Albanian 20%, Turkish 4%, Serb 2%, other 7%

Infant mortality rate [time series]

NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992)

Labor force [time series]

507,324; agriculture 8%, manufacturing and mining 40% (1990)

Languages [time series]

Macedonian 70%, Albanian 21%, Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian 3%, other 3%

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

71 years male, 75 years female (1992)

Literacy [time series]

89.1% (male 94.2%, female 83.8%) age 10 and over can read and write (1992 est.)

Net migration rate [time series]

NA migrants/1,000 population (1992)

Organized labor [time series]

Population [time series]

2,174,000 (July 1992), growth rate NA% (1992)

Religions [time series]

Eastern Orthodox 59%, Muslim 26%, Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, unknown 10%

Total fertility rate [time series]

NA children born/woman (1992)

North Macedonia