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Communications

Broadcast media [time series]

state-run TV broadcaster transmits nationally on 4 stations and regionally on 4 stations; 11 independent TV stations broadcast locally and regionally; some households are able to receive Russian and other foreign stations via cable and satellite; state-run radio broadcaster operates Radio Tajikistan, Voice of Dushanbe, and several regional stations; a small number of independent radio stations (2010)

Internet country code [time series]

.tj

Internet users (Internet hosts) [time series]

6,258 (2012) country comparison to the world: 142

Internet users [time series]

700,000 (2009) country comparison to the world: 110

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: foreign investment in the telephone system has resulted in major improvements; conversion of the existing fixed network from analogue to digital was completed in 2012 domestic: fixed line availability has not changed significantly since 1998 while mobile cellular subscribership, aided by competition among multiple operators, has expanded rapidly; coverage now extends to all major cities and towns international: country code - 992; linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; Dushanbe linked by Intelsat to international gateway switch in Ankara (Turkey); satellite earth stations - 3 (2 Intelsat and 1 Orbita) (2011)

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

393,000 (2012) country comparison to the world: 106

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

6.528 million (2012) country comparison to the world: 98

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, sheep, goats

Budget [time series]

revenues: $2.111 billion expenditures: $2.005 billion (2012 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) [time series]

1.4% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 32

Central bank discount rate [time series]

6.5% (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 73 5% (31 December 2010 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate [time series]

17.13% (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 10 26.34% (31 December 2011 est.)

Current account balance [time series]

$-246.2 million (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 89 $-786.9 million (2011 est.)

Debt - external [time series]

$3.439 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 131 $3.323 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income (Distribution of family income - Gini index) [time series]

32.6 (2006) country comparison to the world: 102 34.7 (1998)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Tajikistan has one of the lowest per capita GDPs among the 15 former Soviet republics. Because of a lack of employment opportunities in Tajikistan, more than one million Tajik citizens work abroad, almost all of them in Russia, supporting families in Tajikistan through remittances. Less than 7% of the land area is arable. Cotton is the most important crop, and its production is closely monitored, and in many cases controlled, by the government. In the wake of the National Bank of Tajikistan's admission in December 2007 that it had improperly lent money to investors in the cotton sector, the IMF canceled its program in Tajikistan. A reform agenda is underway, according to which over half a billion dollars in farmer debt has been forgiven, and IMF assistance has been reinstated. Mineral resources include silver, gold, uranium, and tungsten. Industry consists mainly of a large aluminum plant, hydropower facilities, and small obsolete factories mostly in light industry and food processing. The civil war (1992-97) severely damaged the already weak economic infrastructure and caused a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production. Tajikistan's economic situation remains fragile due to uneven implementation of structural reforms, corruption, weak governance, seasonal power shortages, and the external debt burden. Electricity output expanded with the completion of the Sangtuda-1 hydropower dam - finished in 2009 with Russian investment. The smaller Sangtuda-2, built with Iranian investment, began operating in 2012. The government of Tajikistan is pinning major hopes on the massive Roghun dam which, if finished according to Tajik plans, will be the tallest dam in the world and significantly expand electricity output. The World Bank is funding two feasibility studies for the dam (technical-economic, and social-environmental), scheduled to be completed in mid-2013. In January 2010, the government began selling shares in the Roghun enterprise to its population, ultimately raising over $180 million but Tajikistan will still need significant investment to complete the dam. According to numerous reports, many Tajik individuals and businesses were forced to buy shares. The coerced share sales finally ended in mid-2010 under intense criticism from donors, particularly the IMF. Food and fuel prices in 2011 increased to the highest levels seen since 2002 due in part to an increase in rail transport tariffs through Uzbekistan. Tajikistan imports approximately 60% of its food and 90% of that comes by rail. Uzbekistan closed one of the rail lines into Tajikistan in late 2011, hampering the transit of goods to and from the southern part of the country.

Exchange rates [time series]

Tajikistani somoni (TJS) per US dollar - 4.74 (2012 est.) 4.61 (2011 est.) 4.38 (2010 est.) 4.14 (2009) 3.46 (2008)

Exports [time series]

$826.6 million (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 163 $592.9 million (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

aluminum, electricity, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles

Exports - partners [time series]

Turkey 30.3%, China 9.5%, Iran 7.4%, Kazakhstan 6%, Afghanistan 5.9%, Bangladesh 5.2%, Russia 4.3% (2012)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate) [time series]

$7.489 billion (2012 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP (purchasing power parity)) [time series]

$17.56 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 138 $16.33 billion (2011 est.) $15.21 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - composition, by end use [time series]

household consumption: 106.6% government consumption: 11.6% investment in fixed capital: 19.1% investment in inventories: 2% exports of goods and services: 15.8% imports of goods and services: -55% (2012 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin [time series]

agriculture: 25.6% industry: 25% services: 49.3% (2012 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita (PPP)) [time series]

$2,200 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 188 $2,100 (2011 est.) $2,000 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

7.5% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 24 7.4% (2011 est.) 6.5% (2010 est.)

Gross national saving [time series]

17.8% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 87 10% of GDP (2011 est.) 6.9% of GDP (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 3.5% highest 10%: 24.3% (2009 est.)

Imports [time series]

$4.382 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 136 $4.165 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

petroleum products, aluminum oxide, machinery and equipment, foodstuffs

Imports - partners [time series]

China 41.2%, Russia 15.8%, Kazakhstan 12.6%, Turkey 5.5%, Iran 4.2% (2012)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

5.2% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 54

Industries [time series]

aluminum, cement, vegetable oil

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

5.8% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 159 12.4% (2011 est.)

Labor force [time series]

2.1 million (2012) country comparison to the world: 121

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture: 47.9% industry: 10.9% services: 41.2% (2012 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares [time series]

$NA

Population below poverty line [time series]

39.6% (December 2012 est)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold [time series]

$628.5 million (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 146 $532.4 million (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of broad money [time series]

$2 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 149 $1.979 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad [time series]

$18.5 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 47 $16.3 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home [time series]

$1.8 billion (February 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 96

Stock of domestic credit [time series]

$1.196 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 148 $1.009 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money [time series]

$1.191 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 144 $989.1 million (31 December 2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues [time series]

28.2% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 105

Unemployment rate [time series]

2.5% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 17 2.2% (2009 est.) note: official rates; actual unemployment is much higher

Energy

Carbon dioxide emissions (Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy) [time series]

2.618 million Mt (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 142

Crude oil - exports [time series]

78.6 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 74

Crude oil - imports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 125

Crude oil - production [time series]

218.6 bbl/day (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 117

Crude oil - proved reserves [time series]

12 million bbl (1 January 2013 es) country comparison to the world: 88

Electricity - consumption [time series]

15.9 billion kWh (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 74

Electricity - exports [time series]

1 billion kWh (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 57

Electricity - from fossil fuels [time series]

9% of total installed capacity (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 196

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants [time series]

91% of total installed capacity (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 12

Electricity - from nuclear fuels [time series]

0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 184

Electricity - from other renewable sources [time series]

0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 126

Electricity - imports [time series]

300.5 million kWh (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 80

Electricity - installed generating capacity [time series]

4.426 million kW (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 78

Electricity - production [time series]

16.9 billion kWh (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 78

Natural gas - consumption [time series]

172 million cu m (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 102

Natural gas - exports [time series]

0 cu m (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 188

Natural gas - imports [time series]

132.4 million cu m (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 74

Natural gas - production [time series]

40 million cu m (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 88

Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]

5.663 billion cu m (1 January 2013 es) country comparison to the world: 92

Refined petroleum products - consumption [time series]

45,810 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 102

Refined petroleum products - exports [time series]

427.9 bbl/day (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 113

Refined petroleum products - imports [time series]

7,758 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 135

Refined petroleum products - production [time series]

NA bbl/day

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 143,100 sq km country comparison to the world: 96 land: 141,510 sq km water: 2,590 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly smaller than Wisconsin

Climate [time series]

midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains

Coastline [time series]

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Syr Darya (Sirdaryo) 300 m highest point: Qullai Ismoili Somoni 7,495 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

inadequate sanitation facilities; increasing levels of soil salinity; industrial pollution; excessive pesticides

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Total water withdrawal (Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)) [time series]

total: 11.49 cu km/yr (6%/4%/91%) per capita: 1,740 cu m/yr (2006)

Geographic coordinates [time series]

39 00 N, 71 00 E

Geography - note [time series]

landlocked; mountainous region dominated by the Trans-Alay Range in the north and the Pamirs in the southeast; highest point, Qullai Ismoili Somoni (formerly Communism Peak), was the tallest mountain in the former USSR

Irrigated land [time series]

7,421 sq km (2009)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 3,651 km border countries: Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870 km, Uzbekistan 1,161 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 5.96% permanent crops: 0.91% other: 93.13% (2011)

Location [time series]

Central Asia, west of China, south of Kyrgyzstan

Map references [time series]

Asia

Maritime claims [time series]

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards [time series]

earthquakes; floods

Natural resources [time series]

hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, gold

Terrain [time series]

Pamir and Alay Mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley in north, Kofarnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest

Total renewable water resources [time series]

21.91 cu km (2011)

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

2 provinces (viloyatho, singular - viloyat), 1 autonomous province* (viloyati mukhtor), 1 capital region** (viloyati poytakht), and 1 area referred to as Districts Under Republic Administration***; Dushanbe**, Khatlon (Qurghonteppa), Kuhistoni Badakhshon [Gorno-Badakhshan]* (Khorugh), Nohiyahoi Tobei Jumhuri***, Sughd (Khujand) note: the administrative center name follows in parentheses

Capital [time series]

name: Dushanbe geographic coordinates: 38 33 N, 68 46 E time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution [time series]

several previous; latest adopted 6 November 1994; amended 1999, 2003 (2009)

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Republic of Tajikistan conventional short form: Tajikistan local long form: Jumhurii Tojikiston local short form: Tojikiston former: Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Susan M. ELLIOTT (since 25 July 2012) embassy: 109-A Ismoili Somoni Avenue, Dushanbe 734019 mailing address: 7090 Dushanbe Place, Dulles, VA 20189 telephone: [992] (37) 229-20-00 FAX: [992] (37) 229-20-50

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Nuriddin SHAMSOV (since 26 July 2012) chancery: 1005 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 telephone: [1] (202) 223-6090 FAX: [1] (202) 223-6091

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Emomali RAHMON (since 6 November 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly chairman since 19 November 1992) head of government: Prime Minister Qohir RASULZODA (since 23 November 2013); First Deputy Prime Minister Davlatali SAIDOV (since 19 November 2013) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Supreme Assembly (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term (technically eligible for two terms); election last held on 6 November 2013 (next to be held in November 2020); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Emomali RAHMON reelected president; percent of vote - Emomali RAHMON 83.9%, Ismail TALBAKOV 5%, other 11.1%

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and green; a gold crown surmounted by seven gold, five-pointed stars is located in the center of the white stripe; red represents the sun, victory, and the unity of the nation, white stands for purity, cotton, and mountain snows, while green is the color of Islam and the bounty of nature; the crown symbolizes the Tajik people; the seven stars signify the Tajik magic number "seven" - a symbol of perfection and the embodiment of happiness

Government type [time series]

republic

Independence [time series]

9 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

International law organization participation [time series]

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation [time series]

ADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, G-77, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch [time series]

highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the chairman, deputy chairmen, and 34 judges organized into civil, criminal, and military chambers); Constitutional Court (consists of the court chairman, vice-president, and 5 judges); High Economic Court (consists 16 judicial positions) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court, Constitutional Court, and High Economic Court judges nominated by the president of the republic and approved by the National Assembly; judges of all three courts appointed for 10-year renewable terms with no limit on terms, but last appointment must occur before the age of 65 subordinate courts: regional and district courts; Dushanbe City Court; viloyat (province level) courts; Court of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region

Legal system [time series]

civil law system

Legislative branch [time series]

bicameral Supreme Assembly or Majlisi Oli consists of the National Assembly (upper chamber) or Majlisi Milli (34 seats; 25 members selected by local deputies, 8 appointed by the president; 1 seat reserved for the former president; members serve five-year terms) and the Assembly of Representatives (lower chamber) or Majlisi Namoyandagon (63 seats; 41 members elected through constituencies, 22 members elected through party selection; members serve five-year terms) elections: National Assembly - last held on 28 February 2010 (next to be held in February 2015); Assembly of Representatives - last held on 28 February 2010 (next to be held in February 2015) election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; Assembly of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDPT 71%, IRPT 8.2%, CPT 7%, APT 5.1%, PER 5.1%, other 3.6%; seats by party - PDPT 55, IRPT 2, CPT 2, APT 2, PER 2

National anthem(s) (National anthem) [time series]

name: "Surudi milli" (National Anthem)

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day (or National Day), 9 September (1991)

National symbol(s) [time series]

crown surmounted by seven, five-pointed stars

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Agrarian Party of Tajikistan or APT [Amir QARAQULOV] Communist Party of Tajikistan or CPT [Shodi SHABDOLOV] Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan or IRPT [Muhiddin KABIRI] Party of Economic Reform or PER [Olimjon BOBOEV] People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT [Emomali RAHMON] Social Democratic Party of Tajikistan or SDPT [Rahmatullo ZOYIROV]

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

influential religious leader Akbar TURAJONZODA unregistered Youth Party of Tajikistan [Izzat AMON] unregistered opposition group Guruhi-24 (Group-24) [Umarali QUVVATOV] Vatandor (Patriot) Movement [Dodojon ATOVULLOEV]

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Introduction

Background [time series]

The Tajik people came under Russian rule in the 1860s and 1870s, but Russia's hold on Central Asia weakened following the Revolution of 1917. Bolshevik control of the area was fiercely contested and not fully reestablished until 1925. Much of present-day Sughd province was transferred from the Uzbek SSR to the newly formed Tajik SSR in 1929. Ethnic Uzbeks form a substantial minority in Tajikistan. Tajikistan became independent in 1991 following the breakup of the Soviet Union, and experienced a civil war between regional factions from 1992-97. Tajikistan endured several domestic security incidents in 2010-12, including a mass prison-break from a Dushanbe detention facility, the country's first suicide car bombing in Khujand, and armed conflict between government forces and local strongmen in the Rasht Valley and government forces and criminal groups in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast. The country remains the poorest in the former Soviet sphere. Attention by the international community since the beginning of the NATO intervention in Afghanistan has brought increased economic and security assistance, which could create jobs and strengthen stability in the long term. Tajikistan joined NATO's Partnership for Peace in 2002, and became a member of the World Trade Organization in March 2013.

Military

Manpower available for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 2,012,790 females age 16-49: 2,020,618 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 1,490,267 females age 16-49: 1,675,083 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually [time series]

male: 76,430 female: 74,038 (2010 est.)

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Mobile Forces (2013)

Military expenditures [time series]

1.5% of GDP (2010) country comparison to the world: 101

Military service age and obligation [time series]

18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; 2-year conscript service obligation; males required to undergo compulsory military training between ages 16 and 55; males can enroll in military schools from at least age 15 (2012)

People and Society

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 33.4% (male 1,343,251/female 1,296,192) 15-24 years: 20.4% (male 818,089/female 795,303) 25-54 years: 38.5% (male 1,501,713/female 1,541,413) 55-64 years: 4.6% (male 165,220/female 195,363) 65 years and over: 3.2% (male 106,605/female 146,892) (2013 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

25.49 births/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 56

Child labor - children ages 5-14 [time series]

total number: 164,432 percentage: 10 % (2005 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight [time series]

15% (2005) country comparison to the world: 51

Contraceptive prevalence rate [time series]

27.9% (2012)

Death rate [time series]

6.38 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 155

Dependency ratios [time series]

total dependency ratio: 64.1 % youth dependency ratio: 58.9 % elderly dependency ratio: 5.2 % potential support ratio: 19.1 (2013)

Drinking water source [time series]

improved: urban: 92% of population rural: 54% of population total: 64% of population unimproved: urban: 8% of population rural: 46% of population total: 36% of population (2010 est.)

Education expenditure (Education expenditures) [time series]

3.9% of GDP (2011) country comparison to the world: 115

Ethnic groups [time series]

Tajik 79.9%, Uzbek 15.3%, Russian 1.1%, Kyrgyz 1.1%, other 2.6% (2000 census)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

0.2% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 105

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

fewer than 500 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 81

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

9,100 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 101

Health expenditure (Health expenditures) [time series]

5.8% of GDP (2011) country comparison to the world: 117

Hospital bed density [time series]

5.5 beds/1,000 population (2011)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 36.16 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 64 male: 40.65 deaths/1,000 live births female: 31.45 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

Languages [time series]

Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 66.72 years country comparison to the world: 166 male: 63.63 years female: 69.97 years (2013 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99.7% male: 99.8% female: 99.6% (2011 est.)

Major infectious diseases [time series]

degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria (2013)

Major urban areas - population [time series]

DUSHANBE (capital) 704,000 (2009)

Maternal mortality ratio (Maternal mortality rate) [time series]

65 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 94

Median age [time series]

total: 23.2 years male: 22.7 years female: 23.7 years (2013 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth [time series]

22.8 note: Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2012 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Tajikistani(s) adjective: Tajikistani

Net migration rate [time series]

-1.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 151

Obesity - adult prevalence rate [time series]

8.6% (2008) country comparison to the world: 136

Physician density (Physicians density) [time series]

1.9 physicians/1,000 population (2011)

Population [time series]

7,910,041 (July 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 97

Population growth rate [time series]

1.79% (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 68

Religions [time series]

Sunni Muslim 85%, Shia Muslim 5%, other 10% (2003 est.)

Sanitation facility access [time series]

improved: urban: 95% of population rural: 94% of population total: 94% of population unimproved: urban: 5% of population rural: 6% of population total: 6% of population (2010 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) [time series]

total: 12 years male: 12 years female: 11 years (2011)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.85 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

2.8 children born/woman (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 70

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 26.5% of total population (2011) rate of urbanization: 1.66% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

in 2006, China and Tajikistan pledged to commence demarcation of the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002; talks continue with Uzbekistan to delimit border and remove minefields; disputes in Isfara Valley delay delimitation with Kyrgyzstan

Illicit drugs [time series]

major transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicit cultivation of opium poppy for domestic consumption; Tajikistan seizes roughly 80% of all drugs captured in Central Asia and stands third worldwide in seizures of opiates (heroin and raw opium); significant consumer of opiates

Refugees and internally displaced persons [time series]

stateless persons: 2,300 (2012)

Transportation

Airports [time series]

24 (2013) country comparison to the world: 131

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 17 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 3 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 7 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 5 (2013)

Pipelines [time series]

gas 549 km; oil 38 km (2013)

Railways [time series]

total: 680 km country comparison to the world: 103 broad gauge: 680 km 1.520-m gauge (2008)

Roadways [time series]

total: 27,767 km (2000) country comparison to the world: 98

Waterways [time series]

200 km (along Vakhsh River) (2011) country comparison to the world: 99