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Communications

Internet users (Internet Service Providers (ISPs)) [time series]

9 (2001)

Internet country code [time series]

.am

Internet users [time series]

30,000 (2001)

Broadcast media (Radio broadcast stations) [time series]

AM 9, FM 6, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios [time series]

850,000 (1997)

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: system inadequate; now 90% privately owned and undergoing modernization and expansion domestic: the majority of subscribers and the most modern equipment are in Yerevan (this includes paging and mobile cellular service) international: Yerevan is connected to the Trans-Asia-Europe fiber-optic cable through Iran; additional international service is available by microwave radio relay and landline connections to the other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States and through the Moscow international switch and by satellite to the rest of the world; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (2000)

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

600,000 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

50,000 (2002)

Broadcast media (Television broadcast stations) [time series]

3 (plus an unknown number of repeaters) (1998)

Televisions [time series]

825,000 (1997)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

fruit (especially grapes), vegetables; livestock

Budget [time series]

revenues: $358 million expenditures: $458 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

dram (AMD)

Exchange rates (Currency code) [time series]

AMD

Debt - external [time series]

$839 million (June 2001)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income (Distribution of family income - Gini index) [time series]

44 (1996)

Economic aid (Economic aid - recipient) [time series]

$245.5 million (1995) (1995)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Under the old Soviet central planning system, Armenia had developed a modern industrial sector, supplying machine tools, textiles, and other manufactured goods to sister republics in exchange for raw materials and energy. Since the implosion of the USSR in December 1991, Armenia has switched to small-scale agriculture away from the large agroindustrial complexes of the Soviet era. The agricultural sector has long-term needs for more investment and updated technology. The privatization of industry has been at a slower pace, but has been given renewed emphasis by the current administration. Armenia is a food importer, and its mineral deposits (gold, bauxite) are small. The ongoing conflict with Azerbaijan over the ethnic Armenian-dominated region of Nagorno-Karabakh and the breakup of the centrally directed economic system of the former Soviet Union contributed to a severe economic decline in the early 1990s. By 1994, however, the Armenian Government had launched an ambitious IMF-sponsored economic program that has resulted in positive growth rates in 1995-2001. Armenia also managed to slash inflation and to privatize most small- and medium-sized enterprises. The chronic energy shortages Armenia suffered in recent years have been largely offset by the energy supplied by one of its nuclear power plants at Metsamor. Armenia's severe trade imbalance has been offset somewhat by international aid, domestic restructuring of the economy, and foreign direct investment.

Electricity - consumption [time series]

4.89 billion kWh (2000)

Electricity - exports [time series]

704 million kWh note: exports an unknown quantity to Georgia; includes exports to Nagorno-Karabakh region in Azerbaijan (2000)

Electricity - imports [time series]

300 million kWh note: imports an unknown quantity from Iran (2000)

Electricity - production [time series]

5.69 billion kWh (2000)

Electricity - production by source [time series]

fossil fuel: 36% other: 0% (2000) nuclear: 32% hydro: 31%

Exchange rates [time series]

drams per US dollar - 564.08 (January 2002), 555.08 (2001), 539.53 (2000), 535.06 (1999), 504.92 (1998), 490.85 (1997)

Exports [time series]

$338.5 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

diamonds, scrap metal, machinery and equipment, brandy, copper ore

Exports - partners [time series]

Belgium 23%, Russia 15%, US 13%, Iran 10% (2000)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP) [time series]

purchasing power parity - $11.2 billion (2001 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP - composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 29% industry: 32% services: 39% (2000 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita) [time series]

purchasing power parity - $3,350 (2001 est.)

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

9.6% (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 2% highest 10%: 35% (1996)

Imports [time series]

$868.6 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

natural gas, petroleum, tobacco products, foodstuffs, diamonds

Imports - partners [time series]

Russia 15%, US 12%, Belgium 10%, Iran 9% (2000)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

3.8% (2001)

Industries [time series]

metal-cutting machine tools, forging-pressing machines, electric motors, tires, knitted wear, hosiery, shoes, silk fabric, chemicals, trucks, instruments, microelectronics, gem cutting, jewelry manufacturing, software development, food processing, brandy

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

3.1% (2000 est.)

Labor force [time series]

1.4 million (2001)

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture 44%, services 14%, industry 42% (2000 est.)

Population below poverty line [time series]

55% (2001 est.)

Unemployment rate [time series]

20% note: official rate is 10.9% for 2000 (2001 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 29,800 sq km water: 1,400 sq km land: 28,400 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly smaller than Maryland

Climate [time series]

highland continental, hot summers, cold winters

Coastline [time series]

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Debed River 400 m highest point: Aragats Lerrnagagat' 4,090 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT; the energy crisis of the 1990s led to deforestation when citizens scavenged for firewood; pollution of Hrazdan (Razdan) and Aras Rivers; the draining of Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan), a result of its use as a source for hydropower, threatens drinking water supplies; restart of Metsamor nuclear power plant in spite of its location in a seismically-active zone

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Geographic coordinates [time series]

40 00 N, 45 00 E

Geography - note [time series]

landlocked in the Lesser Caucasus Mountains; Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan) is the largest lake in this mountain range

Irrigated land [time series]

2,870 sq km (1998 est.)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 1,254 km border countries: Azerbaijan-proper 566 km, Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave 221 km, Georgia 164 km, Iran 35 km, Turkey 268 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 17.52% permanent crops: 2.3% other: 80.18% (1998 est.)

Location [time series]

Southwestern Asia, east of Turkey

Map references [time series]

Asia

Maritime claims [time series]

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards [time series]

occasionally severe earthquakes; droughts

Natural resources [time series]

small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, alumina

Terrain [time series]

Armenian Highland with mountains; little forest land; fast flowing rivers; good soil in Aras River valley

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

11 provinces (marzer, singular - marz); Aragatsotn, Ararat, Armavir, Geghark'unik', Kotayk', Lorri, Shirak, Syunik', Tavush, Vayots' Dzor, Yerevan

Capital [time series]

Yerevan

Constitution [time series]

adopted by nationwide referendum 5 July 1995

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Republic of Armenia conventional short form: Armenia local short form: Hayastan former: Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic; Armenian Republic local long form: Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador John M. ORDWAY embassy: 18 Baghramyan Ave., Yerevan 375019 mailing address: American Embassy Yerevan, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-7020 telephone: [374](1) 521-611, 520-791, 542-177, 542-132, 524-661, 527-001, 524-840 FAX: [374](1) 520-800

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Arman KIRAKOSIAN chancery: 2225 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 consulate(s) general: Los Angeles FAX: [1] (202) 319-2982 telephone: [1] (202) 319-1976

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Robert KOCHARIAN (since 30 March 1998) head of government: Prime Minister Andranik MARKARYAN (since 12 May 2000) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 19 February and 5 March 2003); prime minister appointed by the president; the prime minister and Council of Ministers must resign if the National Assembly refuses to accept their program election results: Robert KOCHARIAN reelected president; percent of vote - Robert KOCHARIAN 67.5%, Stepan DEMIRCHYAN 32.5%

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and orange

Government type [time series]

republic

Independence [time series]

21 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)

International organization participation [time series]

BSEC, CCC, CE, CIS, COE, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Judicial branch [time series]

Constitutional Court; Court of Cassation (Appeals Court)

Legal system [time series]

based on civil law system

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral National Assembly (Parliament) or Azgayin Zhoghov (131 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms; 75 members selected by direct vote, 56 by party list) elections: last held 30 May 1999 (next to be held in the spring of 2003) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Unity Bloc 61 (Republican Party 41, People's Party of Armenia 20), Stability Group (independent Armenian deputies who have formed a bloc) 21, ACP (Communists) 10, ARF (Dashnak) 8, Law and Unity Party 7, NDU 6, Law-Governed Party 6, independents 11, ANM 1; note - seats by party change frequently as deputies switch parties or announce themselves independent note: electoral law was changed in 2002 so ratio in next elections will be 75 deputies elected by party list, 56 by direct election

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 21 September (1991)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Armenian National Movement or ANM [Ararat ZURABIAN, chairman]; Agro-Technical People's Group (formerly Stability Group) (parliamentary bloc); Armenian Communist Party or ACP [Vladimir DARBINYAN, First Secretary]; Armenia Democratic Party [Aram SARGSIAN]; Armenian Revolutionary Federation ("Dashnak" Party) or ARF [Armen RUSTAMIAN and Aghvan VARTANYAN]; Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Khosrev HARUTYUNIAN]; Constitutional Rights Union [Hrant KHACHATRYAN]; Democratic Liberal Party/Ramkvar Azatakyan or DL/RA [Ruben MIRZAKHANIAN]; Law-Governed Party [Artur BAGDASARIAN, chairman]; National Accord Front [Ashot MANUTCHARIAN]; National Accord Party [Artashes GEGAMIAN, chairman]; National Democratic Alliance [Arshak ZADOYAN]; National Democratic Party [Shavarsh KOCHARIAN]; National Democratic Union or NDU [Vazgen MANUKIAN]; People's Democratic Party [Gagik ASLANYAN]; People's Deputies Group [Hovhannes HOVHANISSIAN] (parliamentary bloc); People's Party of Armenia [Stepan DEMIRCHYAN]; Republic Party [Albert BAZEYAN, chairman]; Republican Party or RPA [Andranik MARKARYAN]; Shamiram Women's Movement or SWM [Shogher MATEVOSIAN]; Social Democratic (Hunchak) Party [George HAKOPIAN]; Social Democratic Union (formerly National Self-Determination Union) [Paruyr HAYRIKIAN]; Unity Bloc [Stepan DEMIRCHIAN and Andranik MARKARYAN] (a coalition of the Republican Party and People's Party of Armenia)

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

Yerkrapah Union [Manvel GRIGORIAN]

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Introduction

Background [time series]

Armenia prides itself on being the first nation to formally adopt Christianity (early 4th century). Despite periods of autonomy, over the centuries Armenia came under the sway of various empires including the Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Persian, and Ottoman. It was incorporated into Russia in 1828 and the USSR in 1920. Armenian leaders remain preoccupied by the long conflict with Muslim Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh, a primarily Armenian-populated region, assigned to Soviet Azerbaijan in the 1920s by Moscow. Armenia and Azerbaijan began fighting over the area in 1988; the struggle escalated after both countries attained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By May 1994, when a cease-fire took hold, Armenian forces held not only Nagorno-Karabakh but also a significant portion of Azerbaijan proper. The economies of both sides have been hurt by their inability to make substantial progress toward a peaceful resolution.

Military

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, Border Guards

Military expenditures - dollar figure [time series]

$135 million (FY01)

Military expenditures (Military expenditures - percent of GDP) [time series]

6.5% (FY01)

Military manpower - availability [time series]

males age 15-49: 912,650 (2002 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service [time series]

males age 15-49: 722,035 (2002 est.)

Military manpower - military age [time series]

18 years of age (2002 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually [time series]

males: 34,998 (2002 est.)

People

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 22.2% (male 374,597; female 363,115) 15-64 years: 67.7% (male 1,104,100; female 1,150,282) 65 years and over: 10.1% (male 141,330; female 196,675) (2002 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

12 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)

Death rate [time series]

9.94 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)

Ethnic groups [time series]

Armenian 93%, Azeri 1%, Russian 2%, other (mostly Yezidi Kurds) 4% (2002) note: as of the end of 1993, virtually all Azeris had emigrated from Armenia

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

0.01% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

less than 100 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

less than 500 (1999 est.)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

41.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)

Languages [time series]

Armenian 96%, Russian 2%, other 2%

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 66.59 years female: 71.12 years (2002 est.) male: 62.27 years

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99% male: 99% female: 98% (1989 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Armenian(s) adjective: Armenian

Net migration rate [time series]

-3.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)

Population [time series]

3,330,099 note: Armenia's first census since independence was conducted in October 2001, but official figures have not yet been released (July 2002 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

-0.15% (2002 est.)

Religions [time series]

Armenian Apostolic 94%, other Christian 4%, Yezidi (Zoroastrian/animist) 2%

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2002 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

1.53 children born/woman (2002 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in Nagorno-Karabakh and militarily occupies 16% of Azerbaijan - Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; border with Turkey remains closed over Nagorno-Karabakh dispute; traditional demands regarding former Armenian lands in Turkey have subsided

Illicit drugs [time series]

illicit cultivation of small amount of cannabis for domestic consumption; used as a transit point for illicit drugs - mostly opium and hashish - moving from Southwest Asia to Russia and to a lesser extent the rest of Europe

Transportation

Airports [time series]

12 (2001)

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 5 over 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2002)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 7 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 1 (2002)

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

total: 11,300 km paved: 10,500 km (includes some all-weather gravel-surfaced roads) unpaved: 800 km (these roads are made of unstabilized earth and are difficult to negotiate in wet weather) (1990)

Pipelines [time series]

natural gas 900 km (1991)

Ports (Ports and harbors) [time series]

none

Railways [time series]

total: 852 km in common carrier service; does not include industrial lines broad gauge: 852 km 1.520-m gauge (779 km electrified) (2001 est.)

Waterways [time series]

NA km