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Communications

Airports [time series]

total: 302 usable: 175 with permanent-surface runways: 32 with runways over 3,659 m: 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 59

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

total: 73,828 km paved: bituminous-surface 8,577 km unpaved: crushed stone, gravel, improved earth 29,350 km; unimproved earth 35,901 km

Waterways (Inland waterways) [time series]

1,295 km navigable

Merchant marine [time series]

12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 63,776 GRT/99,863 DWT, cargo 11, oil tanker 1

Pipelines [time series]

crude oil 179 km

Ports [time series]

Luanda, Lobito, Namibe, Cabinda

Railways (Railroads) [time series]

3,189 km total; 2,879 km 1.067-meter gauge, 310 km 0.600-meter gauge; limited trackage in use because of landmines still in place from the civil war; majority of the Benguela Railroad also closed because of civil war

Telecommunication systems (Telecommunications) [time series]

limited system of wire, microwave radio relay, and troposcatter routes; high frequency radio used extensively for military links; telephone service limited mostly to government and business use; 40,300 telephones (4.1 telephones per 1,000 persons); broadcast stations - 17 AM, 13 FM, 6 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations

Defense Forces

Affiliation [time series]

(dependent territory of the UK)

Military and security forces (Branches) [time series]

Army, Navy, Air Force/Air Defense, People's Defense Organization and Territorial Troops,

Military expenditures (Defense expenditures) [time series]

$NA, NA% of GDP

Manpower availability [time series]

males age 15-49 2,262,669; fit for military service 1,139,319; reach military age (18) annually 96,900 (1994 est.)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture) [time series]

cash crops - bananas, sugar cane, coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, cane, manioc, tobacco; food crops - cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains ; livestock production accounts for 20%, fishing 4%, forestry 2% of total agricultural output; disruptions caused by civil war, and marketing deficiencies require food imports

Budget [time series]

revenues: $928 million expenditures: $2.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $963 million (1992 est.)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

1 new kwanza (NKz) = 100 lwei

Economic aid [time series]

recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $265 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.105 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $1.3 billion; net official disbursements (1985-89), $750 million

Electricity [time series]

capacity: 510,000 kW production: 800 million kWh consumption per capita: 84 kWh (1991)

Exchange rates [time series]

kwanza (Kz) per US$1 - 90,000 (official rate 1June 1994), 180,000 (black market rate 1 June 1994); 7,000 (official rate 16 December 1993), 50,000 (black market rate 16 December 1993); 3,884 (July 1993); 550 (April 1992); 90 (November 1991); 60 (October 1990)

Exports [time series]

$3 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.) commodities: oil, diamonds, refined petroleum products, gas, coffee, sisal, fish and fish products, timber, cotton partners: US, France, Germany, Netherlands, Brazil

Debt - external (External debt) [time series]

$8 billion (1993 est.)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

Imports [time series]

$1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: capital equipment (machinery and electrical equipment), food, vehicles and spare parts, textiles and clothing, medicines; substantial military deliveries partners: Portugal, Brazil, US, France, Spain

Industrial production growth rate (Industrial production) [time series]

growth rate NA%; accounts for about 60% of GDP, including petroleum output

Industries [time series]

petroleum; mining - diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, feldspar, bauxite, uranium, and gold; fish processing; food processing; brewing; tobacco; sugar; textiles; cement; basic metal products

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

1,840% (1993 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (National product) [time series]

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $5.7 billion (1993 est.)

Real GDP per capita (National product per capita) [time series]

$600 (1993 est.)

Real GDP growth rate (National product real growth rate) [time series]

-22.6% (1993 est.)

Economic overview (Overview) [time series]

Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for 80-90% of the population but accounts for less than 15% of GDP. Oil production is vital to the economy, contributing about 60% to GDP. Bitter internal fighting continues to severely affect the economy, and food must be imported. In 1993, production fell by an estimated 22.6%, mainly because of the capture by insurgents of the oil town of Soyo and diamond-producing areas in northeastern Angola. Angola has rich natural resources - notably gold, diamonds, and arable land, in addition to large oil depoaits - but will need to end the war and reform government policies if it is to achieve its potential.

Unemployment rate [time series]

15% with considerable underemployment (1993 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total area: 1,246,700 sq km land area: 1,246,700 sq km comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Climate [time series]

semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)

Coastline [time series]

1,600 km

Environment - current issues (Environment) [time series]

current issues: population pressures contributing to overuse of pastures and subsequent soil erosion; desertification; deforestation of tropical rain forest attributable to the international demand for tropical timber and domestic use as a fuel; deforestation contributing to loss of biodiversity; soil erosion contributing to water pollution and siltation of rivers and dams; scarcity of potable water natural hazards: locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on the plateau international agreements: party to - Law of the Sea; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change

Disputes - international (International disputes) [time series]

none

Irrigated land [time series]

NA km2

Land boundaries [time series]

total 5,198 km, Congo 201 km, Namibia 1,376 km, Zaire 2,511 km, Zambia 1,110 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 23% forest and woodland: 43% other: 32%

Location [time series]

Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Namibia and Zaire

Map references [time series]

Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Maritime claims [time series]

exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 20 nm

Natural resources [time series]

petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite, uranium

Note [time series]

Cabinda is separated from rest of country by Zaire

Terrain [time series]

narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateau

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

18 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire

Capital [time series]

Luanda

Constitution [time series]

11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, 6 March 1991, and 26 August 1992

Digraph [time series]

Diplomatic representation in the US (Diplomatic representation in US) [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Jose PATRICIO embassy: 1899 L Street NW, 5th floor, Washington, DC 20038 telephone: (202) 785-1156

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21 September 1979) head of government: Prime Minister Marcolino Jose Carlos MOCO (since 2 December 1992) cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president

Diplomatic representation in the US (FAX) [time series]

(202) 785-1258

Diplomatic representation in the US (FAX) [time series]

[244] (2) 39-05-15

Flag [time series]

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle)

Independence [time series]

11 November 1975 (from Portugal)

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court (Tribunal da Relacao)

Legal system [time series]

based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; recently modified to accommodate political pluralism and increased use of free markets

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral

International organization participation (Member of) [time series]

ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC (observer), ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAS (observer), OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Country name (Names) [time series]

conventional long form: Republic of Angola conventional short form: Angola local long form: Republica de Angola local short form: Angola former: People's Republic of Angola

Legislative branch (National Assembly (Assembleia Nacional)) [time series]

first nationwide, multiparty elections were held 29-30 September 1992 with disputed results; further elections are being discussed

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 11 November (1975)

Note [time series]

Civil war has been the norm since independence on 11 November 1975; a cease-fire lasted from 31 May 1991 until October 1992 when the insurgent National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) refused to accept its defeat in internationally monitored elections; fighting has since resumed throughout much of the countryside. Nevertheless, the two sides are negotiating the details for holding the second round of presidential elections.

Political parties (Other political or pressure groups) [time series]

Cabindan State Liberation Front (FLEC), N'ZITA Tiago, leader of largest faction (FLEC-FAC) note: FLEC is waging a small-scale, highly factionalized, armed struggle for the independence of Cabinda Province

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), led by Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS, is the ruling party and has been in power since 1975; National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas SAVIMBI, remains a legal party despite its return to armed resistance to the government; five minor parties have small numbers of seats in the National Assembly

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Government type (Type) [time series]

transitional government nominally a multiparty democracy with a strong presidential system

Diplomatic representation from the US (US diplomatic representation) [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Edmund DE JARNETTE embassy: Miramar, Luanda mailing address: CP6484, Luanda, Angola (mail international); US Embassy, Luanda, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20521-2550 (pouch) telephone: [244] (2) 39-24-98

People

Birth rate [time series]

45.43 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Death rate [time series]

18.55 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Ethnic groups (Ethnic divisions) [time series]

Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed European and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%

Infant mortality rate [time series]

145.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)

Labor force [time series]

2.783 million economically active by occupation: agriculture 85%, industry 15% (1985 est.)

Languages [time series]

Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 45.77 years male: 43.72 years female: 47.92 years (1994 est.)

Literacy [time series]

age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) total population: 42% male: 56% female: 28%

Nationality [time series]

noun: Angolan(s) adjective: Angolan

Net migration rate [time series]

-0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Population [time series]

9,803,576 (July 1994 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

2.67% (1994 est.)

Religions [time series]

indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant 15% (est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

6.48 children born/woman (1994 est.)