Airports [time series]

315 total, 183 usable; 28 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 58 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Civil air [time series]

27 major transport aircraft

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

73,828 km total; 8,577 km bituminous-surface treatment, 29,350 km crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth, remainder unimproved earth

Waterways (Inland waterways) [time series]

1,295 km navigable

Merchant marine [time series]

12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 66,348 GRT/102,825 DWT; includes 11 cargo, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker

Pipelines [time series]

crude oil, 179 km

Ports [time series]

Luanda, Lobito, Namibe, Cabinda

Railways (Railroads) [time series]

3,189 km total; 2,879 km 1.067-meter gauge, 310 km 0.600-meter gauge; limited trackage in use because of insurgent attacks; sections of the Benguela Railroad closed because of insurgency

Telecommunication systems (Telecommunications) [time series]

fair system of wire, radio relay, and troposcatter routes; high frequency used extensively for military/Cuban links; 40,300 telephones; stations--17 AM, 13 FM, 2 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations

Military and security forces (Branches) [time series]

Army, Navy, Air Force/Air Defense, People's Defense Organization and Territorial Troops, Frontier Guard

Military expenditures (Defense expenditures) [time series]

$NA, NA% of GDP

Manpower availability [time series]

males 15-49, 2,080,837; 1,047,500 fit for military service; 92,430 reach military age (18) annually

Agricultural products (Agriculture) [time series]

cash crops--coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, sugar, manioc, tobacco; food crops--cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains, bananas; livestock production accounts for 20%, fishing 4%, forestry 2% of total agricultural output; disruptions caused by civil war and marketing deficiencies require food imports

Budget [time series]

revenues $2.6 billion; expenditures $4.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $963 million (1990 est.)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

kwanza (plural--kwanza); 1 kwanza (Kz) = 100 lwei

Economic aid [time series]

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $265 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1,005 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $1.3 billion

Electricity [time series]

506,000 kW capacity; 770 million kWh produced, 90 kWh per capita (1989)

Exchange rates [time series]

kwanza (Kz) per US$1--29.62 (fixed rate since 1976)

Exports [time series]

$3.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.); commodities--oil,liquified petroleum gas, diamonds, coffee, sisal, fish and fish products, timber, cotton; partners--US, USSR, Cuba, Portugal, Brazil, France

Debt - external (External debt) [time series]

$7.0 billion (1990)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP) [time series]

$7.9 billion, per capita $925; real growth rate 2.0% (1990 est.)

Imports [time series]

$1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.); commodities--capital equipment (machinery and electrical equipment), food, vehicles and spare parts, textiles and clothing, medicines; substantial military deliveries; partners--US, USSR, Cuba, Portugal, Brazil

Industrial production growth rate (Industrial production) [time series]

growth rate NA%; accounts for about 60% of GDP, including petroleum output

Industries [time series]

petroleum, diamonds, mining, fish processing, food processing, brewing, tobacco, sugar, textiles, cement, basic metal products

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

23.2% (1988)

Economic overview (Overview) [time series]

Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for 80 to 90% of the population, but accounts for less than 15% of GDP. Oil production is the most lucrative sector of the economy, contributing about 50% to GDP. In recent years, however, the impact of fighting an internal war has severely affected the nonoil economy, and food has to be imported. For the long run, Angola has the advantage of rich natural resources, notably gold, diamonds, and arable land. To realize its economic potential Angola not only must secure domestic peace but also must reform government policies that have led to distortions and imbalances throughout the economy.

Unemployment rate [time series]

NA%

Climate [time series]

semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)

Coastline [time series]

1,600 km Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 20 nm

Area - comparative (Comparative area) [time series]

slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Disputes - international (Disputes) [time series]

civil war since independence on 11 November 1975; on 31 May 1991 Angolan President Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS and Jonas SAVIMBI, leader of the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), signed a peace treaty that calls for multiparty elections between September and November 1992, an internationally monitored cease-fire, and termination of outside military assistance

Environment - current issues (Environment) [time series]

locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on plateau; desertification

Land boundaries [time series]

5,198 km total; Congo 201 km, Namibia 1,376 km, Zaire 2,511 km, Zambia 1,110 km

Land use [time series]

arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 23%; forest and woodland 43%; other 32%

Natural resources [time series]

petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite, uranium

Note [time series]

Cabinda is separated from rest of country by Zaire

Terrain [time series]

narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateau

Area (Total area) [time series]

1,246,700 km2; land area: 1,246,700 km2

Administrative divisions [time series]

18 provinces (provincias, singular--provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire

Capital [time series]

Luanda

Constitution [time series]

11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, and 6 March 1991

Diplomatic representation in the US (Diplomatic representation) [time series]

none

Executive branch (Elections) [time series]

first nationwide, multiparty elections to be held between September and November 1992

Executive branch [time series]

president, chairman of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Flag [time series]

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle)

Independence [time series]

11 November 1975 (from Portugal)

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court (Tribunal da Relacao) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS (since 21 September 1979)

Legal system [time series]

based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; recently modified to accommodate multipartyism and increased use of free markets

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral People's Assembly (Assembleia do Povo)

Country name (Long-form name) [time series]

People's Republic of Angola

International organization participation (Member of) [time series]

ACP, AfDB, CEEAC (observer), ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 11 November (1975)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

only one party exists--the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola-Labor Party (MPLA), Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS--although others are expected to form as legalization of a multiparty system proceeds; National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) lost to the MPLA and Cuban military support forces in the immediate postindependence struggle, but is to receive recognition as a legal party

Suffrage [time series]

universal at age 18

Government type (Type) [time series]

in transition from a one-party Marxist state to a multiparty democracy with a strong presidential system

Birth rate [time series]

47 births/1,000 population (1991)

Death rate [time series]

20 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

Ethnic groups (Ethnic divisions) [time series]

Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, Mestico 2%, European 1%, other 22%

Infant mortality rate [time series]

151 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

Labor force [time series]

2,783,000 economically active; agriculture 85%, industry 15% (1985 est.)

Languages (Language) [time series]

Portuguese (official); various Bantu dialects

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

42 years male, 46 years female (1991)

Literacy [time series]

42% (male 56%, female 28%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun--Angolan(s); adjective--Angolan

Net migration rate [time series]

NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1991)

Organized labor [time series]

about 450,695 (1980)

Population [time series]

8,668,281 (July 1991), growth rate 2.7% (1991)

Religions (Religion) [time series]

indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant 15% (est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

6.7 children born/woman (1991)