View Intelligence Dossier Back to 1993 CSV Excel Print All Years

Communications

Airports [time series]

total: 110 usable: 102 with permanent-surface runways: 65 with runways over 3,659 m: 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 32 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 26

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

320,611 km total; 138 km limited access expressways, 31,062 km national (main) roads, 27,853 km regional (secondary) roads, 261,558 km local and municipal roads; 45,526 km of hard surfaced roads (of which about 27,000 km are paved and about 18,500 km are surfaced with gravel or crushed stone) (1988 est.)

Waterways (Inland waterways) [time series]

about 1,200 km

Merchant marine [time series]

353 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,825,274 GRT/6,628,207 DWT; includes 7 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 189 cargo, 1 container, 6 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 livestock carrier, 39 oil tanker, 10 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 9 combination ore/oil, 2 specialized tanker, 80 bulk, 3 combination bulk

Pipelines [time series]

crude oil 1,738 km, petroleum products 2,321 km, natural gas 708 km

Ports [time series]

Iskenderun, Istanbul, Mersin, Izmir

Railways (Railroads) [time series]

8,429 km 1.435-meter gauge (including 795 km electrified)

Telecommunication systems (Telecommunications) [time series]

fair domestic and international systems; trunk radio relay microwave network; limited open wire network; 3,400,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 15 AM; 94 FM; 357 TV; 1 satellite ground station operating in the INTELSAT (2 Atlantic Ocean antennas) and EUTELSAT systems; 1 submarine cable

Defense Forces

Military and security forces (Branches) [time series]

Land Forces, Navy (including Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force, Coast Guard, Gendarmerie

Military expenditures (Defense expenditures) [time series]

exchange rate conversion - $5.6 billion, 3.9% of GDP (1992)

Manpower availability [time series]

males age 15-49 15,691,874; fit for military service 9,579,453; reach military age (20) annually 604,816 (1993 est.)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture) [time series]

accounts for 18% of GDP and employs about half of working force; products - tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulses, citrus fruit, variety of animal products; self-sufficient in food most years

Budget [time series]

revenues $40.5 billion; expenditures $46.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.5 billion (1993)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus

Economic aid [time series]

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.3 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $665 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.5 billion; note - aid for Persian Gulf war efforts from coalition allies (1991), $4.1 billion; aid pledged for Turkish Defense Fund, $2.5 billion

Electricity [time series]

14,400,000 kW capacity; 44,000 million kWh produced, 750 kWh per capita (1991)

Exchange rates [time series]

Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 8,814.3 (January 1993), 6,872.4 (1992), 4,171.8 (1991), 2,608.6 (1990), 2,121.7 (1989), 1,422.3 (1988)

Exports [time series]

$13.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: manufactured goods 69%, foodstuffs 22%, fuels 2% partners: EC countries 51%, US 7%, Iran 5%, former USSR 5%

Debt - external (External debt) [time series]

$48.7 billion (1991)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

Illicit drugs [time series]

major transit route for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish to Western Europe and the US via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish, Iranian, and other international trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin have sprung up in remote regions of Turkey as well as near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate

Imports [time series]

$21.1 billion (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: manufactured goods 61%, foodstuffs 8%, fuels 21% partners: EC countries 44%, US 12%, former USSR 5%

Industrial production growth rate (Industrial production) [time series]

growth rate 3.2% (1991 est.); accounts for 28% of GDP

Industries [time series]

textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron minerals), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

70% (1992)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (National product) [time series]

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $219 billion (1992)

Real GDP per capita (National product per capita) [time series]

$3,670 (1992)

Real GDP growth rate (National product real growth rate) [time series]

5.9% (1992)

Economic overview (Overview) [time series]

After an impressive economic performance through most of the 1980s, Turkey has experienced erratic rates of economic growth since 1988 - ranging from a high of 9.2% in 1990 to a low of 0.9% in 1991. Strong consumer demand and increased public investment led the way to a strong 5.9% growth in 1992. Chronic high inflation is Turkey's most serious economic problem, leading to high interest rates and the rapid depreciation of the Turkish lira. The huge public sector deficit - about 12% of GDP - and the Treasury's heavy reliance on Central Bank financing of the deficit are the major causes of Turkish inflation. Meanwhile, wage increases in both the public and private sector have outpaced productivity gains, limited the government's ability to reduce current expenditures, and hindered the return to profitability of many private companies. Agriculture remains an important economic sector, employing about half of the work force, contributing 18% to GDP, and accounting for about 20% of exports. The government has launched a multibillion-dollar development program in the southeastern region, which includes the building of a dozen dams on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers to generate electric power and irrigate large tracts of farmland. The Turkish economy will probably continue to grow faster than the West European average in 1993, but the shaky coalition government of Prime Minister DEMIREL - which has seen its parliamentary majority shrink from 36 to 11 seats during its first year in power - is unlikely to risk further erosion of its support by implementing the belt-tightening measures necessary to substantially reduce inflation.

Unemployment rate [time series]

11.1% (1992 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total area: 780,580 km2 land area: 770,760 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than Texas

Climate [time series]

temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior

Coastline [time series]

7,200 km

Environment - current issues (Environment) [time series]

subject to severe earthquakes, especially along major river valleys in west; air pollution; desertification

Disputes - international (International disputes) [time series]

complex maritime and air (but not territorial) disputes with Greece in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; Hatay question with Syria; ongoing dispute with downstream riparians (Syria and Iraq) over water development plans for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

Irrigated land [time series]

22,200 km2 (1989 est.)

Land boundaries [time series]

total 2,627 km, Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 30% permanent crops: 4% meadows and pastures: 12% forest and woodland: 26% other: 28%

Location [time series]

Southeastern Europe/Southwest Asia, bordering the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Iran

Map references [time series]

Africa, Europe, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Maritime claims [time series]

exclusive economic zone: in Black Sea only - to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former USSR territorial sea: 6 nm in the Aegean Sea, 12 nm in the Black Sea and in the Mediterranean Sea

Natural resources [time series]

antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulphur, iron ore

Note [time series]

strategic location controlling the Turkish straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas

Terrain [time series]

mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau (Anatolia)

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

73 provinces (iller, singular - il); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman Maras, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Urfa, Usak, Van, Yozgat, Zonguldak

Capital [time series]

Ankara

Constitution [time series]

7 November 1982

Digraph [time series]

Diplomatic representation in the US (Diplomatic representation in US) [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIR chancery: 1714 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: (202) 659-8200 consulates general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York

Executive branch (Elections) [time series]

Grand National Assembly: last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1996); results - DYP 27.03%, ANAP 24.01%, SHP 20.75%, RP 16.88%, DSP 10.75%, SBP 0.44%, independent 0.14%; seats - (450 total) DYP 178, ANAP 115, SHP 86, RP 40, MCP 19, DSP 7, other 5

Executive branch [time series]

president, Presidential Council, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet

Flag [time series]

red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening

Independence [time series]

29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)

Judicial branch [time series]

Court of Cassation

Executive branch (Leaders) [time series]

Chief of State: President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993) Head of Government: Prime Minister Tansu CILLER (since NA June 1993)

Legal system [time series]

derived from various continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral Grand National Assembly (Buyuk Millet Meclisi)

International organization participation (Member of) [time series]

AsDB, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NATO, NEA, OECD, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNRWA, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Country name (Names) [time series]

conventional long form: Republic of Turkey conventional short form: Turkey local long form: Turkiye Cumhuriyeti local short form: Turkiye

National holiday [time series]

Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic, 29 October (1923)

Political parties (Other political or pressure groups) [time series]

Turkish Confederation of Labor (TURK-IS), Sevket YILMAZ

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Correct Way Party (DYP), Suleyman DEMIREL; Motherland Party (ANAP), Mesut YILMAZ; Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP), Erdal INONU; Refah Party (RP), Necmettin ERBAKAN; Democratic Left Party (DSP), Bulent ECEVIT; Nationalist Labor Party (MCP), Alpaslan TURKES; People's Labor Party (HEP), Ahmet TURK; Socialist Unity Party (SBP), Saden AREN; Democratic Center Party (DSP), Bedrettin DALAN; Republican People's Party (CHP), Deniz BAYKAL; Workers' Party (IP), Dogu PERINCEK; National Party (MP), Aykut EDIBALI

Suffrage [time series]

21 years of age; universal

Government type (Type) [time series]

republican parliamentary democracy

Diplomatic representation from the US (US diplomatic representation) [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Richard C. BARKLEY embassy: 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Ankara mailing address: PSC 88, Box 5000, Ankara, or APO AE 09823 telephone: [90] (4) 426 54 70 FAX: [90] (4) 467-0057 and 0019 consulates general: Istanbul and Izmir consulate: Adana

People

Birth rate [time series]

26.62 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate [time series]

5.97 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Ethnic groups (Ethnic divisions) [time series]

Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (est.)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

52 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Labor force [time series]

20.7 million by occupation: agriculture 50%, services 35%, industry 15% note: about 1,800,000 Turks work abroad (1991)

Languages [time series]

Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 70.41 years male: 68.11 years female: 72.82 years (1993 est.)

Literacy [time series]

age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 81% male: 90% female: 71%

Nationality [time series]

noun: Turk(s) adjective: Turkish

Net migration rate [time series]

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Population [time series]

60,897,841 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

2.07% (1993 est.)

Religions [time series]

Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (Christian and Jews)

Total fertility rate [time series]

3.3 children born/woman (1993 est.)