Turkiye

presidential republic

name: Ankara geographic coordinates: 39 56 N, 32 52 E time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) etymology: the name probably derives from the Indo-European root word ang , meaning "bend" and relating to the settlement's original location in a winding gorge; the city was referred to as Angora by the 13th century; the name was officially modified to Ankara in 1923 when the Republic of Turkey was founded

chief of state: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 28 August 2014) head of government: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 9 July 2018) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term) most recent election date: 14 May 2023, with a runoff on 28 May 2023 election results: 2023: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in second round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.2%, Kemal KILICDAROGLU (CHP) 47.8% 2018: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in first round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.6%, Muharrem INCE (CHP) 30.6%, Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 8.4%, Meral AKSENER (IYI) 7.3%, other 1.1% expected date of next election: 2028

legislature name: Grand National Assembly of Türkiye (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi (T.B.M.M)) legislative structure: unicameral number of seats: 600 (all directly elected) electoral system: proportional representation scope of elections: full renewal term in office: 5 years most recent election date: 5/14/2023 parties elected and seats per party: Justice and Development Party (Ak Party) (267); Republican People's Party (CHP) (130); Green and the Left Party of the Future (YSGP) (57); Nationalist Action Party (MHP) (50); Good Party (İyi Party) (44); Other (52) percentage of women in chamber: 19.9% expected date of next election: May 2028

highest court(s): Constitutional Court or Anayasa Mahkemesi (consists of the president, 2 vice presidents, and 12 judges); Court of Cassation (consists of about 390 judges and is organized into civil and penal chambers); Council of State (organized into 15 divisions -- 14 judicial and 1 consultative -- each with a division head and at least 5 members) judge selection and term of office: Constitutional Court members - 3 appointed by the Grand National Assembly and 12 by the president of the republic; court president and 2 deputy court presidents appointed from among its members for 4-year terms; judges serve 12-year, nonrenewable terms with mandatory retirement at age 65; Court of Cassation judges appointed by the Board of Judges and Prosecutors, a 13-member body of judicial officials; Court of Cassation judges serve until retirement at age 65; Council of State members appointed by the Board and by the president of the republic; members serve renewable, 4-year terms subordinate courts: regional appeals courts; basic (first instance) courts; peace courts; aggravated crime courts; specialized courts, including administrative and audit

history: several previous; latest ratified 9 November 1982 amendment process: proposed by written consent of at least one third of Grand National Assembly (GNA) of Turkey (TBMM) members; adoption of draft amendments requires two debates in plenary TBMM session and three-fifths majority vote of all GNA members; the president of the republic can request TBMM reconsideration of the amendment and, if readopted by two-thirds majority TBMM vote, the president may submit the amendment to a referendum; passage by referendum requires absolute majority vote

ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CPLP (associate observer), D-8, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EU (candidate country), FAO, FATF, G-20, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club (associate), PCA, PIF (partner), SCO (dialogue member), SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC note : Turkey is an EU candidate country and must complete accession criteria before being granted full membership

2.3% of GDP (2025 est.) 2.1% of GDP (2024 est.) 1.5% of GDP (2023 est.) 1.4% of GDP (2022 est.) 1.6% of GDP (2021 est.)

Turkish Armed Forces (TAF; T rk Silahlı Kuvvetleri, TSK): Turkish Land Forces (T rk Kara Kuvvetleri), Turkish Naval Forces (T rk Deniz Kuvvetleri; includes naval air and naval infantry), Turkish Air Forces (T rk Hava Kuvvetleri) Ministry of Interior: Gendarmerie General Command (aka Gendarmerie of the Turkish Republic), Turkish Coast Guard Command, General Directorate of Security (National Police) (2025) note: the Gendarmerie (Jandarma) is responsible for the maintenance of the public order in areas that fall outside the jurisdiction of police forces (generally in rural areas); in wartime, the Gendarmerie and Coast Guard would be placed under the operational control of the Land Forces and Naval Forces, respectively

military service is compulsory for Turkish men 20-41 for a period of 6-12 months; men and women may volunteer (2025) note: after completing 1 month of basic training, conscripts have the option to opt out of the last 5 months by paying a fee

the responsibilities of the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) include protecting the country's territory and sovereignty, participating in international peacekeeping operations, fulfilling T rkiye s military commitments to NATO, providing disaster/humanitarian relief and assistance to domestic law enforcement if requested by civil authorities, and supporting the country's overall national security interests; it also has overall responsibility for the security of T rkiye s borders T rkiye is active in international peacekeeping and other military/security operations under NATO and the UN, as well as under bilateral agreements with some countries, such as Azerbaijan, Libya, Somalia, and Qatar; T rkiye has been a member of NATO since 1952 and hosts the headquarters for a NATO Land Command and a Rapid Deployment Corps, multiple airbases for NATO and US aircraft, NATO air/missile defense systems, and training centers; the TAF is the second-largest military in NATO behind the US the military traces its history back to 200 B.C., although the modern TAF was formed following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the conclusion of the Turkish War of Independence (1919-1923); the TAF traditionally has been viewed as the guardian of Turkish politics, but its political role was diminished after the failed 2016 coup attempt; the military has a stake in T rkiye's economy through a holding company that is involved in the automotive, defense, energy, finance, and logistics sectors, as well as iron and steel production (2025)

approximately 250 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR); approximately 30,000 Cyprus; 730 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR); Turkiye also has several thousand military personnel deployed to other countries under bilateral agreements, including Azerbaijan, Libya, Qatar, and Somalia (2025) note: Turkey estimated to maintain several thousand military forces in both Iraq and Syria

$3.018 trillion (2024 est.) $2.925 trillion (2023 est.) $2.783 trillion (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

$35,300 (2024 est.) $34,300 (2023 est.) $32,700 (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

3.2% (2024 est.) 5.1% (2023 est.) 5.5% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

58.5% (2024 est.) 53.9% (2023 est.) 72.3% (2022 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

33.1% of GDP (2023 est.) note: central government debt as a % of GDP

$372.756 billion (2024 est.) $357.588 billion (2023 est.) $346.602 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

$367.022 billion (2024 est.) $386.602 billion (2023 est.) $383.7 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

8.5% (2024 est.) 9.4% (2023 est.) 10.5% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment

revenues: $330.21 billion (2023 est.) expenditures: $382.998 billion (2023 est.) note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

textiles, food processing, automobiles, electronics, mining (coal, chromate, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper

sugar beets, wheat, milk, tomatoes, barley, maize, potatoes, apples, grapes, watermelons (2023) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

total: 84,625,585 (2025 est.) male: 42,489,277 female: 42,136,308

0.59% (2025 est.)

0-14 years: 21.7% (male 9,358,711/female 8,933,673) 15-64 years: 68.6% (male 29,219,389/female 28,494,315) 65 years and over: 9.6% (2024 est.) (male 3,669,330/female 4,444,113)

13.56 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

6.19 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

-1.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

total population: 76.7 years (2024 est.) male: 74.4 years female: 79.2 years

urban population: 77.5% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 1.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Turkish 70-75%, Kurdish 19%, other minorities 6-11% (2016 est.)

Turkish (official), Kurdish, other minority languages major-language sample(s): The World Factbook, temel bilgi edinmek i in vazge ilmez bir kaynak. (Turkish) ڕاستییەکانی جیهان، باشترین سەرچاوەیە بۆ زانیارییە بنەڕەتییەکان (Kurdish) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (mostly Christians and Jews)

total population: 97.3% (2021 est.) male: 99.3% (2021 est.) female: 95.3% (2021 est.)

coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower

Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU); Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)/Qods Force; Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK); al-Qa'ida; Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front (DHKP/C) note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

refugees: 3,094,818 (2024 est.) IDPs: 538,105 (2024 est.) stateless persons: 420 (2024 est.)

116 (2025)

total: 11,497 km (2018) standard gauge: 11,497 km (2018) 1.435-m gauge (1.435 km high speed train)

total: 1,170 (2023) by type: bulk carrier 43, container ship 43, general cargo 223, oil tanker 134, other 727

total subscriptions: 94.3 million (2024 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 108 (2024 est.)

percent of population: 87% (2024 est.)