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Communications

Airports [time series]

109 total, 104 usable; 65 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m; 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 27 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Civil air [time series]

52 major transport aircraft (1991)

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

49,615 km total; 26,915 km paved; 16,500 km gravel or crushed stone; 4,000 km improved earth; 2,200 km unimproved earth (1985)

Waterways (Inland waterways) [time series]

about 1,200 km

Merchant marine [time series]

353 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,056,455 GRT/7,143,096 DWT; includes 7 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 191 cargo, 1 container, 5 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 1 livestock carrier, 37 petroleum tanker, 9 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 10 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 80 bulk, 4 combination bulk

Pipelines [time series]

crude oil 1,738 km, petroleum products 2,321 km, natural gas 708 km

Ports [time series]

Iskenderun, Istanbul, Mersin, Izmir

Railways (Railroads) [time series]

8,401 km 1.435-meter gauge; 479 km electrified

Telecommunication systems (Telecommunications) [time series]

fair domestic and international systems; trunk radio relay network; limited open wire network; 3,400,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 15 AM; 94 FM; 357 TV; 1 satellite ground station operating in the INTELSAT (2 Atlantic Ocean) and EUTELSAT systems; 1 submarine cable

Defense Forces

Military and security forces (Branches) [time series]

Land Forces, Navy (including Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force, Coast Guard, Gendarmerie

Military expenditures (Defense expenditures) [time series]

exchange rate conversion - $5.2 billion, 3-4% of GDP (1992 budget)

Manpower availability [time series]

males 15-49, 15,274,591; 9,330,851 fit for military service; 597,814 reach military age (20) annually

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture) [time series]

accounts for 18% of GDP and employs about half of working force; products - tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulses, citrus fruit, variety of animal products; self-sufficient in food most years

Budget [time series]

revenues $41.9 billion; expenditures $49.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $9.9 billion (1992)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

Turkish lira (plural - liras); 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus

Economic aid [time series]

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.3 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $665 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.5 billion; note - aid for Persian Gulf war efforts from coalition allies (1991), $4.1 billion; aid pledged for Turkish Defense Fund, $2.5 billion

Electricity [time series]

14,400,000 kW capacity; 44,000 million kWh produced, 750 kWh per capita (1991)

Exchange rates [time series]

Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 6,098.4 (March 1992), 4,171.8 (1991), 2,608.6 (1990), 2,121.7 (1989), 1,422.3 (1988), 857.2 (1987)

Exports [time series]

$13.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: industrial products (steel, chemicals) 81%; fruits, vegetables, tobacco and meat products 19% partners: EC countries 49%, US 7%, Iran 5%

Debt - external (External debt) [time series]

$49.0 billion (1990)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP) [time series]

purchasing power equivalent - $198 billion, per capita $3,400; real growth rate 1.5% (1991 est.)

Illicit drugs [time series]

one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products; government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate

Imports [time series]

$22.3 billion (c.i.f., 1990) commodities: crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, metals, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, dyes, plastics, rubber, fertilizers, grain partners: EC countries 49%, US 7%, Iran 5%

Industrial production growth rate (Industrial production) [time series]

growth rate 10% (1990 est.); accounts for 29% of GDP

Industries [time series]

textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron minerals), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

71.1% (1991)

Economic overview (Overview) [time series]

The impressive stream of benefits from the economic reforms that Turkey launched in 1980 have begun to peter out. Although real growth in per capita GDP averaged 5% annually between 1983 and 1988, recent economic performance has fallen substantially. Moreover, inflation and interest rates remain high, and a large budget deficit will continue to provide difficulties for a country undergoing a substantial transformation from a centrally controlled to a free market economy. Agriculture remains an important economic sector, employing about half of the work force, accounting for 18% of GDP, and contributing 19% to exports. The government has launched a multibillion-dollar development program in the southeastern region, which includes the building of a dozen dams on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers to generate electric power and irrigate large tracts of farmland. The planned tapping of huge additional quantities of Euphrates water has raised serious concern in the downstream riparian nations of Syria and Iraq. The Turkish economy emerged from the Gulf War of early 1991 in stronger shape than Ankara had expected. Although the negative effects of the crisis were felt primarily in the politically sensitive southeast, aid pledges by the coalition allies of more than $4 billion have helped offset the burden.

Unemployment rate [time series]

11.1% (1991 est.)

Geography

Climate [time series]

temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior

Coastline [time series]

7,200 km

Area - comparative (Comparative area) [time series]

slightly larger than Texas

Disputes - international (Disputes) [time series]

complex maritime and air (but not territorial) disputes with Greece in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; Hatay question with Syria; ongoing dispute with downstream riparians (Syria and Iraq) over water development plans for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

Environment - current issues (Environment) [time series]

subject to severe earthquakes, especially along major river valleys in west; air pollution; desertification

Area (Land area) [time series]

770,760 km2

Land boundaries [time series]

2,627 km total; Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 km

Land use [time series]

arable land 30%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 12%; forest and woodland 26%; other 28%; includes irrigated 3%

Maritime claims [time series]

Exclusive economic zone: in Black Sea only - to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former USSR Territorial sea: 6 nm in the Aegean Sea, 12 nm in Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea

Natural resources [time series]

antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulphur, iron ore

Note [time series]

strategic location controlling the Turkish straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas

Terrain [time series]

mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau (Anatolia)

Area (Total area) [time series]

780,580 km2

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

73 provinces (iller, singular - il); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman Maras, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Urfa, Usak, Van, Yozgat, Zonguldak

Capital [time series]

Ankara

Constitution [time series]

7 November 1982

Diplomatic representation in the US (Diplomatic representation) [time series]

Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIR; Chancery at 1606 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC; 20008; telephone (202) 387-3200; there are Turkish Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York US: Ambassador Richard C. BARKLEY; Embassy at 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Ankara (mailing address is PSC 88, Box 5000, Ankara, or APO AE 09823); telephone [90] (4) 126 54 70; FAX [90] (4) 167-0057; there are US Consulates General in Istanbul and Izmir, and a Consulate in Adana

Executive branch (Elections) [time series]

Grand National Assembly: last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1996); results - DYP 27.03%, ANAP 24.01%, SHP 20.75%, RP 16.88%, DSP 10.75%, SBP 0.44%, independent 0.14%; seats - (450 total) DYP 178, ANAP 115, SHP 86, RP 40, MCP 19, DSP 7, other 5

Executive branch [time series]

president, Presidential Council, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet

Flag [time series]

red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening

Independence [time series]

29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)

Judicial branch [time series]

Court of Cassation

Executive branch (Leaders) [time series]

Chief of State: President Turgut OZAL (since 9 November 1989) Head of Government: Prime Minister Suleyman DEMIREL (since 30 November 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Erdal INONU (since 30 November 1991)

Legal system [time series]

derived from various continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral Grand National Assembly (Buyuk Millet Meclisi)

Country name (Long-form name) [time series]

Republic of Turkey

International organization participation (Member of) [time series]

AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NEA, OECD, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNRWA, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

National holiday [time series]

Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic, 29 October (1923)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Correct Way Party (DYP), Suleyman DEMIREL; Motherland Party (ANAP), Mesut YILMAZ; Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP), Erdal INONU; Refah Party (RP), Necmettin ERBAKAN; Democratic Left Party (DSP), Bulent ECEVIT; Nationalist Labor Party (MCP), Alpaslan TURKES; People's Labor Party (HEP), Feridun YAZAR; Socialist Unity Party (SBP), leader NA; Great Anatolia Party (BAP), leader NA; Democratic Center Party (DSP), Bedrettin DALAN; Grand National Party (GNP), leader NA

Suffrage [time series]

universal at age 21

Government type (Type) [time series]

republican parliamentary democracy

People

Birth rate [time series]

27 births/1,000 populatition (1992)

Death rate [time series]

6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)

Ethnic groups (Ethnic divisions) [time series]

Turkish 80%, Kurdish 17%, other 3% (est.)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

55 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)

Labor force [time series]

20,700,000; agriculture 49%, services 30%, industry 15%; about 1,500,000 Turks work abroad (1989)

Languages [time series]

Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

68 years male, 72 years female (1992)

Literacy [time series]

81% (male 90%, female 71%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun - Turk(s); adjective - Turkish

Net migration rate [time series]

0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)

Organized labor [time series]

10% of labor force

Population [time series]

59,640,143 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992)

Religions [time series]

Muslim (mostly Sunni) 99.8%, other (Christian and Jews) 0.2%

Total fertility rate [time series]

3.4 children born/woman (1992)

Turkiye