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Communications

Broadband - fixed subscriptions [time series]

total: 56,000 (2022 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 19 (2022 est.)

Broadcast media [time series]

the publicly owned French Overseas Network (RFO), which operates in France's overseas departments and territories, broadcasts over the RFO Nouvelle-Cal donie TV and radio stations; a small number of privately owned radio stations also broadcast

Internet country code [time series]

.nc

Internet users [time series]

percent of population: 82% (2017 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines [time series]

total subscriptions: 46,000 (2021 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 16 (2022 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

total subscriptions: 263,000 (2022 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 92 (2022 est.)

Economy

Agricultural products [time series]

coconuts, vegetables, fruits, pork, beef, maize, eggs, bananas, yams, oranges (2023) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Budget [time series]

revenues: $1.995 billion (2015 est.) expenditures: $1.993 billion (2015 est.)

Current account balance [time series]

-$654.237 million (2016 est.) -$1.119 billion (2015 est.) -$1.3 billion (2014 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Economic overview [time series]

upper-middle-income French Pacific territorial economy; enormous nickel reserves; ongoing French independence negotiations; large Chinese nickel exporter; luxury eco-tourism destination; large French aid recipient; high cost-of-living; lingering wealth disparities

Exchange rates [time series]

Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US dollar - 110.306 (2024 est.) 110.347 (2023 est.) 113.474 (2022 est.) 100.88 (2021 est.) 104.711 (2020 est.)

Exports [time series]

$1.92 billion (2021 est.) $1.8 billion (2020 est.) $1.79 billion (2019 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports - commodities [time series]

iron alloys, nickel, nickel ore, processed crustaceans, shellfish (2023) note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Exports - partners [time series]

China 75%, Japan 9%, Taiwan 3%, India 3%, France 2% (2023) note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

GDP (official exchange rate) [time series]

$10.129 billion (2024 est.) note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

GDP - composition, by end use [time series]

household consumption: 65.6% (2017 est.) government consumption: 23.5% (2017 est.) investment in fixed capital: 27.9% (2017 est.) investment in inventories: -0.1% (2017 est.) exports of goods and services: 21% (2017 est.) imports of goods and services: -37.9% (2017 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

GDP - composition, by sector of origin [time series]

agriculture: 1.8% (2019 est.) industry: 22.3% (2019 est.) services: 65.2% (2019 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Imports [time series]

$2.26 billion (2021 est.) $2.1 billion (2020 est.) $2.48 billion (2019 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Imports - commodities [time series]

refined petroleum, coal, cars, aircraft, packaged medicine (2023) note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Imports - partners [time series]

France 36%, Singapore 16%, Australia 15%, China 6%, NZ 3% (2023) note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Industries [time series]

nickel mining and smelting

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

3.7% (2022 est.) 0.6% (2021 est.) -0.5% (2020 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Labor force [time series]

130,800 (2024 est.) note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Public debt [time series]

6.5% of GDP (2014 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) [time series]

$8.469 billion (2024 est.) $8.642 billion (2023 est.) $8.678 billion (2022 est.) note: data in 2015 dollars

Real GDP growth rate [time series]

3.5% (2022 est.) -2.1% (2021 est.) -2.4% (2020 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP per capita [time series]

$34,600 (2024 est.) $35,000 (2023 est.) $33,500 (2022 est.) note: data in 2015 dollars

Remittances [time series]

6.5% of GDP (2022 est.) 6.2% of GDP (2021 est.) 6.6% of GDP (2020 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Unemployment rate [time series]

11.2% (2024 est.) 11% (2023 est.) 10.8% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) [time series]

total: 32.7% (2024 est.) male: 30.2% (2024 est.) female: 35.7% (2024 est.) note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Energy

Coal [time series]

consumption: 1.026 million metric tons (2023 est.) imports: 1.001 million metric tons (2023 est.) proven reserves: 2 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Electricity [time series]

installed generating capacity: 1.174 million kW (2023 est.) consumption: 3.02 billion kWh (2023 est.) transmission/distribution losses: 66.3 million kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity access [time series]

electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Electricity generation sources [time series]

fossil fuels: 73.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) solar: 7.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) wind: 1.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) hydroelectricity: 17.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Petroleum [time series]

refined petroleum consumption: 17,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Environment

Carbon dioxide emissions [time series]

4.887 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from coal and metallurgical coke: 2.312 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from petroleum and other liquids: 2.575 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Climate [time series]

tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid

Environmental issues [time series]

preservation of coral reefs; prevention of invasive species; limiting erosion caused by nickel mining and forest fires

Land use [time series]

agricultural land: 10.1% (2023 est.) arable land: 0.3% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 0.2% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 9.5% (2023 est.) forest: 48.8% (2023 est.) other: 41.1% (2023 est.)

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 72.7% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 1.72% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Waste and recycling [time series]

municipal solid waste generated annually: 108,200 tons (2024 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total : 18,575 sq km land: 18,275 sq km water: 300 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly smaller than New Jersey

Climate [time series]

tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid

Coastline [time series]

2,254 km

Elevation [time series]

highest point: Mont Panie 1,628 m lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

Geographic coordinates [time series]

21 30 S, 165 30 E

Geography - note [time series]

consists of the main island of New Caledonia (one of the largest in the Pacific Ocean), the archipelago of Iles Loyaut , and numerous small, sparsely populated islands and atolls

Irrigated land [time series]

100 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 0 km

Land use [time series]

agricultural land: 10.1% (2023 est.) arable land: 0.3% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 0.2% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 9.5% (2023 est.) forest: 48.8% (2023 est.) other: 41.1% (2023 est.)

Location [time series]

Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, east of Australia

Map references [time series]

Oceania

Maritime claims [time series]

territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Natural hazards [time series]

cyclones, most frequent from November to March volcanism: Matthew and Hunter Islands are historically active

Natural resources [time series]

nickel, chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese, silver, gold, lead, copper

Population distribution [time series]

most of the populace lives in the southern part of the main island, in and around the capital of Noumea

Terrain [time series]

coastal plains with interior mountains

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

3 provinces; Province Iles (Islands Province), Province Nord (North Province), and Province Sud (South Province)

Capital [time series]

name: Noumea geographic coordinates: 22 16 S, 166 27 E time difference: UTC+11 (16 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) etymology: established in 1854 as Port-de-France, the settlement was renamed Noumea in 1866 to avoid confusion with Fort-de-France in Martinique; the name Noumea may come from the local name of the peninsula the city was founded on

Citizenship [time series]

see France

Constitution [time series]

history: 4 October 1958 (French Constitution with changes as reflected in the Noumea Accord of 5 May 1998) amendment process: French constitution amendment procedures apply

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies conventional short form: New Caledonia local long form: Territoire des Nouvelle-Cal donie et d pendances local short form: Nouvelle-Cal donie etymology: the name came from British explorer Captain James COOK in 1774 and uses the Latin name for Scotland, Caledonia

Dependency status [time series]

special collectivity of France note: independence referenda took place in 2018, 2020, and 2021, with a majority voting in each case to reject independence in favor of the status quo

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

embassy: none (overseas territory of France)

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

none (overseas territory of France)

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Emmanuel MACRON (since 14 May 2017); represented by High Commissioner Jacques BILLANT (since 3 May 2025) head of government: President of the Government Alcide PONGA (since 8 January 2025) cabinet: Cabinet elected from and by the Territorial Congress election/appointment process: French president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); high commissioner appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of Interior; president of New Caledonia elected by Territorial Congress for a 5-year term (no term limits) most recent election date: 8 July 2021 election results: 2025: Alcide PONGA (The Republicans) elected president by Territorial Congress with 6 of 11 votes 2021: Louis MAPOU (PALIKA) elected president by Territorial Congress with 6 of 11 votes expected date of next election: 2026

Flag [time series]

description: the country has two official flags with equal status, the flag of France and the Kanak (ethnic Melanesian) flag; the latter consists of three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), red, and green; a large yellow disk shifted slightly to the left side is edged in black and displays a black fleche fa ti re symbol, a native rooftop adornment

Government type [time series]

parliamentary democracy (Territorial Congress); an overseas collectivity of France

Independence [time series]

none (overseas collectivity of France) note: in three independence referenda, on 4 November 2018, 4 October 2020, and 12 December 2021, the majority voted to reject independence in favor of maintaining the status quo

International organization participation [time series]

ITUC (NGOs), PIF, SPC, UPU, WFTU (NGOs), WMO

Judicial branch [time series]

highest court(s): Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; organized into civil, commercial, social, and pre-trial investigation chambers; court bench normally includes the court president and 2 counselors); Administrative Court (number of judges NA) judge selection and term of office: judge appointment and tenure based on France's judicial system subordinate courts: Courts of First Instance include: civil, juvenile, commercial, labor, police, criminal, assizes, and also a pre-trial investigation chamber; Joint Commerce Tribunal; administrative courts note: final appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are referred to the Court of Cassation or Cour de Cassation (in Paris); final appeals beyond the Administrative Court are referred to the Administrative Court of Appeal (in Paris)

Legal system [time series]

civil law system based on French civil law

Legislative branch [time series]

legislature name: Territorial Congress (Congr s du Territoire) legislative structure: unicameral number of seats: 54 (indirectly elected) electoral system: proportional representation scope of elections: full renewal term in office: 5 years most recent election date: 5/12/2019 parties elected and seats per party: Future With Confidence 18, UNI 9, UC 9, CE 7, FLNKS 6, Oceanic Awakening 3, PT 1, LKS 1 (Anti-Independence 28, Pro-Independence 26) expected date of next election: December 2025 note 1: the Customary Senate is the assembly of the various traditional councils of the Kanaks, the indigenous population; it rules on laws affecting Kanaks note 2: New Caledonia indirectly elects 2 members to the French Senate and directly elects 2 members to the French National Assembly (see France entry for electoral details)

National anthem(s) [time series]

title: "Soyons unis, devenons fr res" (Let Us Be United, Let Us Become Brothers) lyrics/music: Chorale Melodia (a local choir), Edouard Gulaan Wamedjo (Nengone)/Chorale Melodia history: adopted 2010; contains a mixture of lyrics in both French and Nengone (a local language) _____ title: "La Marseillaise" (The Song of Marseille) lyrics/music: Claude-Joseph ROUGET de Lisle history: official anthem, as a self-governing French territory

National coat of arms [time series]

the emblem features two symbols of the local Kanak people: the fl che fa ti re, which is a common rooftop adornment on houses, and the nautilus shell, which represents the sea; the third part of the emblem is a stylized representation of a New Caledonia pine tree

National color(s) [time series]

grey, red

National heritage [time series]

total World Heritage Sites: 1 (natural); note - excerpted from the France entry selected World Heritage Site locales: Lagoons of New Caledonia

National holiday [time series]

F te de la F d ration, 14 July (1790) note 1: the local holiday is New Caledonia Day, 24 September (1853) note 2: often incorrectly referred to as Bastille Day, France's national celebration commemorates the storming of the Bastille prison on 14 July 1789 and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy; other names for the holiday are la F te nationale (National Holiday) and le Quatorze Juillet (14th of July)

National symbol(s) [time series]

fl che fa ti re (native rooftop adornment), kagu bird

Political parties [time series]

Caledonia Together or CE Caledonian Union or UC Future With Confidence or AEC Kanak Socialist Front for National Liberation or FLNKS (alliance includes PALIKA, UNI, UC, and UPM) Labor Party or PT National Union for Independence or UNI Oceanian Awakening Party of Kanak Liberation or PALIKA Socialist Kanak Liberation or LKS The Republicans (formerly The Rally or UMP)

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Introduction

Background [time series]

The first humans settled in New Caledonia around 1600 B.C. The Lapita were skilled navigators, and evidence of their pottery around the Pacific has served as a guide for understanding human expansion in the region. Successive waves of migrants from other islands in Melanesia intermarried with the Lapita, giving rise to the Kanak ethnic group considered indigenous to New Caledonia. British explorer James COOK was the first European to visit New Caledonia in 1774, giving it the Latin name for Scotland. Missionaries first landed in New Caledonia in 1840. In 1853, France annexed New Caledonia to preclude any British attempt to claim the island. France declared it a penal colony in 1864 and sent more than 20,000 prisoners to New Caledonia in the ensuing three decades. Nickel was discovered in 1864, and French prisoners were directed to mine it. France brought in indentured servants and enslaved labor from elsewhere in Southeast Asia to work the mines, blocking Kanaks from accessing the most profitable part of the local economy. In 1878, High Chief ATAI led a rebellion against French rule. The Kanaks were relegated to reservations, leading to periodic smaller uprisings and culminating in a large revolt in 1917 that colonial authorities brutally suppressed. During World War II, New Caledonia became an important base for Allied troops, and the US moved its South Pacific headquarters to the island in 1942. Following the war, France made New Caledonia an overseas territory and granted French citizenship to all inhabitants in 1953, thereby permitting the Kanaks to move off the reservations. The Kanak nationalist movement began in the 1950s, but most voters chose to remain a territory in an independence referendum in 1958. The European population of New Caledonia boomed in the 1970s with a renewed focus on nickel mining, reigniting Kanak nationalism. Key Kanak leaders were assassinated in the early 1980s, leading to escalating violence and dozens of fatalities. The Matignon Accords of 1988 provided for a 10-year transition period. The Noumea Accord of 1998 transferred increasing governing responsibility from France to New Caledonia over a 20-year period and provided for three independence referenda. In the first held in 2018, voters rejected independence by 57% to 43%; in the second held in 2020, voters rejected independence 53% to 47%. In the third referendum held in 2021, voters rejected independence 96% to 4%; however, a boycott by key Kanak groups spurred challenges about the legitimacy of the vote. Pro-independence parties subsequently won a majority in the New Caledonian Government for the first time. France and New Caledonia officials remain in talks about the status of the territory.

Military and Security

Military - note [time series]

defense is the responsibility of France, which bases land, air, and naval forces on New Caledonia (Forces Arm es de la Nouvelle-Cal donie, FANC)

Military and security forces [time series]

no regular military forces; Territorial Directorate of the National Police of New Caledonia (DTPN), Gendarmerie of New Caledonia (2025)

People and Society

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 20.7% (male 32,238/female 30,858) 15-64 years: 68.4% (male 104,825/female 103,349) 65 years and over: 10.8% (2024 est.) (male 14,326/female 18,571)

Birth rate [time series]

13.6 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49) [time series]

46.4% (2019 est.)

Death rate [time series]

6 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios [time series]

total dependency ratio: 46.2 (2025 est.) youth dependency ratio: 30 (2025 est.) elderly dependency ratio: 16.2 (2025 est.) potential support ratio: 6.2 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source [time series]

total: 99.5% of population (2022 est.) total: 0.5% of population (2022 est.)

Ethnic groups [time series]

Kanak 39.1%, European 27.1%, Wallisian, Futunian 8.2%, Tahitian 2.1%, Indonesian 1.4%, Ni-Vanuatu 1%, Vietnamese 0.9%, other 17.7%, unspecified 2.5% (2014 est.)

Gross reproduction rate [time series]

0.89 (2025 est.)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 4.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.) male: 5.8 deaths/1,000 live births female: 3.9 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages [time series]

French (official), 33 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects major-language sample(s): The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 79.3 years (2024 est.) male: 75.4 years female: 83.3 years

Major urban areas - population [time series]

198,000 NOUMEA (capital) (2018)

Median age [time series]

total: 34.6 years (2025 est.) male: 33.5 years female: 35.1 years

Nationality [time series]

noun: New Caledonian(s) adjective: New Caledonian

Net migration rate [time series]

3.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Physician density [time series]

0.24 physicians/1,000 population (2018)

Population [time series]

total: 307,612 (2025 est.) male: 153,036 female: 154,576

Population distribution [time series]

most of the populace lives in the southern part of the main island, in and around the capital of Noumea

Population growth rate [time series]

1.11% (2025 est.)

Religions [time series]

Christian 85.2%, Muslim 2.8%, other 1.6%, unaffiliated 10.4% (2020 est.)

Sanitation facility access [time series]

total: 100% of population (2022 est.) total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

1.82 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 72.7% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 1.72% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Transportation

Airports [time series]

21 (2025)

Heliports [time series]

2 (2025)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 23 (2023) by type: general cargo 5, oil tanker 1, other 17

Ports [time series]

total ports: 3 (2024) large: 0 medium: 0 small: 1 very small: 2 ports with oil terminals: 1 key ports: Baie de Kouaoua, Baie Ugue, Noumea