Mexico

total: 26.6 million (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 21 (2023 est.)

telecom reform in 2013 ended a quasi-monopoly; now 885 TV stations and 1,841 radio stations, most privately owned; foreign satellite and cable operators are available; completed transition to digital in 2016 (2022)

.mx

percent of population: 81% (2023 est.)

total subscriptions: 25.637 million (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 20 (2023 est.)

total subscriptions: 140 million (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 100 (2022 est.)

sugarcane, maize, milk, oranges, sorghum, tomatoes, chicken, chillies/peppers, wheat, lemons/limes (2023) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

on food: 25.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.) on alcohol and tobacco: 2.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

revenues: $342.571 billion (2023 est.) expenditures: $417.843 billion (2023 est.) note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

-$5.986 billion (2024 est.) -$5.611 billion (2023 est.) -$17.701 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

$306.308 billion (2023 est.) note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

upper-middle-income economy; highly integrated with US via trade and nearshore manufacturing; weak domestic demand, fiscal consolidation, and trade uncertainty contributing to sluggish growth; low unemployment; challenges from income inequality, corruption, and cartel-based violence

Mexican pesos (MXN) per US dollar - 18.305 (2024 est.) 17.759 (2023 est.) 20.127 (2022 est.) 20.272 (2021 est.) 21.486 (2020 est.)

$680.798 billion (2024 est.) $649.729 billion (2023 est.) $630.347 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

cars, vehicle parts/accessories, crude petroleum, trucks, computers (2023) note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

USA 76%, Canada 5%, China 2%, Germany 2%, Spain 1% (2023) note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

$1.853 trillion (2024 est.) note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

household consumption: 70.3% (2024 est.) government consumption: 11.2% (2024 est.) investment in fixed capital: 24.2% (2024 est.) investment in inventories: 0% (2024 est.) exports of goods and services: 36.8% (2024 est.) imports of goods and services: -37.9% (2024 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

agriculture: 3.8% (2024 est.) industry: 31.6% (2024 est.) services: 58.2% (2024 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

43.5 (2022 est.) note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

lowest 10%: 2.1% (2022 est.) highest 10%: 34.4% (2022 est.) note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

$697.067 billion (2024 est.) $674.695 billion (2023 est.) $672.914 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

vehicle parts/accessories, refined petroleum, integrated circuits, broadcasting equipment, cars (2023) note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

USA 46%, China 20%, Germany 4%, Japan 3%, S. Korea 3% (2023) note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

0.2% (2024 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourism

4.7% (2024 est.) 5.5% (2023 est.) 7.9% (2022 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

60.959 million (2024 est.) note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

36.3% (2022 est.) note: % of population with income below national poverty line

45.1% of GDP (2023 est.) note: central government debt as a % of GDP

$2.883 trillion (2024 est.) $2.842 trillion (2023 est.) $2.751 trillion (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

1.5% (2024 est.) 3.3% (2023 est.) 3.7% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

$22,000 (2024 est.) $21,900 (2023 est.) $21,400 (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

3.7% of GDP (2024 est.) 3.7% of GDP (2023 est.) 4.2% of GDP (2022 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

$232.035 billion (2024 est.) $214.317 billion (2023 est.) $201.119 billion (2022 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

14.2% (of GDP) (2023 est.) note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

2.8% (2024 est.) 2.8% (2023 est.) 3.3% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment

total: 5.5% (2024 est.) male: 5.2% (2024 est.) female: 6.1% (2024 est.) note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

production: 6.296 million metric tons (2023 est.) consumption: 15.132 million metric tons (2023 est.) exports: 4,000 metric tons (2023 est.) imports: 8.809 million metric tons (2023 est.) proven reserves: 1.16 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

installed generating capacity: 105.586 million kW (2023 est.) consumption: 332.042 billion kWh (2023 est.) exports: 1.97 billion kWh (2023 est.) imports: 4.863 billion kWh (2023 est.) transmission/distribution losses: 45.47 billion kWh (2023 est.)

electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.) electrification - urban areas: 99.8% electrification - rural areas: 100%

fossil fuels: 79.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) nuclear: 3.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) solar: 4.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) wind: 5.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) hydroelectricity: 5.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) geothermal: 1.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) biomass and waste: 1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

57.539 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

production: 33.118 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) consumption: 97.118 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) exports: 27.92 million cubic meters (2023 est.) imports: 64.289 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) proven reserves: 180.322 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Number of operational nuclear reactors: 2 (2025) Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 1.55GW (2025 est.) Percent of total electricity production: 4.9% (2023 est.)

total petroleum production: 2.101 million bbl/day (2023 est.) refined petroleum consumption: 1.741 million bbl/day (2024 est.) crude oil estimated reserves: 5.786 billion barrels (2021 est.)

441.049 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from coal and metallurgical coke: 32.087 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from petroleum and other liquids: 228.279 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from consumed natural gas: 180.684 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

varies from tropical to desert

scarcity of hazardous waste disposal facilities; natural freshwater resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; urban river pollution from raw sewage and industrial effluents; deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification; serious air and water pollution in urban areas; land subsidence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater depletion note: the government considers the lack of clean water and deforestation as national security issues

total global geoparks and regional networks: 2 global geoparks and regional networks: Comarca Minera, Hidalgo; Mixteca Alta, Oaxaca (2023)

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

agricultural land: 50.7% (2023 est.) arable land: 10.3% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 2.3% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 38.1% (2023 est.) forest: 34.2% (2023 est.) other: 15.1% (2023 est.)

energy: 1,389 kt (2022-2024 est.) agriculture: 2,372.1 kt (2019-2021 est.) waste: 1,832.6 kt (2019-2021 est.) other: 49.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)

17.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

461.888 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

municipal: 13.33 billion cubic meters (2022) industrial: 7.953 billion cubic meters (2022) agricultural: 68.523 billion cubic meters (2022)

urban population: 81.6% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

municipal solid waste generated annually: 53.1 million tons (2024 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 9.6% (2022 est.)

total : 1,964,375 sq km land: 1,943,945 sq km water: 20,430 sq km

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

varies from tropical to desert

9,330 km

highest point: Volcan Pico de Orizaba 5,636 m lowest point: Laguna Salada -10 m mean elevation: 1,111 m

23 00 N, 102 00 W

note 1: strategic location on southern border of the US; Mexico is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, which is a belt bordering the Pacific Ocean that contains about 75% of the world's volcanoes and up to 90% of the world's earthquakes note 2: the Sac Actun cave system at 348 km (216 mi) is the longest underwater cave in the world and the second longest cave worldwide, after Mammoth Cave in the United States ( see "Geography - note" under United States ) note 3: the prominent Yucat n Peninsula that divides the Gulf of America from the Caribbean Sea is shared by Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize; on the northern coast of Yucatan near the town of Chicxulub lie the remnants of a massive asteroid or comet crater about 150 km (93 mi) in diameter and extending into the Gulf of America; the impact is believed to have initiated a worldwide climate disruption that caused a mass extinction of 75% of the earth's plant and animal species, including the non-avian dinosaurs

59,910 sq km (2022)

total: 4,389 km border countries (3): Belize 276 km; Guatemala 958 km; US 3,155 km

agricultural land: 50.7% (2023 est.) arable land: 10.3% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 2.3% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 38.1% (2023 est.) forest: 34.2% (2023 est.) other: 15.1% (2023 est.)

North America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of America, between Belize and the United States and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Guatemala and the United States

Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Aquifer

fresh water lake(s): Laguna de Chapala - 1,140 sq km salt water lake(s): Laguna de Terminos - 1,550 sq km

Rio Grande river mouth (shared with US [s]) - 3,057 km; Colorado river mouth (shared with US [s]) - 2,333 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Gulf of America) Rio Grande/Bravo (607,965 sq km) Pacific Ocean drainage: (Gulf of California) Colorado (703,148 sq km)

North America

territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

tsunamis along the Pacific coast; volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the center and south; hurricanes on the Pacific, Gulf of America, and Caribbean coasts volcanism: volcanic activity in the central-southern part of the country; the volcanoes in Baja California are mostly dormant; Colima (3,850 m) is Mexico's most active volcano and is responsible for periodic evacuations of nearby villagers; it has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Popocatepetl (5,426 m) poses a threat to Mexico City; other historically active volcanoes include Barcena, Ceboruco, El Chichon, Michoacan-Guanajuato, Pico de Orizaba, San Martin, Socorro, and Tacana; see note 2 under "Geography - note"

petroleum, silver, antimony, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber

most of the population is found in the middle of the country between the states of Jalisco and Veracruz; approximately a quarter of the population lives in and around Mexico City

high, rugged mountains; low coastal plains; high plateaus; desert

32 states ( estados , singular - estado ); Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Cuidad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoac n, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas

name: Mexico City (Ciudad de Mexico) geographic coordinates: 19 26 N, 99 08 W time difference: UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: DST was permanently removed in October 2022 time zone note: Mexico has four time zones etymology: name may derive from one of the Nahuatl (Aztec) names for the capital city, Metztlixihtlico, which probably meant "the center of the moon;" alternatively, it may come from Mexica, the original name of the Aztec people

citizenship by birth: yes citizenship by descent only: yes dual citizenship recognized: not specified residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

history: several previous; latest approved 5 February 1917 amendment process: proposed by the Congress of the Union; passage requires approval by at least two thirds of the members present and approval by a majority of the state legislatures

conventional long form: United Mexican States conventional short form: Mexico local long form: Estados Unidos Mexicanos local short form: Mexico former: Mexican Republic, Mexican Empire etymology: name may derive from one of the Nahuatl (Aztec) names for the capital city, Metztlixihtlico, which probably meant "the center of the moon;" alternatively, it may come from Mexica, the original name of the Aztec people

chief of mission: Ambassador Ronald D. JOHNSON (since 19 May 2025) embassy: Paseo de la Reforma 305, Colonia Cuauht moc, 06500 Mexico, CDMX mailing address: 8700 Mexico City Place, Washington DC 20521-8700 telephone: (011) [52]-55-5080-2000 FAX: (011) 52-55-5080-2005 email address and website: ACSMexicoCity@state.gov https://mx.usembassy.gov/ consulate(s) general: Ciudad Ju rez, Guadalajara, Hermosillo, Matamoros, M rida, Monterrey, Nogales, Nuevo Laredo, Tijuana

chief of mission: Ambassador Esteban MOCTEZUMA Barrag n (since 20 April 2021) chancery: 1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006 telephone: [1] (202) 728-1600 FAX: [1] (202) 728-1698 email address and website: mexembusa@sre.gob.mx https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/eua/index.php/en/ consulate(s) general: Atlanta (GA), Austin (TX), Boston (MA), Chicago (IL), Dallas (TX), Denver (GA), El Paso (TX), Houston (TX), Laredo (TX), Miami (FL), New York (NY), Nogales (AZ), Phoenix (AZ), Raleigh (NC), Sacramento (CA), San Antonio (TX), San Diego (CA), San Francisco (CA), San Jose (CA), San Juan (Puerto Rico) consulate(s): Albuquerque (NM), Boise (ID), Brownsville (TX), Calexico (CA), Del Rio (TX), Detroit (MI), Douglas (AZ), Eagle Pass (TX), Fresno (CA), Indianapolis (IN), Kansas City (MO), Las Vegas (NV), Little Rock (AR), Los Angeles (CA), McAllen (TX), Milwaukee (WI), New Orleans (LA), Oklahoma City (OK), Omaha (NE), Orlando (FL), Oxnard (CA), Philadelphia (PA), Portland (OR), Presidio (TX), Salt Lake City (UT), San Bernardino (CA), Santa Ana (CA), Seattle (WA), St. Paul (MN), Tucson (AZ), Yuma (AZ)

chief of state: President Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo (since 1 October 2024) head of government: President Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo (since 1 October 2024) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president election/appointment process: president directly elected by simple-majority popular vote for a single 6-year term most recent election date: 2 June 2024 election results: 2024: Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo elected president; percent of vote - Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo (MORENA) 59.4%, X chitl G LVEZ Ruiz (PAN) 27.9%, Jorge lvarez M YNEZ (MC) 10.4%, other 2.3% 2018: Andr s Manuel L PEZ OBRADOR elected president; percent of vote - Andr s Manuel L PEZ OBRADOR (MORENA) 53.2%, Ricardo ANAYA Cort s (PAN) 22.3%, Jos Antonio MEADE Kuribre a (PRI) 16.4%, Jaime RODR GUEZ Calder n (independent) 5.2%, other 2.9% 2012: Enrique PE A NIETO elected president; percent of vote - Enrique PE A NIETO (PRI) 38.2%, Andr s Manuel L PEZ OBRADOR (PRD) 31.6%, Josefina Eugenia V ZQUEZ Mota (PAN) 25.4%, other 4.8% expected date of next election: 2030 note: the president is both chief of state and head of government

description: three equal vertical bands of green (left side), white, and red; Mexico's coat of arms (an eagle with a snake in its beak, perched on a cactus) is centered in the white band meaning: green stands for hope, joy, and love; white for peace and honesty; red for hardiness, bravery, strength, and valor

federal presidential republic

16 September 1810 (declared independence from Spain); 27 September 1821 (recognized by Spain)

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

ACS, APEC, Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CABEI, CAN (observer), Caricom (observer), CD, CDB, CE (observer), CELAC, CSN (observer), EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-3, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-5, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, MIGA, NAFTA, NAM (observer), NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, Paris Club (associate), PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina (observer), UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, USMCA, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice or Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Naci n (consists of the chief justice and 11 justices and organized into civil, criminal, administrative, and labor panels) and the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary (organized into the superior court, with 7 judges including the court president, and 5 regional courts, each with 3 judges) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court justices nominated by the president of the republic and approved by two-thirds vote of the members present in the Senate; justices serve 15-year terms; Electoral Tribunal superior and regional court judges nominated by the Supreme Court and elected by two-thirds vote of members present in the Senate; superior court president elected from among its members to hold office for a 4-year term; other judges of the superior and regional courts serve staggered, 9-year terms subordinate courts: federal level includes circuit, collegiate, and unitary courts; state and district level courts note: in April 2021, the Mexican congress passed a judicial reform which changed 7 articles of the constitution and preceded a new Organic Law on the Judicial Branch of the Federation

civil law system with US constitutional law influence; judicial review of legislative acts

legislature name: Congress of the Union (Congreso de la Unión) legislative structure: bicameral note: as of the 2018 election, senators will be eligible for a second term and deputies up to 4 consecutive terms

chamber name: Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de Diputados) number of seats: 500 (all directly elected) electoral system: mixed system scope of elections: full renewal term in office: 3 years most recent election date: 6/2/2024 parties elected and seats per party: National Regeneration Movement (MORENA) (236); Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM) (77); National Action Party (PAN) (72); Labour Party (PT) (51); Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) (35); Citizens' Movement (MC) (27); Other (2) percentage of women in chamber: 50.2% expected date of next election: June 2027

chamber name: Senate (Cámara de Senadores) number of seats: 128 (all directly elected) electoral system: mixed system scope of elections: full renewal term in office: 6 years most recent election date: 6/2/2024 parties elected and seats per party: National Regeneration Movement (MORENA) (60); National Action Party (PAN) (22); Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) (16); Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM) (14); Labour Party (PT) (9); Other (7) percentage of women in chamber: 50% expected date of next election: June 2030

title: "Himno Nacional Mexicano" (National Anthem of Mexico) lyrics/music: Francisco Gonzalez BOCANEGRA/Jaime Nuno ROCA history: adopted 1943

Adopted in 1968, Mexico s coat of arms is also used as the Seal of the United Mexican States. The Mexican Golden Eagle, a national symbol, is perched on a prickly pear cactus and eats a snake. Beneath the eagle, oak and laurel leaves are joined by a ribbon in the national colors. The image symbolizes the triumph of good over evil.

green, white, red

total World Heritage Sites: 36 (28 cultural, 6 natural, 2 mixed) selected World Heritage Site locales: Historic Mexico City (c); Earliest 16th-Century Monasteries on the Slopes of Popocatepetl (c); Teotihuacan (c); Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino (n); Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve (n); Tehuac n-Cuicatl n Valley (m); Historic Puebla (c); El Tajin (c); Historic Tlacotalpan (c); Historic Oaxaca and Monte Alb n (c); Palenque (c); Chichen-Itza (c); Uxmal (c); Wix rika Route through Sacred Sites to Wirikuta (Tatehuar Huajuy ) (c)

Independence Day, 16 September (1810)

golden eagle, dahlia

Citizen's Movement (Movimiento Ciudadano) or MC Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) or PRI Labor Party (Partido del Trabajo) or PT Mexican Green Ecological Party (Partido Verde Ecologista de M xico) or PVEM Movement for National Regeneration (Movimiento Regeneraci n Nacional) or MORENA National Action Party (Partido Acci n Nacional) or PAN Party of the Democratic Revolution (Partido de la Revoluci n Democr tica) or PRD

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Mexico was the site of several advanced Amerindian civilizations -- including the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec -- until Spain conquered and colonized the area in the early 16th century. Administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain for three centuries, it achieved independence early in the 19th century. Elections held in 2000 marked the first time since Mexican Revolution in 1910 that an opposition candidate -- Vicente FOX of the National Action Party (PAN) -- defeated the party in government, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was succeeded in 2006 by another PAN candidate Felipe CALDERON, but Enrique PE A NIETO regained the presidency for the PRI in 2012. Left-leaning anti-establishment politician and former mayor of Mexico City (2000-05) Andr s Manuel L PEZ OBRADOR, from the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), became president in 2018. The US-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA, or T-MEC by its Spanish acronym) entered into force in 2020 and replaced its predecessor, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Mexico amended its constitution in 2019 to facilitate the implementation of the labor components of USMCA. Mexico is currently the US's second-largest goods trading partner, after Canada. Ongoing economic and social concerns include low real wages, high underemployment, inequitable income distribution, and few advancement opportunities, particularly for the largely indigenous population in the impoverished southern states. Since 2007, Mexico's powerful transnational criminal organizations have engaged in a struggle to control criminal markets, resulting in tens of thousands of drug-related homicides and forced disappearances.

the Mexican military is responsible for defending the independence, integrity, and sovereignty of Mexico, as well as providing for internal security, disaster response, humanitarian assistance, and socio-economic development; internal security duties are a key focus, particularly combating narcotics trafficking and organized crime groups, as well as border control and immigration enforcement; the constitution was amended in 2019 to grant the president the authority to use the armed forces to protect internal and national security, and courts have upheld the legality of the armed forces role in law enforcement activities in support of civilian authorities through 2028; the military also provides security for strategic facilities, such as oil production infrastructure, and administers most of the country's land and sea ports and customs services, plus a state-owned development bank; in addition, President L PEZ OBRADOR placed the military in charge of a growing number of infrastructure projects, such as building and operating a new airport for Mexico City and sections of a train line in the country s southeast (2025)

the Mexican Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas de M xico) are divided between the Secretariat of National Defense and the Secretariat of the Navy: Secretariat of National Defense (Secretaria de Defensa Nacional, SEDENA): Army (Ejercito), Mexican Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Mexicana, FAM), National Guard (Guardia Nacional); Secretariat of the Navy (Secretaria de Marina, SEMAR): Mexican Navy (Armada de Mexico (ARM), includes Naval Air Force (FAN), Mexican Naval Infantry Corps (Cuerpo de Infanteria de Marina, Mexmar or CIM)) Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection/SEDENA: National Guard (2025) note: the National Guard was formed in 2019 of personnel from the former Federal Police (disbanded in December 2019) and military police units of the Army and Navy

information varies; approximately 260,000 active-duty Armed Forces; approximately 110,000 National Guard personnel (2025)

the Mexican military inventory includes a mix of domestically produced and imported armaments from a variety of mostly Western suppliers, particularly the US; Mexico's defense industry produces light armored vehicles and some naval vessels, as well as small arms and other miscellaneous equipment (2025)

0.9% of GDP (2024 est.) 0.7% of GDP (2023 est.) 0.7% of GDP (2022 est.) 0.7% of GDP (2021 est.) 0.6% of GDP (2020 est.)

18 years of age (16 with parental consent) for voluntary service for men and women; men at age 18 subject to lottery-based 12-month compulsory military service (2025)

0-14 years: 23.3% (male 15,647,805/female 14,754,004) 15-64 years: 68.6% (male 43,651,105/female 45,983,174) 65 years and over: 8.2% (2024 est.) (male 4,600,228/female 6,103,611)

total: 4.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) beer: 3.72 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) wine: 0.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) spirits: 0.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) other alcohols: 0.15 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

14.73 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

women married by age 15: 3.6% (2018) women married by age 18: 20.7% (2018)

4.2% (2022 est.)

53% (2023 est.)

6.04 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

total dependency ratio: 45.9 (2024 est.) youth dependency ratio: 33.9 (2024 est.) elderly dependency ratio: 11.9 (2024 est.) potential support ratio: 8.4 (2024 est.)

urban: 100% of population (2022 est.) rural: 98.4% of population (2022 est.) total: 99.7% of population (2022 est.) urban: 0% of population (2022 est.) rural: 1.6% of population (2022 est.) total: 0.3% of population (2022 est.)

4.1% of GDP (2022 est.) 14.2% national budget (2022 est.)

Mestizo (Indigenous-Spanish) 62%, predominantly Indigenous 21%, Indigenous 7%, other 10% (mostly European) (2012 est.) note: Mexico does not collect census data on ethnicity

0.9 (2025 est.)

6.1% of GDP (2021) 10.4% of national budget (2022 est.)

1 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

total: 12.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.) male: 13.4 deaths/1,000 live births female: 10.9 deaths/1,000 live births

Spanish only 93.8%, Spanish and indigenous languages (including Mayan, Nahuatl, and others) 5.4%, indigenous only 0.6%, unspecified 0.2% (2020 est.) major-language sample(s): La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de informaci n b sica. (Spanish) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

total population: 74.6 years (2024 est.) male: 71.6 years female: 77.7 years

total population: 95% (2020 est.) male: 96% (2020 est.) female: 94% (2020 est.)

22.281 million MEXICO CITY (capital), 5.420 million Guadalajara, 5.117 million Monterrey, 3.345 million Puebla, 2.626 million Toluca de Lerdo, 2.260 million Tijuana (2023)

42 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

total: 31 years (2025 est.) male: 28.8 years female: 32.7 years

21.3 years (2008 est.)

noun: Mexican(s) adjective: Mexican

-0.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

28.9% (2016)

2.59 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

total: 130,739,927 (2024 est.) male: 63,899,138 female: 66,840,789

most of the population is found in the middle of the country between the states of Jalisco and Veracruz; approximately a quarter of the population lives in and around Mexico City

0.81% (2025 est.)

Catholic 77.7%, no religion 10.6%, other Evangelical Churches 7.5%, Jehovah Witness 1.2%; less than 1 percent: Pentecostal, Seventh Day Adventist, Historics, not specified, Latter Day Saints, other religions (2020 est.)

urban: 100% of population (2022 est.) rural: 98.2% of population (2022 est.) total: 99.7% of population (2022 est.) urban: 0% of population (2022 est.) rural: 1.8% of population (2022 est.) total: 0.3% of population (2022 est.)

total: 15 years (2022 est.) male: 14 years (2022 est.) female: 15 years (2022 est.)

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

total: 13.8% (2025 est.) male: 21.8% (2025 est.) female: 6.3% (2025 est.)

1.85 children born/woman (2025 est.)

urban population: 81.6% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

1962-1977 - sounding rocket program 1985 - first Mexican in space on US Space Shuttle; first communications satellite (Morelos-1) built by US and released from the US Space Shuttle 2015 - first successful launch of MEXSAT series of communications satellites by the US 2021 - signed US-led Artemis Accords for space and lunar exploration 2024 - contributed five autonomous micro-robots (Colmena project) on failed US commercial Moon lander mission

Mexican Space Agency (Agencia Espacial Mexicana or AEM; established 2010 and began operating in 2013) (2025)

has a national space policy with a focus on expanding Mexico's commercial space sector, including acquiring satellites and developing specialists, technologies, and infrastructure; manufactures and operates communications and scientific satellites; conducts research on a range of space-related capabilities and technologies, including astronomy, astrophysics, Earth and weather sciences, remote sensing, robotics, satellite payloads, and telecommunications; works with a variety of foreign space agencies and commercial space industries, including those of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, the ESA, individual ESA member states (particularly France, Germany, and the UK), India, Japan, Peru, Russia, Ukraine, and the US; led effort to establish the Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency and hosts its headquarters (2025)

Gulf Cartel (CDG); Jalisco Cartel New Generation (CJNG); La Mara Salvatruche (MS-13); Northeast Cartel (CDN); The New Family Michoacana (LNFM); Sinaloa Cartel; United Cartels (CU) note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

USG identification: major illicit drug-producing and/or drug-transit country major precursor-chemical producer (2025)

refugees: 417,546 (2024 est.) IDPs: 390,250 (2024 est.) stateless persons: 13 (2024 est.)

1,580 (2025)

XA

488 (2025)

total: 674 (2023) by type: bulk carrier 4, general cargo 11, oil tanker 32, other 627

total ports: 35 (2024) large: 0 medium: 7 small: 10 very small: 14 size unknown: 4 ports with oil terminals: 21 key ports: Acapulco, Ensenada, Manzanillo, Mazatlan, Tampico, Tuxpan, Veracruz

total: 23,389 km (2017) standard gauge: 23,389 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (27 km electrified)