Mexico

federal presidential republic

name: Mexico City (Ciudad de Mexico) geographic coordinates: 19 26 N, 99 08 W time difference: UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: DST was permanently removed in October 2022 time zone note: Mexico has four time zones etymology: name may derive from one of the Nahuatl (Aztec) names for the capital city, Metztlixihtlico, which probably meant "the center of the moon;" alternatively, it may come from Mexica, the original name of the Aztec people

chief of state: President Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo (since 1 October 2024) head of government: President Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo (since 1 October 2024) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president election/appointment process: president directly elected by simple-majority popular vote for a single 6-year term most recent election date: 2 June 2024 election results: 2024: Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo elected president; percent of vote - Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo (MORENA) 59.4%, X chitl G LVEZ Ruiz (PAN) 27.9%, Jorge lvarez M YNEZ (MC) 10.4%, other 2.3% 2018: Andr s Manuel L PEZ OBRADOR elected president; percent of vote - Andr s Manuel L PEZ OBRADOR (MORENA) 53.2%, Ricardo ANAYA Cort s (PAN) 22.3%, Jos Antonio MEADE Kuribre a (PRI) 16.4%, Jaime RODR GUEZ Calder n (independent) 5.2%, other 2.9% 2012: Enrique PE A NIETO elected president; percent of vote - Enrique PE A NIETO (PRI) 38.2%, Andr s Manuel L PEZ OBRADOR (PRD) 31.6%, Josefina Eugenia V ZQUEZ Mota (PAN) 25.4%, other 4.8% expected date of next election: 2030 note: the president is both chief of state and head of government

legislature name: Congress of the Union (Congreso de la Unión) legislative structure: bicameral note: as of the 2018 election, senators will be eligible for a second term and deputies up to 4 consecutive terms

highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice or Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Naci n (consists of the chief justice and 11 justices and organized into civil, criminal, administrative, and labor panels) and the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary (organized into the superior court, with 7 judges including the court president, and 5 regional courts, each with 3 judges) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court justices nominated by the president of the republic and approved by two-thirds vote of the members present in the Senate; justices serve 15-year terms; Electoral Tribunal superior and regional court judges nominated by the Supreme Court and elected by two-thirds vote of members present in the Senate; superior court president elected from among its members to hold office for a 4-year term; other judges of the superior and regional courts serve staggered, 9-year terms subordinate courts: federal level includes circuit, collegiate, and unitary courts; state and district level courts note: in April 2021, the Mexican congress passed a judicial reform which changed 7 articles of the constitution and preceded a new Organic Law on the Judicial Branch of the Federation

history: several previous; latest approved 5 February 1917 amendment process: proposed by the Congress of the Union; passage requires approval by at least two thirds of the members present and approval by a majority of the state legislatures

ACS, APEC, Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CABEI, CAN (observer), Caricom (observer), CD, CDB, CE (observer), CELAC, CSN (observer), EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-3, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-5, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, MIGA, NAFTA, NAM (observer), NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, Paris Club (associate), PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina (observer), UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, USMCA, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

0.9% of GDP (2024 est.) 0.7% of GDP (2023 est.) 0.7% of GDP (2022 est.) 0.7% of GDP (2021 est.) 0.6% of GDP (2020 est.)

the Mexican Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas de M xico) are divided between the Secretariat of National Defense and the Secretariat of the Navy: Secretariat of National Defense (Secretaria de Defensa Nacional, SEDENA): Army (Ejercito), Mexican Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Mexicana, FAM), National Guard (Guardia Nacional); Secretariat of the Navy (Secretaria de Marina, SEMAR): Mexican Navy (Armada de Mexico (ARM), includes Naval Air Force (FAN), Mexican Naval Infantry Corps (Cuerpo de Infanteria de Marina, Mexmar or CIM)) Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection/SEDENA: National Guard (2025) note: the National Guard was formed in 2019 of personnel from the former Federal Police (disbanded in December 2019) and military police units of the Army and Navy

18 years of age (16 with parental consent) for voluntary service for men and women; men at age 18 subject to lottery-based 12-month compulsory military service (2025)

the Mexican military is responsible for defending the independence, integrity, and sovereignty of Mexico, as well as providing for internal security, disaster response, humanitarian assistance, and socio-economic development; internal security duties are a key focus, particularly combating narcotics trafficking and organized crime groups, as well as border control and immigration enforcement; the constitution was amended in 2019 to grant the president the authority to use the armed forces to protect internal and national security, and courts have upheld the legality of the armed forces role in law enforcement activities in support of civilian authorities through 2028; the military also provides security for strategic facilities, such as oil production infrastructure, and administers most of the country's land and sea ports and customs services, plus a state-owned development bank; in addition, President L PEZ OBRADOR placed the military in charge of a growing number of infrastructure projects, such as building and operating a new airport for Mexico City and sections of a train line in the country s southeast (2025)

$2.883 trillion (2024 est.) $2.842 trillion (2023 est.) $2.751 trillion (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

$22,000 (2024 est.) $21,900 (2023 est.) $21,400 (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

1.5% (2024 est.) 3.3% (2023 est.) 3.7% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

4.7% (2024 est.) 5.5% (2023 est.) 7.9% (2022 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

45.1% of GDP (2023 est.) note: central government debt as a % of GDP

$680.798 billion (2024 est.) $649.729 billion (2023 est.) $630.347 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

$697.067 billion (2024 est.) $674.695 billion (2023 est.) $672.914 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

2.8% (2024 est.) 2.8% (2023 est.) 3.3% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment

revenues: $342.571 billion (2023 est.) expenditures: $417.843 billion (2023 est.) note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourism

sugarcane, maize, milk, oranges, sorghum, tomatoes, chicken, chillies/peppers, wheat, lemons/limes (2023) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

total: 130,739,927 (2024 est.) male: 63,899,138 female: 66,840,789

0.81% (2025 est.)

0-14 years: 23.3% (male 15,647,805/female 14,754,004) 15-64 years: 68.6% (male 43,651,105/female 45,983,174) 65 years and over: 8.2% (2024 est.) (male 4,600,228/female 6,103,611)

14.73 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

6.04 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

-0.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

total population: 74.6 years (2024 est.) male: 71.6 years female: 77.7 years

urban population: 81.6% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Mestizo (Indigenous-Spanish) 62%, predominantly Indigenous 21%, Indigenous 7%, other 10% (mostly European) (2012 est.) note: Mexico does not collect census data on ethnicity

Spanish only 93.8%, Spanish and indigenous languages (including Mayan, Nahuatl, and others) 5.4%, indigenous only 0.6%, unspecified 0.2% (2020 est.) major-language sample(s): La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de informaci n b sica. (Spanish) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Catholic 77.7%, no religion 10.6%, other Evangelical Churches 7.5%, Jehovah Witness 1.2%; less than 1 percent: Pentecostal, Seventh Day Adventist, Historics, not specified, Latter Day Saints, other religions (2020 est.)

total population: 95% (2020 est.) male: 96% (2020 est.) female: 94% (2020 est.)

petroleum, silver, antimony, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber

Gulf Cartel (CDG); Jalisco Cartel New Generation (CJNG); La Mara Salvatruche (MS-13); Northeast Cartel (CDN); The New Family Michoacana (LNFM); Sinaloa Cartel; United Cartels (CU) note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

USG identification: major illicit drug-producing and/or drug-transit country major precursor-chemical producer (2025)

refugees: 417,546 (2024 est.) IDPs: 390,250 (2024 est.) stateless persons: 13 (2024 est.)

1,580 (2025)

total: 23,389 km (2017) standard gauge: 23,389 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (27 km electrified)

total: 674 (2023) by type: bulk carrier 4, general cargo 11, oil tanker 32, other 627

total subscriptions: 140 million (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 100 (2022 est.)

percent of population: 81% (2023 est.)