Mexico

total: 21,936,131 (2020 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 17 (2020 est.)

telecom reform in 2013 enabled the creation of new broadcast television channels after decades of a quasi-monopoly; Mexico has 885 TV stations and 1,841 radio stations and most are privately owned; the Televisa group once had a virtual monopoly in TV broadcasting, but new broadcasting groups and foreign satellite and cable operators are now available; in 2016, Mexico became the first country in Latin America to complete the transition from analog to digital transmissions, allowing for better image and audio quality and a wider selection of programming from networks (2022)

.mx

total: 98.8 million (2021 est.) percent of population: 76% (2021 est.)

general assessment: with a large population and relatively low broadband and mobile penetration, (86 lines for mobile broadband for every 100 habitants in June 2021) Mexico s telecom sector has potential for growth; adequate telephone service for business and government; improving quality and increasing mobile cellular availability, with mobile subscribers far outnumbering fixed-line subscribers (24.6 million fixed line subscribers and 125 million mobile line subscribers in June 2021); relatively low broadband and mobile penetration, potential for growth and international investment; extensive microwave radio relay network; considerable use of fiber-optic cable and coaxial cable; 5G development slow in part due to high costs (2021) domestic: fixed-line teledensity 19 lines per every 100; mobile-cellular teledensity is 98 per 100 persons (2021) international: country code - 52; Columbus-2 fiber-optic submarine cable with access to the US, Virgin Islands, Canary Islands, Spain, and Italy; the ARCOS-1 and the MAYA-1 submarine cable system together provide access to Central America, parts of South America and the Caribbean, and the U.S.; Pan-American Crossing (PAC) submarine cable system provides access to Panama, California, U.S., and Costa Rica; Lazaro Cardenas-Manzanillo Santiago submarines cable system (LCMSSCS) provides access to Michoacan, Guerrero, and Colima, Mexico; AMX-1 submarine cable system with access to Colombia, Brazil, Puerto Rico, Gulf of California Cable submarine cable systems that connects La Paz, Baja California Sur and Topolobambo, Sinaloa; and Aurora submarine cable system provides access to Guatemala, Panama, Ecuador, Colombia, Mexico, and the U.S. satellite earth stations - 124 (36 Intelsat, 1 Solidaridad (giving Mexico improved access to South America, Central America, and much of the US as well as enhancing domestic communications), 9 Panamsat, numerous Inmarsat mobile earth stations); linked to Central American Microwave System of trunk connections (2022)

total subscriptions: 27.185 million (2022 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 21 (2022 est.)

total subscriptions: 127.872 million (2022 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 100 (2022 est.)

sugarcane, maize, milk, oranges, sorghum, tomatoes, chicken, wheat, chilies/peppers, lemons/limes (2022) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

on food: 25.7% of household expenditures (2022 est.) on alcohol and tobacco: 3.6% of household expenditures (2022 est.)

revenues: $282.751 billion (2022 est.) expenditures: $327.211 billion (2022 est.) note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Fitch rating: BBB- (2020) Moody's rating: Baa1 (2020) Standard & Poors rating: BBB (2020) note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

-$5.716 billion (2023 est.) -$17.667 billion (2022 est.) -$4.493 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

$286.005 billion (2022 est.) note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

upper-middle income economy; highly integrated with US via trade and nearshore manufacturing; low unemployment; inflation gradually decreasing amid tight monetary policy; state intervention in energy sector and public infrastructure projects; challenges from income inequality, corruption, and cartel-based violence

Mexican pesos (MXN) per US dollar - 17.759 (2023 est.) 20.127 (2022 est.) 20.272 (2021 est.) 21.486 (2020 est.) 19.264 (2019 est.)

$649.312 billion (2023 est.) $630.384 billion (2022 est.) $537.714 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

cars, computers, vehicle parts/accessories, crude petroleum, trucks (2022) note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

US 77%, Canada 4%, China 2%, Taiwan 1%, South Korea 1% (2022) note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

$1.789 trillion (2023 est.) note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

household consumption: 70.4% (2023 est.) government consumption: 11% (2023 est.) investment in fixed capital: 24.4% (2023 est.) investment in inventories: 0.4% (2023 est.) exports of goods and services: 36.2% (2023 est.) imports of goods and services: -37.9% (2023 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

agriculture: 4% (2023 est.) industry: 31.8% (2023 est.) services: 58.3% (2023 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

43.5 (2022 est.) note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

lowest 10%: 2.1% (2022 est.) highest 10%: 34.4% (2022 est.) note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

$673.828 billion (2023 est.) $672.914 billion (2022 est.) $560.842 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

refined petroleum, vehicle parts/accessories, machine parts, integrated circuits, natural gas (2022) note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

US 56%, China 17%, Germany 3%, South Korea 3%, Japan 2% (2022) note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

3.52% (2023 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourism

5.53% (2023 est.) 7.9% (2022 est.) 5.69% (2021 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

60.042 million (2023 est.) note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

36.3% (2022 est.) note: % of population with income below national poverty line

44.05% of GDP (2022 est.) note: central government debt as a % of GDP

$2.873 trillion (2023 est.) $2.783 trillion (2022 est.) $2.678 trillion (2021 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

3.23% (2023 est.) 3.95% (2022 est.) 5.74% (2021 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

$22,400 (2023 est.) $21,800 (2022 est.) $21,100 (2021 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

3.7% of GDP (2023 est.) 4.2% of GDP (2022 est.) 4.19% of GDP (2021 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

$214.317 billion (2023 est.) $201.119 billion (2022 est.) $207.799 billion (2021 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

13.44% (of GDP) (2022 est.) note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

2.81% (2023 est.) 3.26% (2022 est.) 4.02% (2021 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment

total: 6.1% (2023 est.) male: 5.8% (2023 est.) female: 6.7% (2023 est.) note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

453.6 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.) from coal and metallurgical coke: 38.781 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.) from petroleum and other liquids: 246.324 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.) from consumed natural gas: 168.494 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

production: 7.453 million metric tons (2022 est.) consumption: 18.423 million metric tons (2022 est.) exports: 2,000 metric tons (2022 est.) imports: 9.917 million metric tons (2022 est.) proven reserves: 1.211 billion metric tons (2022 est.)

installed generating capacity: 104.318 million kW (2022 est.) consumption: 296.969 billion kWh (2022 est.) exports: 1.447 billion kWh (2022 est.) imports: 4.551 billion kWh (2022 est.) transmission/distribution losses: 39.275 billion kWh (2022 est.)

electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.) electrification - urban areas: 99.8% electrification - rural areas: 100%

fossil fuels: 75% of total installed capacity (2022 est.) nuclear: 3.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.) solar: 3.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.) wind: 6.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.) hydroelectricity: 10.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.) geothermal: 1.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.) biomass and waste: 0.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

59.319 million Btu/person (2022 est.)

production: 31.422 billion cubic meters (2022 est.) consumption: 90.566 billion cubic meters (2022 est.) exports: 30.129 million cubic meters (2022 est.) imports: 59.436 billion cubic meters (2022 est.) proven reserves: 180.322 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Number of operational nuclear reactors: 2 (2023) Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 1.55GW (2023 est.) Percent of total electricity production: 4.9% (2023 est.)

total petroleum production: 2.101 million bbl/day (2023 est.) refined petroleum consumption: 1.737 million bbl/day (2023 est.) crude oil estimated reserves: 5.786 billion barrels (2021 est.)

particulate matter emissions: 17.83 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.) carbon dioxide emissions: 486.41 megatons (2016 est.) methane emissions: 135.77 megatons (2020 est.)

varies from tropical to desert

scarcity of hazardous waste disposal facilities; rural to urban migration; natural freshwater resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; raw sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers in urban areas; deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification; deteriorating agricultural lands; serious air and water pollution in the national capital and urban centers along US-Mexico border; land subsidence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater depletion note: the government considers the lack of clean water and deforestation national security issues

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

total global geoparks and regional networks: 2 global geoparks and regional networks: Comarca Minera, Hidalgo; Mixteca Alta, Oaxaca (2023)

agricultural land: 54.9% (2018 est.) arable land: 11.8% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 1.4% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 41.7% (2018 est.) forest: 33.3% (2018 est.) other: 11.8% (2018 est.)

Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Aquifer

fresh water lake(s): Laguna de Chapala - 1,140 sq km salt water lake(s): Laguna de Terminos - 1,550 sq km

Rio Grande river mouth (shared with US [s]) - 3,057 km; Colorado river mouth (shared with US [s]) - 2,333 km note [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Gulf of Mexico) Rio Grande/Bravo (607,965 sq km) Pacific Ocean drainage: (Gulf of California) Colorado (703,148 sq km)

0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)

0.1% of GDP (2018 est.)

461.89 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

municipal: 13.17 billion cubic meters (2020 est.) industrial: 8.56 billion cubic meters (2020 est.) agricultural: 67.83 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

urban population: 81.6% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

municipal solid waste generated annually: 53.1 million tons (2015 est.) municipal solid waste recycled annually: 2.655 million tons (2013 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 5% (2013 est.)

total : 1,964,375 sq km land: 1,943,945 sq km water: 20,430 sq km

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

varies from tropical to desert

9,330 km

highest point: Volcan Pico de Orizaba 5,636 m lowest point: Laguna Salada -10 m mean elevation: 1,111 m

23 00 N, 102 00 W

note 1: strategic location on southern border of the US; Mexico is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire note 2: some of the world's most important food crops were first domesticated in Mexico; the "Three Sisters" companion plants -- winter squash, maize (corn), and climbing beans -- served as the main agricultural crops for various North American Indian groups; all three apparently originated in Mexico but then were widely disseminated through much of North America; avocado, amaranth, and chili peppers also emanate from Mexico, as does vanilla, the world's most popular aroma and flavor spice; although cherry tomatoes originated in Ecuador, their domestication in Mexico transformed them into the larger modern tomato note 3: the Sac Actun cave system at 348 km (216 mi) is the longest underwater cave in the world and the second longest cave worldwide, after Mammoth Cave in the United States (see "Geography - note" under United States) note 4: the prominent Yucat n Peninsula that divides the Gulf of Mexico from the Caribbean Sea is shared by Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize; just on the northern coast of Yucatan, near the town of Chicxulub (pronounce cheek-sha-loob), lie the remnants of a massive crater (some 150 km in diameter and extending well out into the Gulf of Mexico); formed by an asteroid or comet when it struck the earth 66 million years ago, the impact is now widely accepted as initiating a worldwide climate disruption that caused a mass extinction of 75% of all the earth's plant and animal species -- including the non-avian dinosaurs

60,620 sq km (2020)

total: 4,389 km border countries (3): Belize 276 km; Guatemala 958 km; US 3,155 km

agricultural land: 54.9% (2018 est.) arable land: 11.8% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 1.4% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 41.7% (2018 est.) forest: 33.3% (2018 est.) other: 11.8% (2018 est.)

North America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, between Belize and the United States and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Guatemala and the United States

Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Aquifer

fresh water lake(s): Laguna de Chapala - 1,140 sq km salt water lake(s): Laguna de Terminos - 1,550 sq km

Rio Grande river mouth (shared with US [s]) - 3,057 km; Colorado river mouth (shared with US [s]) - 2,333 km note [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Gulf of Mexico) Rio Grande/Bravo (607,965 sq km) Pacific Ocean drainage: (Gulf of California) Colorado (703,148 sq km)

North America

territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

tsunamis along the Pacific coast, volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the center and south, and hurricanes on the Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean coasts volcanism: volcanic activity in the central-southern part of the country; the volcanoes in Baja California are mostly dormant; Colima (3,850 m), which erupted in 2010, is Mexico's most active volcano and is responsible for causing periodic evacuations of nearby villagers; it has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Popocatepetl (5,426 m) poses a threat to Mexico City; other historically active volcanoes include Barcena, Ceboruco, El Chichon, Michoacan-Guanajuato, Pico de Orizaba, San Martin, Socorro, and Tacana; see note 2 under "Geography - note"

petroleum, silver, antimony, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber

most of the population is found in the middle of the country between the states of Jalisco and Veracruz; approximately a quarter of the population lives in and around Mexico City

high, rugged mountains; low coastal plains; high plateaus; desert

32 states (estados, singular - estado); Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Cuidad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas

name: Mexico City (Ciudad de Mexico) geographic coordinates: 19 26 N, 99 08 W time difference: UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: DST was permanently removed in October 2022 time zone note: Mexico has four time zones etymology: named after the Mexica, the largest and most powerful branch of the Aztecs; the meaning of the name is uncertain

citizenship by birth: yes citizenship by descent only: yes dual citizenship recognized: not specified residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

history: several previous; latest approved 5 February 1917 amendments: proposed by the Congress of the Union; passage requires approval by at least two thirds of the members present and approval by a majority of the state legislatures; amended many times, last in 2024

conventional long form: United Mexican States conventional short form: Mexico local long form: Estados Unidos Mexicanos local short form: Mexico former: Mexican Republic, Mexican Empire etymology: named after the capital city, whose name stems from the Mexica, the largest and most powerful branch of the Aztecs; the meaning of the name is uncertain

chief of mission: Ambassador Ken SALAZAR (since 14 September 2021) embassy: Paseo de la Reforma 305, Colonia Cuauht moc, 06500 Mexico, CDMX mailing address: 8700 Mexico City Place, Washington DC 20521-8700 telephone: (011) [52]-55-5080-2000 FAX: (011) 52-55-5080-2005 email address and website: ACSMexicoCity@state.gov https://mx.usembassy.gov/ consulate(s) general: Ciudad Ju rez, Guadalajara, Hermosillo, Matamoros, M rida, Monterrey, Nogales, Nuevo Laredo, Tijuana

chief of mission: Ambassador Esteban MOCTEZUMA Barrag n (since 20 April 2021) chancery: 1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006 telephone: [1] (202) 728-1600 FAX: [1] (202) 728-1698 email address and website: mexembusa@sre.gob.mx https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/eua/index.php/en/ consulate(s) general: Atlanta (GA), Austin (TX), Boston (MA), Chicago (IL), Dallas (TX), Denver (GA), El Paso (TX), Houston (TX), Laredo (TX), Miami (FL), New York (NY), Nogales (AZ), Phoenix (AZ), Raleigh (NC), Sacramento (CA), San Antonio (TX), San Diego (CA), San Francisco (CA), San Jose (CA), San Juan (Puerto Rico) consulate(s): Albuquerque (NM), Boise (ID), Brownsville (TX), Calexico (CA), Del Rio (TX), Detroit (MI), Douglas (AZ), Eagle Pass (TX), Fresno (CA), Indianapolis (IN), Kansas City (MO), Las Vegas (NV), Little Rock (AR), Los Angeles (CA), McAllen (TX), Milwaukee (WI), New Orleans (LA), Oklahoma City (OK), Omaha (NE), Orlando (FL), Oxnard (CA), Philadelphia (PA), Portland (OR), Presidio (TX), Salt Lake City (UT), San Bernardino (CA), Santa Ana (CA), Seattle (WA), St. Paul (MN), Tucson (AZ), Yuma (AZ)

chief of state: President Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo (since 1 October 2024) head of government: President Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo (since 1 October 2024) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a single 6-year term; election last held on 2 June 2024 (next to be held in 2030) election results: 2024: Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo elected president; percent of vote - Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo (MORENA) 59.4%, X chitl G LVEZ Ruiz (PAN) 27.9%, Jorge lvarez M YNEZ (MC) 10.4%, other 2.3% 2018: Andr s Manuel L PEZ OBRADOR elected president; percent of vote - Andr s Manuel L PEZ OBRADOR (MORENA) 53.2%, Ricardo ANAYA Cort s (PAN) 22.3%, Jos Antonio MEADE Kuribre a (PRI) 16.4%, Jaime RODR GUEZ Calder n (independent) 5.2%, other 2.9% 2012: Enrique PE A NIETO elected president; percent of vote - Enrique PE A NIETO (PRI) 38.2%, Andr s Manuel L PEZ OBRADOR (PRD) 31.6%, Josefina Eugenia V ZQUEZ Mota (PAN) 25.4%, other 4.8% note: the president is both chief of state and head of government

three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; Mexico's coat of arms (an eagle with a snake in its beak perched on a cactus) is centered in the white band; green signifies hope, joy, and love; white represents peace and honesty; red stands for hardiness, bravery, strength, and valor; the coat of arms is derived from a legend that the wandering Aztec people were to settle at a location where they would see an eagle on a cactus eating a snake; the city they founded, Tenochtitlan, is now Mexico City note: similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter, uses lighter shades of green and red, and does not display anything in its white band

federal presidential republic

16 September 1810 (declared independence from Spain); 27 September 1821 (recognized by Spain)

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

ACS, APEC, Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CABEI, CAN (observer), Caricom (observer), CD, CDB, CE (observer), CELAC, CSN (observer), EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-3, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-5, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, MIGA, NAFTA, NAM (observer), NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, Paris Club (associate), PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina (observer), UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, USMCA, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice or Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Naci n (consists of the chief justice and 11 justices and organized into civil, criminal, administrative, and labor panels) and the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary (organized into the superior court, with 7 judges including the court president, and 5 regional courts, each with 3 judges) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court justices nominated by the president of the republic and approved by two-thirds vote of the members present in the Senate; justices serve 15-year terms; Electoral Tribunal superior and regional court judges nominated by the Supreme Court and elected by two-thirds vote of members present in the Senate; superior court president elected from among its members to hold office for a 4-year term; other judges of the superior and regional courts serve staggered, 9-year terms subordinate courts: federal level includes circuit, collegiate, and unitary courts; state and district level courts note : in April 2021, the Mexican congress passed a judicial reform which changed 7 articles of the constitution and preceded a new Organic Law on the Judicial Branch of the Federation

civil law system with US constitutional law influence; judicial review of legislative acts

description: bicameral National Congress or Congreso de la Uni n consists of: Senate or C mara de Senadores (128 seats; 96 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 32 directly elected in a single, nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 6-year terms) Chamber of Deputies or C mara de Diputados (500 seats; 300 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 200 directly elected in a single, nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 3-year terms) elections: Senate - last held on 2 June 2024 (next to be held in 2030) Chamber of Deputies - last held on 2 June 2024 (next to be held in 2027) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; note - awaiting official results from the 2 June 2024 election Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; note - awaiting official results from the 2 June 2024 election note: as of the 2018 election, senators will be eligible for a second term and deputies up to 4 consecutive terms

name: "Himno Nacional Mexicano" (National Anthem of Mexico) lyrics/music: Francisco Gonzalez BOCANEGRA/Jaime Nuno ROCA note: adopted 1943, in use since 1854; also known as "Mexicanos, al grito de Guerra" (Mexicans, to the War Cry); according to tradition, Francisco Gonzalez BOCANEGRA, an accomplished poet, was uninterested in submitting lyrics to a national anthem contest; his fiancee locked him in a room and refused to release him until the lyrics were completed

total World Heritage Sites: 35 (27 cultural, 6 natural, 2 mixed) selected World Heritage Site locales: Historic Mexico City (c); Earliest 16th-Century Monasteries on the Slopes of Popocatepetl (c); Teotihuacan (c); Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino (n); Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve (n); Tehuac n-Cuicatl n Valley (m); Historic Puebla (c); El Tajin (c); Historic Tlacotalpan (c); Historic Oaxaca and Monte Alb n (c); Palenque (c); Chichen-Itza (c); Uxmal (c)

Independence Day, 16 September (1810)

golden eagle, dahlia; national colors: green, white, red

Citizen's Movement (Movimiento Ciudadano) or MC Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) or PRI Labor Party (Partido del Trabajo) or PT Mexican Green Ecological Party (Partido Verde Ecologista de M xico) or PVEM Movement for National Regeneration (Movimiento Regeneraci n Nacional) or MORENA National Action Party (Partido Acci n Nacional) or PAN Party of the Democratic Revolution (Partido de la Revoluci n Democr tica) or PRD This Is For Mexico (Va Por M xico) (alliance that includes PAN, PRI, and PRD) Together We Make History (Juntos Hacemos Historia) (alliance that included MORENA, PT, PVEM) (dissolved 23 December 2020)

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Mexico was the site of several advanced Amerindian civilizations -- including the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec -- until Spain conquered and colonized the area in the early 16th century. Administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain for three centuries, it achieved independence early in the 19th century. Elections held in 2000 marked the first time since Mexican Revolution in 1910 that an opposition candidate -- Vicente FOX of the National Action Party (PAN) -- defeated the party in government, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was succeeded in 2006 by another PAN candidate Felipe CALDERON, but Enrique PE A NIETO regained the presidency for the PRI in 2012. Left-leaning anti-establishment politician and former mayor of Mexico City (2000-05) Andr s Manuel L PEZ OBRADOR, from the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), became president in 2018. The US-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA, or T-MEC by its Spanish acronym) entered into force in 2020 and replaced its predecessor, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Mexico amended its constitution in 2019 to facilitate the implementation of the labor components of USMCA. Mexico is currently the US's second-largest goods trading partner, after Canada. Ongoing economic and social concerns include low real wages, high underemployment, inequitable income distribution, and few advancement opportunities, particularly for the largely indigenous population in the impoverished southern states. Since 2007, Mexico's powerful transnational criminal organizations have engaged in a struggle to control criminal markets, resulting in tens of thousands of drug-related homicides and forced disappearances.

the Mexican military is responsible for defending the independence, integrity, and sovereignty of Mexico, as well as providing for internal security, disaster response, humanitarian assistance, and socio-economic development; in recent years, internal security duties have been a key focus, particularly in countering narcotics trafficking and organized crime groups, as well as border control and immigration enforcement; the constitution was amended in 2019 to grant the president the authority to use the armed forces to protect internal and national security, and courts have upheld the legality of the armed forces role in law enforcement activities in support of civilian authorities through 2028; the military also provides security for strategic facilities, such as oil production infrastructure, and administers most of the country's land and sea ports and customs services, plus a state-owned development bank; in addition, President L PEZ OBRADOR placed the military in charge of a growing number of infrastructure projects, such as building and operating a new airport for Mexico City and sections of a train line in the country s southeast (2024)

the Mexican Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas de M xico) are divided between the Secretariat of National Defense and the Secretariat of the Navy: Secretariat of National Defense (Secretaria de Defensa Nacional, SEDENA): Army (Ejercito), Mexican Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Mexicana, FAM); Secretariat of the Navy (Secretaria de Marina, SEMAR): Mexican Navy (Armada de Mexico (ARM), includes Naval Air Force (FAN), Mexican Naval Infantry Corps (Cuerpo de Infanteria de Marina, Mexmar or CIM)) Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection/SEDENA: National Guard (2024) note: the National Guard was formed in 2019 of personnel from the former Federal Police (disbanded in December 2019) and military police units of the Army and Navy; the Guard was placed under the civilian-led Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection, while the SEDENA had day-to-day operational control and provided the commanders and the training; in September 2022, Mexico s Congress passed legislation shifting complete control of the National Guard to the military; however, in 2023 the move was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court; the Guard, along with state and municipal police, is responsible for enforcing the law and maintaining order; the regular military also actively supports police operations

information varies; approximately 220,000 armed forces personnel (160,000 Army; 10,000 Air Force; 50,000 Navy, including about 20,000 marines); approximately 110,000 National Guard personnel (2024)

the Mexican military inventory includes a mix of domestically produced and imported weapons and equipment from a variety of mostly Western suppliers, particularly the US; a considerable portion of its inventory, such as ships and fighter aircraft, are older, secondhand items from the US; over the past decade, the Mexican military has made efforts to acquire more modern equipment; Mexico's defense industry produces some naval vessels and light armored vehicles, as well as small arms and other miscellaneous equipment (2023)

0.6% of GDP (2023 est.) 0.7% of GDP (2022 est.) 0.7% of GDP (2021 est.) 0.6% of GDP (2020 est.) 0.5% of GDP (2019 est.)

18 years of age (16 with parental consent) for voluntary enlistment for men and women; 18 years of age for compulsory military service for men (selection for service determined by lottery); conscript service obligation is 12 months; those selected serve on Saturdays in a Batall n del Servicio Militar Nacional (National Military Service Battalion) composed entirely of 12-month Servicio Militar Nacional (SMN) conscripts; conscripts remain in reserve status until the age of 40; cadets enrolled in military schools from the age of 15 are considered members of the armed forces; National Guard: single men and women 18-30 years of age may volunteer (2023) note: as of 2023, women comprised about 10% of the active-duty Army, Air Force, and Navy, and about 14% of the National Guard

0-14 years: 23.3% (male 15,647,805/female 14,754,004) 15-64 years: 68.6% (male 43,651,105/female 45,983,174) 65 years and over: 8.2% (2024 est.) (male 4,600,228/female 6,103,611)

total: 4.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) beer: 3.72 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) wine: 0.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) spirits: 0.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) other alcohols: 0.15 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

14.3 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

women married by age 15: 3.6% women married by age 18: 20.7% (2018 est.)

4.2% (2021)

73.1% (2018)

6.2% of GDP (2020)

56.6% (2023 est.)

6.5 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

total dependency ratio: 49.4 youth dependency ratio: 37.3 elderly dependency ratio: 12.2 potential support ratio: 8.2 (2021 est.)

improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 98.3% of population total: 99.7% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 1.7% of population total: 0.3% of population (2020 est.)

4.3% of GDP (2018 est.)

Mestizo (Indigenous-Spanish) 62%, predominantly Indigenous 21%, Indigenous 7%, other 10% (mostly European) (2012 est.) note: Mexico does not collect census data on ethnicity

0.88 (2024 est.)

1 beds/1,000 population (2018)

total: 12.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.) male: 13.4 deaths/1,000 live births female: 10.9 deaths/1,000 live births

Spanish only 93.8%, Spanish and indigenous languages (including Mayan, Nahuatl, and others) 5.4%, indigenous only 0.6%, unspecified 0.2% (2020 est.) major-language sample(s): La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de informaci n b sica. (Spanish) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

total population: 74.6 years (2024 est.) male: 71.6 years female: 77.7 years

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 95.2% male: 96.1% female: 94.5% (2020)

22.281 million MEXICO CITY (capital), 5.420 million Guadalajara, 5.117 million Monterrey, 3.345 million Puebla, 2.626 million Toluca de Lerdo, 2.260 million Tijuana (2023)

59 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

total: 30.8 years (2024 est.) male: 28.8 years female: 32.7 years

21.3 years (2008 est.)

noun: Mexican(s) adjective: Mexican

-0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

28.9% (2016)

2.43 physicians/1,000 population (2019)

total: 130,739,927 male: 63,899,138 female: 66,840,789 (2024 est.)

most of the population is found in the middle of the country between the states of Jalisco and Veracruz; approximately a quarter of the population lives in and around Mexico City

0.72% (2024 est.)

Roman Catholic 78%, Protestant/evangelical Christian 11.2%, other 0.002%, unaffiliated (includes atheism) 10.6% (2020 est.)

improved: urban: 99.9% of population rural: 96.4% of population total: 99.2% of population unimproved: urban: 0.1% of population rural: 3.6% of population total: 0.8% of population (2020 est.)

total: 15 years male: 15 years female: 15 years (2020)

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

total: 13.1% (2020 est.) male: 19.9% (2020 est.) female: 6.2% (2020 est.)

1.79 children born/woman (2024 est.)

urban population: 81.6% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Mexican Space Agency (Agencia Espacial Mexicana or AEM; established 2010 and began operating in 2013) (2024)

the AEM s focus is on coordinating Mexico s space policy and the country s commercial space sector, including developing specialists, technologies, and infrastructure, and acquiring satellites; manufactures and operates communications and scientific satellites; conducts research in a range of space-related capabilities and technologies, including satellites and satellite payloads, telecommunications, remote sensing, robotics, Earth and weather sciences, astronomy, and astrophysics; has relations with a variety of foreign space agencies and commercial space industries, including those of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, the European Space Agency (ESA) and its member states (particularly France, Germany, and the UK), India, Peru, Russia, Ukraine, and the US; leading member of the Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency (ALCE) (2024) note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide

significant source and transit country for fentanyl, fentanyl-laced counterfeit pills, other synthetic opioids, cocaine from South America, heroin, marijuana, and methamphetamine destined for the United States; a destination for synthetic drug precursor chemicals from China, India, and other countries

refugees (country of origin): 35,755 (Honduras), 13,531 (El Salvador) (mid-year 2022); 113,108 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2023) IDPs: 386,000 (government's quashing of Zapatista uprising in 1994 in eastern Chiapas Region; drug cartel violence and government's military response since 2007; violence between and within indigenous groups) (2022) stateless persons: 13 (2022)

1,485 (2024)

XA

460 (2024)

total: 674 (2023) by type: bulk carrier 4, general cargo 11, oil tanker 32, other 627

number of registered air carriers: 16 (2020) inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 370 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 64,569,640 (2018) annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 1,090,380,000 (2018) mt-km

17,210 km natural gas (2022), 9,757 km oil (2017), 10,237 km refined products (2020)

total ports: 35 (2024) large: 0 medium: 7 small: 10 very small: 14 size unknown: 4 ports with oil terminals: 21 key ports: Acapulco, Ensenada, Manzanillo, Mazatlan, Tampico, Tuxpan, Veracruz

total: 23,389 km (2017) standard gauge: 23,389 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (27 km electrified)

total: 704,884 km paved: 175,526 km (includes 10,845 km of expressways) unpaved: 529,358 km (2017)

2,900 km (2012) (navigable rivers and coastal canals mostly connected with ports on the country's east coast)