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Communications

Broadband - fixed subscriptions [time series]

total: 13,922,504 | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 39 (2017 est.)

Broadcast media [time series]

2 public TV broadcasting networks, 1 in English and 1 in French, each with a large number of network affiliates; several private-commercial networks also with multiple network affiliates; overall, about 150 TV stations; multi-channel satellite and cable systems provide access to a wide range of stations including US stations; mix of public and commercial radio broadcasters with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the public radio broadcaster, operating 4 radio networks, Radio Canada International, and radio services to indigenous populations in the north; roughly 1,119 licensed radio stations (2016)

Internet country code [time series]

.ca

Internet users [time series]

total: 31,770,034 | percent of population: 89.8% (July 2016 est.)

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: excellent service provided by modern technology; consumer demand for mobile data services have promted telecos to invest and advance LTE infrastructure, and further investment in 5G; government policy has aided the extension of broadband to rural and regional areas, with the result that services are almost universally accessible (2018) | domestic: comparatively low mobile penetration provides further room for growth; domestic satellite system with about 300 earth stations; 41 per 100 fixed-line; 88 per 100 mobile-cellular (2018) | international: country code - 1; Nunavut Undersea Fibre Optic Network System, Greenland Connect, Persona, GTT Atlantic, and Express, KetchCan 1 Submarine Fiber Cable system, St Pierre and Miquelon Cable submarine cables provide links to the US and Europe; satellite earth stations - 7 (5 Intelsat - 4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean, and 2 Intersputnik - Atlantic Ocean region) (2019)

Telephones - fixed lines [time series]

total subscriptions: 14,700,854 | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 41 (2017 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

total subscriptions: 31,458,600 | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 88 (2017 est.)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

wheat, barley, oilseed, tobacco, fruits, vegetables; dairy products; fish; forest products

Budget [time series]

revenues: 649.6 billion (2017 est.) | expenditures: 665.7 billion (2017 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) [time series]

-1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Central bank discount rate [time series]

1% (31 December 2010) | 0.25% (31 December 2009)

Commercial bank prime lending rate [time series]

3.2% (31 December 2017 est.) | 2.7% (31 December 2016 est.)

Current account balance [time series]

-$48.75 billion (2017 est.) | -$49.32 billion (2016 est.)

Debt - external [time series]

$1.608 trillion (31 March 2016 est.) | $1.55 trillion (31 March 2015 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income (Distribution of family income - Gini index) [time series]

32.1 (2005) | 31.5 (1994)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Canada resembles the US in its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and high living standards. Since World War II, the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. Canada has a large oil and natural gas sector with the majority of crude oil production derived from oil sands in the western provinces, especially Alberta. Canada now ranks third in the world in proved oil reserves behind Venezuela and Saudi Arabia and is the world’s seventh-largest oil producer. TThe 1989 Canada-US Free Trade Agreement and the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (which includes Mexico) dramatically increased trade and economic integration between the US and Canada. Canada and the US enjoy the world’s most comprehensive bilateral trade and investment relationship, with goods and services trade totaling more than $680 billion in 2017, and two-way investment stocks of more than $800 billion. Over three-fourths of Canada’s merchandise exports are destined for the US each year. Canada is the largest foreign supplier of energy to the US, including oil, natural gas, and electric power, and a top source of US uranium imports. Given its abundant natural resources, highly skilled labor force, and modern capital stock, Canada enjoyed solid economic growth from 1993 through 2007. The global economic crisis of 2007-08 moved the Canadian economy into sharp recession by late 2008, and Ottawa posted its first fiscal deficit in 2009 after 12 years of surplus. Canada's major banks emerged from the financial crisis of 2008-09 among the strongest in the world, owing to the financial sector's tradition of conservative lending practices and strong capitalization. Canada’s economy posted strong growth in 2017 at 3%, but most analysts are projecting Canada’s economic growth will drop back closer to 2% in 2018.

Exchange rates [time series]

Canadian dollars (CAD) per US dollar - | 1.308 (2017 est.) | 1.3256 (2016 est.) | 1.3256 (2015 est.) | 1.2788 (2014 est.) | 1.0298 (2013 est.)

Exports [time series]

$423.5 billion (2017 est.) | $393.5 billion (2016 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

motor vehicles and parts, industrial machinery, aircraft, telecommunications equipment; chemicals, plastics, fertilizers; wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, natural gas, electricity, aluminum

Exports - partners [time series]

US 76.4%, China 4.3% (2017)

Fiscal year [time series]

1 April - 31 March

GDP (official exchange rate) [time series]

$1.653 trillion (2017 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP (purchasing power parity)) [time series]

$1.774 trillion (2017 est.) | $1.721 trillion (2016 est.) | $1.697 trillion (2015 est.) | note: data are in 2017 dollars

GDP - composition, by end use [time series]

household consumption: 57.8% (2017 est.) | government consumption: 20.8% (2017 est.) | investment in fixed capital: 23% (2017 est.) | investment in inventories: 0.7% (2017 est.) | exports of goods and services: 30.9% (2017 est.) | imports of goods and services: -33.2% (2017 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin [time series]

agriculture: 1.6% (2017 est.) | industry: 28.2% (2017 est.) | services: 70.2% (2017 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita (PPP)) [time series]

$48,400 (2017 est.) | $47,500 (2016 est.) | $47,400 (2015 est.) | note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

3% (2017 est.) | 1.4% (2016 est.) | 1% (2015 est.)

Gross national saving [time series]

20.8% of GDP (2017 est.) | 20% of GDP (2016 est.) | 20.5% of GDP (2015 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 2.6% | highest 10%: 24.8% (2000)

Imports [time series]

$442.1 billion (2017 est.) | $413.4 billion (2016 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, crude oil, chemicals, electricity, durable consumer goods

Imports - partners [time series]

US 51.5%, China 12.6%, Mexico 6.3% (2017)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

4.9% (2017 est.)

Industries [time series]

transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, fish products, petroleum, natural gas

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

1.6% (2017 est.) | 1.4% (2016 est.)

Labor force [time series]

19.52 million (2017 est.)

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture: 2% | industry: 13% | services: 6% | industry and services: 76% | manufacturing: 3% (2006 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares [time series]

$1.593 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) | $2.095 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) | $2.114 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)

Population below poverty line [time series]

9.4% (2008 est.) | note: this figure is the Low Income Cut-Off, a calculation that results in higher figures than found in many comparable economies; Canada does not have an official poverty line

Public debt [time series]

89.7% of GDP (2017 est.) | 91.1% of GDP (2016 est.) | note: figures are for gross general government debt, as opposed to net federal debt; gross general government debt includes both intragovernmental debt and the debt of public entities at the sub-national level

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold [time series]

$86.68 billion (31 December 2017 est.) | $82.72 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock of broad money [time series]

$748.9 billion (31 December 2017 est.) | $637.6 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad [time series]

$1.371 trillion (31 December 2017 est.) | $1.277 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home [time series]

$1.039 trillion (31 December 2017 est.) | $1.004 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock of domestic credit [time series]

$3.219 trillion (31 December 2017 est.) | $2.802 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock of narrow money [time series]

$748.9 billion (31 December 2017 est.) | $637.6 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Taxes and other revenues [time series]

39.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Unemployment rate [time series]

6.3% (2017 est.) | 7% (2016 est.)

Energy

Carbon dioxide emissions (Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy) [time series]

640.6 million Mt (2017 est.)

Crude oil - exports [time series]

2.818 million bbl/day (2017 est.)

Crude oil - imports [time series]

806,700 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Crude oil - production [time series]

4.264 million bbl/day (2018 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves [time series]

170.5 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Electricity - consumption [time series]

522.2 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - exports [time series]

73.35 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels [time series]

23% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants [time series]

56% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels [time series]

9% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources [time series]

12% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - imports [time series]

2.682 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity [time series]

143.5 million kW (2016 est.)

Electricity - production [time series]

649.6 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity access [time series]

electrification - total population: 100% (2016)

Natural gas - consumption [time series]

124.4 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - exports [time series]

83.96 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - imports [time series]

26.36 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - production [time series]

159.1 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]

2.056 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)

Refined petroleum products - consumption [time series]

2.445 million bbl/day (2017 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports [time series]

1.115 million bbl/day (2017 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports [time series]

405,700 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production [time series]

2.009 million bbl/day (2017 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 9,984,670 sq km | land: 9,093,507 sq km | water: 891,163 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly larger than the US | Area comparison map: The World Factbook Field Image Modal × North America :: Canada Print Image Description slightly larger than the US

Climate [time series]

varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north

Coastline [time series]

202,080 km | note: the Canadian Arctic Archipelago - consisting of 36,563 islands, several of them some of the world's largest - contributes to Canada easily having the longest coastline in the world

Elevation [time series]

mean elevation: 487 m | lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m | highest point: Mount Logan 5,959 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

metal smelting, coal-burning utilities, and vehicle emissions impacting agricultural and forest productivity; air pollution and resulting acid rain severely affecting lakes and damaging forests; ocean waters becoming contaminated due to agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activities

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands | signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Marine Life Conservation

Geographic coordinates [time series]

60 00 N, 95 00 W

Geography - note [time series]

note 1: second-largest country in world (after Russia) and largest in the Americas; strategic location between Russia and US via north polar route; approximately 90% of the population is concentrated within 160 km (100 mi) of the US border note 2: Canada has more fresh water than any other country and almost 9% of Canadian territory is water; Canada has at least 2 million and possibly over 3 million lakes - that is more than all other countries combined

Irrigated land [time series]

8,700 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 8,893 km | border countries (1): US 8893 km (includes 2477 km with Alaska) | note: Canada is the world's largest country that borders only one country

Land use [time series]

agricultural land: 6.8% (2011 est.) | arable land: 4.7% (2011 est.) / permanent crops: 0.5% (2011 est.) / permanent pasture: 1.6% (2011 est.) | forest: 34.1% (2011 est.) | other: 59.1% (2011 est.)

Location [time series]

Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous US

Map references [time series]

North America

Maritime claims [time series]

territorial sea: 12 nm | exclusive economic zone: 200 nm | contiguous zone: 24 nm | continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Natural hazards [time series]

continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains volcanism: the vast majority of volcanoes in Western Canada's Coast Mountains remain dormant

Natural resources [time series]

bauxite, iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, rare earth elements, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower

Population distribution [time series]

vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia

Terrain [time series]

mostly plains with mountains in west, lowlands in southeast

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

10 provinces and 3 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Nunavut*, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon*

Capital [time series]

name: Ottawa | geographic coordinates: 45 25 N, 75 42 W | time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time) | daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November | etymology: the city lies on the south bank of the Ottawa River, from which it derives its name; the river name comes from the Algonquin word "adawe" meaning "to trade" and refers to the indigenous peoples who used the river as a trade highway note: Canada has six time zones

Citizenship [time series]

citizenship by birth: yes | citizenship by descent only: yes | dual citizenship recognized: yes | residency requirement for naturalization: minimum of 3 of last 5 years resident in Canada

Constitution [time series]

history: consists of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions, and traditions dating from 1763; the written part of the constitution consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982 | amendments: proposed by either house of Parliament or by the provincial legislative assemblies; there are 5 methods for passage though most require approval by both houses of Parliament, approval of at least two thirds of the provincial legislative assemblies and assent and formalization as a proclamation by the governor general in council; the most restrictive method is reserved for amendments affecting fundamental sections of the constitution, such as the office of the monarch or the governor general, and the constitutional amendment procedures, which require unanimous approval by both houses and by all the provincial assemblies, and assent of the governor general in council; amended 11 times, last in 2011 (Fair Representation Act, 2011) (2018)

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: none | conventional short form: Canada | etymology: the country name likely derives from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word "kanata" meaning village or settlement

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Richard M. MILLS, Jr. (since 23 August 2019) | telephone: [1] (613) 688-5335 | embassy: 490 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8 | mailing address: P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburg, NY 13669-0430; P.O. Box 866, Station B, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5T1 | FAX: [1] (613) 688-3082 | consulate(s) general: Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec City, Toronto, Vancouver | consulate(s): Winnipeg

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

Ambassador David Brookes MACNAUGHTON (since 2 March 2016) | chancery: 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001 | telephone: [1] (202) 682-1740 | FAX: [1] (202) 682-7726 | consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York, San Francisco/Silicon Valley, Seattle | trade office(s): Houston, Palo Alto (CA), San Diego; note - there are trade offices in the Consulates General

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Julie PAYETTE (since 2 October 2017) | head of government: Prime Minister Justin Pierre James TRUDEAU (Liberal Party) (since 4 November 2015) | cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually from among members of his/her own party sitting in Parliament | elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a 5-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Commons generally designated prime minister by the governor general | note: the governor general position is largely ceremonial; Julie PAYETTE, a former space shuttle astronaut, is Canada's fourth female governor general but the first to have flown in space

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width) with white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square; the maple leaf has long been a Canadian symbol

Government type [time series]

federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm; federal and state authorities and responsibilities regulated in constitution

Independence [time series]

1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies); 11 December 1931 (recognized by UK per Statute of Westminster)

International law organization participation [time series]

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation [time series]

ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CD, CDB, CE (observer), EAPC, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAFTA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch [time series]

highest courts: Supreme Court of Canada (consists of the chief justice and 8 judges); note - in 1949, Canada abolished all appeals beyond its Supreme Court, which prior to that time, were heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) | judge selection and term of office: chief justice and judges appointed by the prime minister in council; all judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 75 | subordinate courts: federal level: Federal Court of Appeal; Federal Court; Tax Court; federal administrative tribunals; Courts Martial; provincial/territorial level: provincial superior, appeals, first instance, and specialized courts; note - in 1999, the Nunavut Court - a circuit court with the power of a provincial superior court, as well as a territorial court - was established to serve isolated settlements

Legal system [time series]

common law system except in Quebec, where civil law based on the French civil code prevails

Legislative branch [time series]

description: bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of: Senate or Senat (105 seats; members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister and can serve until age 75) House of Commons or Chambre des Communes (338 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote with terms up to 4 years) | elections: Senate - appointed; latest appointments in December 2018 House of Commons - last held on 21 October 2019 (next to be held in October 2023) | election results: Senate - composition as of December 2018 - men 51, women 54, percent of women 51.4% House of Commons - percent of vote by party - CPC 34.4%, Liberal Party 33.1%, NDP 15.9%, Bloc Quebecois 7.7%, Greens 6.5%, other 2.4%; seats by party - Liberal Party 157, CPC 121, NDP 24, Bloc Quebecois 32, Greens 4; composition - men 240, women 98, percent of women 29%; note - total Parliament percent of women 34.3%

National anthem(s) (National anthem) [time series]

name: O Canada | lyrics/music: Adolphe-Basile ROUTHIER [French], Robert Stanley WEIR [English]/Calixa LAVALLEE | note: adopted 1980; originally written in 1880, "O Canada" served as an unofficial anthem many years before its official adoption; the anthem has French and English versions whose lyrics differ; as a Commonwealth realm, in addition to the national anthem, "God Save the Queen" serves as the royal anthem (see United Kingdom)

National holiday [time series]

Canada Day, 1 July (1867)

National symbol(s) [time series]

maple leaf, beaver; national colors: red, white

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Bloc Quebecois [Mario BEAULIEU] Conservative Party of Canada or CPC [Andrew SCHEER] Green Party [Jo-Ann ROBERTS] Liberal Party [Justin TRUDEAU] New Democratic Party or NDP [Jagmeet SINGH] People's Party of Canada [Maxime BERNIER]

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Introduction

Background [time series]

A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867, while retaining ties to the British crown. Canada repatriated its constitution from the UK in 1982, severing a final colonial tie. Economically and technologically, the nation has developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across the world's longest international border. Canada faces the political challenges of meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care, education, social services, and economic competitiveness, as well as responding to the particular concerns of predominantly francophone Quebec. Canada also aims to develop its diverse energy resources while maintaining its commitment to the environment.

Military and Security

Military and security forces [time series]

Canadian Forces: Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force, Canadian Joint Operations Command, Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (2019)

Military expenditures [time series]

1.31% of GDP (2019 est.) | 1.31% of GDP (2018) | 1.44% of GDP (2017) | 1.16% of GDP (2016) | 1.2% of GDP (2015)

Military service age and obligation [time series]

17 years of age for voluntary male and female military service (with parental consent); 16 years of age for Reserve and Military College applicants; Canadian citizenship or permanent residence status required; maximum 34 years of age; service obligation 3-9 years (2012)

People and Society

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 15.43% (male 2,839,236 /female 2,698,592) | 15-24 years: 11.62% (male 2,145,626 /female 2,023,369) | 25-54 years: 39.62% (male 7,215,261 /female 7,002,546) | 55-64 years: 14.24% (male 2,538,820 /female 2,570,709) | 65 years and over: 19.08% (male 3,055,560 /female 3,791,940) (2018 est.) | population pyramid: The World Factbook Field Image Modal × North America :: Canada Print Image Description This is the population pyramid for Canada. A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends. For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page under the References tab.

Birth rate [time series]

10.2 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Current health expenditure (Current Health Expenditure) [time series]

10.5% (2016)

Death rate [time series]

8.8 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Dependency ratios [time series]

total dependency ratio: 47.3 (2015 est.) | youth dependency ratio: 23.5 (2015 est.) | elderly dependency ratio: 23.8 (2015 est.) | potential support ratio: 4.2 (2015 est.)

Drinking water source [time series]

Education expenditure (Education expenditures) [time series]

5.3% of GDP (2011)

Ethnic groups [time series]

Canadian 32.3%, English 18.3%, Scottish 13.9%, French 13.6%, Irish 13.4%, German 9.6%, Chinese 5.1%, Italian 4.6%, North American Indian 4.4%, East Indian 4%, other 51.6% (2016 est.) | note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic origin

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

Hospital bed density [time series]

2.7 beds/1,000 population (2012)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.) | male: 4.8 deaths/1,000 live births | female: 4.1 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages [time series]

English (official) 58.7%, French (official) 22%, Punjabi 1.4%, Italian 1.3%, Spanish 1.3%, German 1.3%, Cantonese 1.2%, Tagalog 1.2%, Arabic 1.1%, other 10.5% (2011 est.)

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 82 years (2018 est.) | male: 79.4 years | female: 84.8 years

Major urban areas - population [time series]

6.139 million Toronto, 4.196 million Montreal, 2.556 million Vancouver, 1.513 million Calgary, 1.43 million Edmonton, 1.378 million OTTAWA (capital) (2019)

Maternal mortality ratio (Maternal mortality rate) [time series]

10 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Median age [time series]

total: 42.4 years (2018 est.) | male: 41.1 years | female: 43.7 years

Mother's mean age at first birth [time series]

28.1 years (2012 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Canadian(s) | adjective: Canadian

Net migration rate [time series]

5.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate [time series]

29.4% (2016)

Physician density (Physicians density) [time series]

2.61 physicians/1,000 population (2017)

Population [time series]

35,881,659 (July 2018 est.)

Population distribution [time series]

Population growth rate [time series]

0.72% (2018 est.)

Religions [time series]

Catholic 39% (includes Roman Catholic 38.8%, other Catholic .2%), Protestant 20.3% (includes United Church 6.1%, Anglican 5%, Baptist 1.9%, Lutheran 1.5%, Pentecostal 1.5%, Presbyterian 1.4%, other Protestant 2.9%), Orthodox 1.6%, other Christian 6.3%, Muslim 3.2%, Hindu 1.5%, Sikh 1.4%, Buddhist 1.1%, Jewish 1%, other 0.6%, none 23.9% (2011 est.)

Sanitation facility access [time series]

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) [time series]

total: 16 years | male: 16 years | female: 17 years (2016)

Sex ratio [time series]

Total fertility rate [time series]

1.6 children born/woman (2018 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) (Unemployment, youth ages 15-24) [time series]

total: 11.1% | male: 12.5% | female: 9.6% (2018 est.)

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 81.5% of total population (2019) | rate of urbanization: 0.97% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Gulf of Maine, including the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; Canada and the United States dispute how to divide the Beaufort Sea and the status of the Northwest Passage but continue to work cooperatively to survey the Arctic continental shelf; US works closely with Canada to intensify security measures for monitoring and controlling legal and illegal movement of people, transport, and commodities across the international border; sovereignty dispute with Denmark over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland; commencing the collection of technical evidence for submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in support of claims for continental shelf beyond 200 nm from its declared baselines in the Arctic, as stipulated in Article 76, paragraph 8, of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea

Illicit drugs [time series]

illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market and export to US; use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plant large quantities of high-quality marijuana indoors; increasing ecstasy production, some of which is destined for the US; vulnerable to narcotics money laundering because of its mature financial services sector

Refugees and internally displaced persons [time series]

refugees (country of origin): 7,356 (Colombia), 7,192 (China), 7,141 (Haiti), 5,483 (Nigeria), 5,607 (Pakistan) (2018); 9,978 (Venezuela) (2019) | stateless persons: 3,790 (2018)

Transportation

Airports [time series]

1,467 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 523 (2017) | over 3,047 m: 21 (2017) | 2,438 to 3,047 m: 19 (2017) | 1,524 to 2,437 m: 147 (2017) | 914 to 1,523 m: 257 (2017) | under 914 m: 79 (2017)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 944 (2013) | 1,524 to 2,437 m: 75 (2013) | 914 to 1,523 m: 385 (2013) | under 914 m: 484 (2013)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix [time series]

C (2016)

Heliports [time series]

26 (2013)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 657 | by type: bulk carrier 17, container ship 1, general cargo 91, oil tanker 17, other 531 (2018)

National air transport system [time series]

number of registered air carriers: 51 (2015) | inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 879 (2015) | annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 80,228,301 (2015) | annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 2,074,830,881 mt-km (2015)

Pipelines [time series]

110000 km gas and liquid petroleum (2017)

Ports (Ports and terminals) [time series]

major seaport(s): Halifax, Saint John (New Brunswick), Vancouver | oil terminal(s): Lower Lakes terminal | container port(s) (TEUs): Montreal (1,537,669), Vancouver (3,252,225) (2017) | LNG terminal(s) (import): Saint John | river and lake port(s): Montreal, Quebec City, Sept-Isles (St. Lawrence) | dry bulk cargo port(s): Port-Cartier (iron ore and grain), | Fraser River Port (Fraser) Hamilton (Lake Ontario)

Railways [time series]

total: 77,932 km (2014) | standard gauge: 77,932 km 1.435-m gauge (2014)

Roadways [time series]

total: 1,042,300 km (2011) | paved: 415,600 km (includes 17,000 km of expressways) (2011) | unpaved: 626,700 km (2011)

Waterways [time series]

636 km (Saint Lawrence Seaway of 3,769 km, including the Saint Lawrence River of 3,058 km, shared with United States) (2011)