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Communications

Airports [time series]

total: 1,420 useable: 1,142 with permanent-surface runways: 457 with runways over 3,659 m: 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 30 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 330

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

884,272 km total; 712,936 km surfaced (250,023 km paved), 171,336 km earth

Waterways (Inland waterways) [time series]

3,000 km, including Saint Lawrence Seaway

Merchant marine [time series]

63 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 454,582 GRT/646,329 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 3 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 8 cargo, 2 railcar carrier, 1 refrigerated cargo, 7 roll-on/roll-off, 1 container, 24 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 9 bulk; note - does not include ships used exclusively in the Great Lakes

Pipelines [time series]

crude and refined oil 23,564 km; natural gas 74,980 km

Ports [time series]

Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Saint John (New Brunswick), Saint John's (Newfoundland), Toronto, Vancouver

Railways (Railroads) [time series]

146,444 km total; two major transcontinental freight railway systems - Canadian National (government owned) and Canadian Pacific Railway; passenger service - VIA (government operated); 158 km is electrified

Telecommunication systems (Telecommunications) [time series]

excellent service provided by modern media; 18.0 million telephones; broadcast stations - 900 AM, 29 FM, 53 (1,400 repeaters) TV; 5 coaxial submarine cables; over 300 earth stations operating in INTELSAT (including 4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) and domestic systems

Defense Forces

Military and security forces (Branches) [time series]

Canadian Armed Forces (including Land Forces Command, Maritime Command, Air Command, Communications Command, Training Command), Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)

Military expenditures (Defense expenditures) [time series]

exchange rate conversion - $11.3 billion, 2% of GDP (FY92/93)

Manpower availability [time series]

males age 15-49 7,444,767; fit for military service 6,440,927; reach military age (17) annually 191,884 (1993 est.)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture) [time series]

accounts for about 3% of GDP; one of the world's major producers and exporters of grain (wheat and barley); key source of US agricultural imports; large forest resources cover 35% of total land area; commercial fisheries provide annual catch of 1.5 million metric tons, of which 75% is exported

Budget [time series]

revenues $111.8 billion; expenditures $138.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY90 est.)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

1 Canadian dollar (Can$) = 100 cents

Economic aid [time series]

donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $7.2 billion

Electricity [time series]

109,340,000 kW capacity; 493,000 million kWh produced, 17,900 kWh per capita (1992)

Exchange rates [time series]

Canadian dollars (Can$) per US$1 - 1.2776 (January 1993), 1.2087 (1992), 1.1457 (1991), 1.1668 (1990), 1.1840 (1989), 1.2307 (1988)

Exports [time series]

$124.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: newsprint, wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, machinery, natural gas, aluminum, motor vehicles and parts; telecommunications equipment partners: US, Japan, UK, Germany, South Korea, Netherlands, China

Debt - external (External debt) [time series]

$247 billion (1987)

Fiscal year [time series]

1 April - 31 March

Illicit drugs [time series]

illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market; use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plant large quantities of high-quality marijuana indoors; growing role as a transit point for heroin and cocaine entering the US market

Imports [time series]

$118 billion (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: crude oil, chemicals, motor vehicles and parts, durable consumer goods, electronic computers; telecommunications equipment and parts partners: US, Japan, UK, Germany, France, Mexico, Taiwan, South Korea

Industrial production growth rate (Industrial production) [time series]

growth rate 1% (1992); accounts for 34% of GDP

Industries [time series]

processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, transportation equipment, chemicals, fish products, petroleum and natural gas

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

1.5% (1992)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (National product) [time series]

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $537.1 billion (1992)

Real GDP per capita (National product per capita) [time series]

$19,600 (1992)

Real GDP growth rate (National product real growth rate) [time series]

0.9% (1992)

Economic overview (Overview) [time series]

As an affluent, high-tech industrial society, Canada today closely resembles the US in per capita output, market-oriented economic system, and pattern of production. Since World War II the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. In the 1980s, Canada registered one of the highest rates of real growth among the OECD nations, averaging about 3.2%. With its great natural resources, skilled labor force, and modern capital plant, Canada has excellent economic prospects. However, the continuing constitutional impasse between English- and French-speaking areas has observers discussing a possible split in the confederation; foregn investors have become edgy.

Unemployment rate [time series]

11.5% (December 1992)

Geography

Area [time series]

total area: 9,976,140 km2 land area: 9,220,970 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than US

Climate [time series]

varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north

Coastline [time series]

243,791 km

Environment - current issues (Environment) [time series]

80% of population concentrated within 160 km of US border; continuous permafrost in north a serious obstacle to development

Disputes - international (International disputes) [time series]

maritime boundary disputes with the US; Saint Pierre and Miquelon is focus of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and France

Irrigated land [time series]

8,400 km2 (1989 est.)

Land boundaries [time series]

total 8,893 km, US 8,893 km (includes 2,477 km with Alaska)

Land use [time series]

arable land: 5% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 3% forest and woodland: 35% other: 57%

Location [time series]

Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and North Pacific Ocean north of the US

Map references [time series]

Arctic Region, North America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Maritime claims [time series]

continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm

Natural resources [time series]

nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas

Note [time series]

second-largest country in world (after Russia); strategic location between Russia and US via north polar route

Terrain [time series]

mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

10 provinces and 2 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New, Brunswick,

Capital [time series]

Ottawa

Constitution [time series]

amended British North America Act 1867 patriated to Canada 17 April 1982; charter of rights and unwritten customs

Digraph [time series]

Diplomatic representation in the US (Diplomatic representation in US) [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador John DE CHASTELAIN chancery: 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001 telephone: (202) 682-1740 FAX: (202) 682-7726 consulates general: Atlanta, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Detroit, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Seattle

Executive branch (Elections) [time series]

House of Commons: last held 21 November 1988 (next to be held by November 1993); results - Progressive Conservative Party 43%, Liberal Party 32%, New Democratic Party 20%, other 5%; seats - (295 total) Progressive Conservative Party 159, Liberal Party 80, New Democratic Party 44, Bloc Quebecois 9, independents 3

Executive branch [time series]

British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet

Flag [time series]

three vertical bands of red (hoist side), white (double width, square), and red with a red maple leaf centered in the white band

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court

Executive branch (Leaders) [time series]

Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Raymond John HNATYSHYN (since 29 January 1990) Head of Government: Prime Minister Kim CAMBELL was chosen to replace Brian MULRONEY on 13 June 1993

Legal system [time series]

based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil law system based on French law prevails; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Legislative branch [time series]

bicameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of an upper house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or House of Commons (Chambre des Communes)

International organization participation (Member of) [time series]

ACCT, AfDB, AG (observer), APEC, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, C, CCC, CDB (non-regional), COCOM, CP, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, ESA (cooperating state), FAO, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, ONUSAL, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMOZ, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO, WIPO, WTO, ZC

Country name (Names) [time series]

conventional long form: none conventional short form: Canada

National holiday [time series]

Canada Day, 1 July (1867)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Progressive Conservative Party, Brian MULRONEY; Liberal Party, Jean CHRETIEN; New Democratic Party, Audrey McLAUGHLIN; Reform Party, Preston MANNING; Bloc Quebecois, Lucien BOUCHARD

Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory*, Independence [time series]

1 July 1867 (from UK)

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Government type (Type) [time series]

confederation with parliamentary democracy

Diplomatic representation from the US (US diplomatic representation) [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador-designate Governor James J. BLANCHARD embassy: 100 Wellington Street, K1P 5T1, Ottawa mailing address: P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburg, NY 13669-0430 telephone: (613) 238-5335 or (613) 238-4470 FAX: (613) 238-5720 consulates general: Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, and Vancouver

People

Birth rate [time series]

14.48 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate [time series]

7.35 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Ethnic groups (Ethnic divisions) [time series]

British Isles origin 40%, French origin 27%, other European 20%, indigenous Indian and Eskimo 1.5%

Infant mortality rate [time series]

7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Labor force [time series]

13.38 million by occupation: services 75%, manufacturing 14%, agriculture 4%, construction 3%, other 4% (1988)

Languages [time series]

English (official), French (official)

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 77.98 years male: 74.54 years female: 81.6 years (1993 est.)

Literacy [time series]

age 15 and over can read and write (1981) total population: 99% male: NA% female: NA%

Nationality [time series]

noun: Canadian(s) adjective: Canadian

Net migration rate [time series]

5.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Population [time series]

27,769,993 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

1.28% (1993 est.)

Religions [time series]

Roman Catholic 46%, United Church 16%, Anglican 10%, other 28%

Total fertility rate [time series]

1.84 children born/woman (1993 est.)