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Communications

Broadcast media [time series]

2 private TV stations rebroadcast Al-Jazeera and CNN; Somaliland has 1 government-operated TV station and Puntland has 1 private TV station; the transitional government operates Radio Mogadishu; 1 SW and roughly 10 private FM radio stations broadcast in Mogadishu; several radio stations operate in central and southern regions; Somaliland has 1 government-operated radio station; Puntland has roughly a half dozen private radio stations; transmissions of at least 2 international broadcasters are available (2007)

Internet country code [time series]

.so

Internet users (Internet hosts) [time series]

186 (2012) country comparison to the world: 203

Internet users [time series]

106,000 (2009) country comparison to the world: 159

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: the public telecommunications system was almost completely destroyed or dismantled during the civil war; private companies offer limited local fixed-line service and private wireless companies offer service in most major cities while charging the lowest international rates on the continent domestic: local cellular telephone systems have been established in Mogadishu and in several other population centers with one company beginning to provide 3G services in late 2012 international: country code - 252; Mogadishu is a landing point for the EASSy fiber-optic submarine cable system linking East Africa with Europe and North America

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

100,000 (2010) country comparison to the world: 146

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

655,000 (2011) country comparison to the world: 161

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

bananas, sorghum, corn, coconuts, rice, sugarcane, mangoes, sesame seeds, beans; cattle, sheep, goats; fish

Budget [time series]

revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA

Central bank discount rate [time series]

NA%

Commercial bank prime lending rate [time series]

NA%

Debt - external [time series]

$2.942 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 134 $3 billion (2001 est.)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Despite the lack of effective national governance, Somalia has maintained a healthy informal economy, largely based on livestock, remittance/money transfer companies, and telecommunications. Agriculture is the most important sector with livestock normally accounting for about 40% of GDP and more than 50% of export earnings. Nomads and semi-pastoralists, who are dependent upon livestock for their livelihood, make up a large portion of the population. Livestock, hides, fish, charcoal, and bananas are Somalia's principal exports, while sugar, sorghum, corn, qat, and machined goods are the principal imports. Somalia's small industrial sector, based on the processing of agricultural products, has largely been looted and the machinery sold as scrap metal. Somalia's service sector has grown. Telecommunication firms provide wireless services in most major cities and offer the lowest international call rates on the continent. In the absence of a formal banking sector, money transfer/remittance services have sprouted throughout the country, handling up to $1.6 billion in remittances annually. Mogadishu's main market offers a variety of goods from food to the newest electronic gadgets. Hotels continue to operate and are supported with private-security militias. Somalia's arrears to the IMF have continued to grow. Somalia's capital city - Mogadishu - has enjoyed a rebirth following the departure of al-Shabaab in August 2011. Mogadishu has witnessed the development of the city's first gas stations, supermarkets, and flights between Europe (Istanbul-Mogadishu) since the collapse of central authority in 1991. This economic growth has yet to expand outside of Mogadishu.

Exchange rates [time series]

Somali shillings (SOS) per US dollar - 1,600 (2012 est.)

Exports [time series]

$515.8 million (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 170 $300 million (2006 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

livestock, bananas, hides, fish, charcoal, scrap metal

Exports - partners [time series]

UAE 51%, Yemen 19.1%, Oman 12.9% (2011)

Fiscal year [time series]

GDP (official exchange rate) [time series]

$2.372 billion (2010 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP (purchasing power parity)) [time series]

$5.896 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 164 $5.75 billion (2009 est.) $5.607 billion (2008 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP - composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 59.3% industry: 7.2% services: 33.5% (2011 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita (PPP)) [time series]

$600 (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 226 $600 (2009 est.) $600 (2008 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

2.6% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 127 2.6% (2009 est.) 2.6% (2008 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Imports [time series]

$1.263 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 175 $798 million (2006 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

manufactures, petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials, qat

Imports - partners [time series]

Djibouti 26.6%, India 13.6%, Kenya 6.9%, Pakistan 6.3%, China 6.1%, Egypt 4.8%, Oman 4.8%, UAE 4.6%, Yemen 4.3% (2011)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

NA% note: businesses print their own money, so inflation rates cannot be easily determined

Investment (gross fixed) [time series]

20% of GDP (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 97

Labor force [time series]

3.447 million (2007) (2007) country comparison to the world: 97

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture: 71% industry and services: 29% (1975)

Population below poverty line [time series]

NA%

Unemployment rate [time series]

NA%

Energy

Carbon dioxide emissions (Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy) [time series]

897,500 Mt (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 168

Crude oil - exports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 185

Crude oil - imports [time series]

1,000 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 82

Crude oil - production [time series]

0 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 189

Crude oil - proved reserves [time series]

0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 188

Electricity - consumption [time series]

293 million kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 175

Electricity - exports [time series]

0 kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 131

Electricity - from fossil fuels [time series]

93.8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 70

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants [time series]

6.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 123

Electricity - from nuclear fuels [time series]

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 178

Electricity - from other renewable sources [time series]

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 187

Electricity - imports [time series]

0 kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 134

Electricity - installed generating capacity [time series]

80,000 kW (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 173

Electricity - production [time series]

315 million kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 169

Natural gas - consumption [time series]

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 194

Natural gas - exports [time series]

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 54

Natural gas - imports [time series]

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 131

Natural gas - production [time series]

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 191

Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]

5.663 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 91

Refined petroleum products - consumption [time series]

5,659 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 165

Refined petroleum products - exports [time series]

1,109 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 107

Refined petroleum products - imports [time series]

2,905 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 171

Refined petroleum products - production [time series]

3,666 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 110

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 637,657 sq km country comparison to the world: 44 land: 627,337 sq km water: 10,320 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly smaller than Texas

Climate [time series]

principally desert; northeast monsoon (December to February), moderate temperatures in north and hot in south; southwest monsoon (May to October), torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons

Coastline [time series]

3,025 km

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Shimbiris 2,416 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

famine; use of contaminated water contributes to human health problems; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Biodiversity, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Total water withdrawal (Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)) [time series]

total: 3.29 cu km/yr (0%/0%/100%) per capita: 400 cu m/yr (2000)

Geographic coordinates [time series]

10 00 N, 49 00 E

Geography - note [time series]

strategic location on Horn of Africa along southern approaches to Bab el Mandeb and route through Red Sea and Suez Canal

Irrigated land [time series]

2,000 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 2,340 km border countries: Djibouti 58 km, Ethiopia 1,600 km, Kenya 682 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 1.64% permanent crops: 0.04% other: 98.32% (2005)

Location [time series]

Eastern Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, east of Ethiopia

Map references [time series]

Africa

Maritime claims [time series]

territorial sea: 200 nm

Natural hazards [time series]

recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer; floods during rainy season

Natural resources [time series]

uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt, natural gas, likely oil reserves

Terrain [time series]

mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in north

Total renewable water resources [time series]

15.7 cu km (1997)

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

18 regions (plural - NA, singular - gobolka); Awdal, Bakool, Banaadir, Bari, Bay, Galguduud, Gedo, Hiiraan, Jubbada Dhexe (Middle Jubba), Jubbada Hoose (Lower Jubba), Mudug, Nugaal, Sanaag, Shabeellaha Dhexe (Middle Shabeelle), Shabeellaha Hoose (Lower Shabeelle), Sool, Togdheer, Woqooyi Galbeed

Capital [time series]

name: Mogadishu geographic coordinates: 2 04 N, 45 20 E time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution [time series]

Provisional Constitution for the Federal Republic of Somalia, approved by a constitutional assembly 1 August 2012 note: The Constitution will become permanent after a referendum before the end of Parliament's first term (date to be determined)

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: none conventional short form: Somalia local long form: Jamhuuriyada Demuqraadiga Soomaaliyeed local short form: Soomaaliya former: Somali Republic, Somali Democratic Republic

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

the US does not have an embassy in Somalia; US interests are represented by the US Special Representative for Somalia, James C. Swan operating out of the US Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya at United Nations Avenue, Nairobi; mailing address: Unit 64100, Nairobi; APO AE 09831; telephone: [254] (20) 363-6000; FAX [254] (20) 363-6157

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

Somalia does not have an embassy in the US (ceased operations on 8 May 1991); note - the Transitional Federal Government is represented in the United States through its Permanent Mission to the United Nations

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President HASSAN SHEIKH Mahamud (since 10 September 2012) head of government: Prime Minister Abdi Farrah Shirdon SAID (since 6 October 2012) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president approved by the National Parliament (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: president elected by the National Parliament; election last held 10 September 2012 election results: HASSAN SHEIKH Mahamud elected president; National Parliament vote - HASSAN SHEIKH Mahamud 190, Sheikh SHARIF Sheikh Ahmed 79; president chooses the prime minister, who is then elected by National Parliament

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center; the blue field was originally influenced by the flag of the UN, but today is said to denote the sky and the neighboring Indian Ocean; the five points of the star represent the five regions in the horn of Africa that are inhabited by Somali people: the former British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland (which together make up Somalia), Djibouti, Ogaden (Ethiopia), and the North East Province (Kenya)

Government - note [time series]

although a transitional government was created in 2004, other regional and local governing bodies continue to exist and control various regions of the country, including the self-declared Republic of Somaliland in northwestern Somalia and the semi-autonomous State of Puntland in northeastern Somalia

Government type [time series]

in the process of building a federated parliamentary republic

Independence [time series]

1 July 1960 (from a merger of British Somaliland that became independent from the UK on 26 June 1960 and Italian Somaliland that became independent from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship on 1 July 1960 to form the Somali Republic)

International law organization participation [time series]

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation [time series]

ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, CAEU (candidate), FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITSO, ITU, LAS, NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO

Judicial branch [time series]

Constitutional Court; Federal Government-level courts; Federal Member-level courts note: these courts have yet to be established; in their absence most regions have reverted to local forms of conflict resolution, either secular, traditional Somali customary law, or sharia (Islamic) law with a provision for appeal of all sentences

Legal system [time series]

mixed legal system of civil law, Islamic law, and customary law (referred to as Xeer)

Legislative branch [time series]

bicameral National Parliament consisting of the House of the People of the Federal Parliament (275 seats, elected by Somali citizens) and the Upper House of the Federal Parliament (54 seats, elected by people of the Federal member states) note: the inaugural House of the People in September 2012 was appointed by clan elders; as of January 2013, the Upper House has not been formed

National anthem(s) (National anthem) [time series]

name: "Soomaaliyeey toosoo" (Somalia Wake Up) lyrics/music: Ali Mire AWALE and Yuusuf Xaaji Aadan Cilmi QABILLE note: adopted 2000; written in 1947, the lyrics speak of creating unity and an end to fighting

National holiday [time series]

Foundation of the Somali Republic, 1 July (1960); note - 26 June (1960) in Somaliland

National symbol(s) [time series]

leopard

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

none

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

other: numerous clan and sub-clan factions exist both in support and in opposition to the transitional government

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Introduction

Background [time series]

Britain withdrew from British Somaliland in 1960 to allow its protectorate to join with Italian Somaliland and form the new nation of Somalia. In 1969, a coup headed by Mohamed SIAD Barre ushered in an authoritarian socialist rule characterized by the persecution, jailing and torture of political opponents and dissidents. After the regime's collapse early in 1991, Somalia descended into turmoil, factional fighting, and anarchy. In May 1991, northern clans declared an independent Republic of Somaliland that now includes the administrative regions of Awdal, Woqooyi Galbeed, Togdheer, Sanaag, and Sool. Although not recognized by any government, this entity has maintained a stable existence and continues efforts to establish a constitutional democracy, including holding municipal, parliamentary, and presidential elections. The regions of Bari, Nugaal, and northern Mudug comprise a neighboring semi-autonomous state of Puntland, which has been self-governing since 1998 but does not aim at independence; it has also made strides toward reconstructing a legitimate, representative government but has suffered some civil strife. Puntland disputes its border with Somaliland as it also claims portions of eastern Sool and Sanaag. Beginning in 1993, a two-year UN humanitarian effort (primarily in the south) was able to alleviate famine conditions, but when the UN withdrew in 1995, having suffered significant casualties, order still had not been restored. In 2000, the Somalia National Peace Conference (SNPC) held in Djibouti resulted in the formation of an interim government, known as the Transitional National Government (TNG). When the TNG failed to establish adequate security or governing institutions, the Government of Kenya, under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), led a subsequent peace process that concluded in October 2004 with the election of Abdullahi YUSUF Ahmed as President of a second interim government, known as the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) of the Somali Republic. The TFG included a 275-member parliamentary body, known as the Transitional Federal Parliament (TFP). President YUSUF resigned late in 2008 while United Nations-sponsored talks between the TFG and the opposition Alliance for the Re-Liberation of Somalia (ARS) were underway in Djibouti. In January 2009, following the creation of a TFG-ARS unity government, Ethiopian military forces, which had entered Somalia in December 2006 to support the TFG in the face of advances by the opposition Islamic Courts Union (ICU), withdrew from the country. The TFP was doubled in size to 550 seats with the addition of 200 ARS and 75 civil society members of parliament. The expanded parliament elected Sheikh SHARIF Sheikh Ahmed, the former ICU and ARS chairman as president in January 2009. The creation of the TFG was based on the Transitional Federal Charter (TFC), which outlined a five-year mandate leading to the establishment of a new Somali constitution and a transition to a representative government following national elections. In 2009, the TFP amended the TFC to extend TFG's mandate until 2011 and in 2011 Somali principals agreed to institute political transition by August 2012. The transition process ended in September 2012 when clan elders appointed 275 members to a new parliament replacing the TFP and the subsequent election, by parliament, of a new president.

Military

Manpower available for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 2,260,175 females age 16-49: 2,159,293 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 1,331,894 females age 16-49: 1,357,051 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually [time series]

male: 101,634 female: 101,072 (2010 est.)

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

National Security Force (NSF): Somali Army (2011)

Military expenditures [time series]

0.9% of GDP (2005 est.) country comparison to the world: 136

Military service age and obligation [time series]

note: since 2005, the UN has listed the Transitional Federal Government and its allied militias as persistent violators in recruiting children (2010)

People and Society

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 44.5% (male 2,245,149/ female 2,246,512) 15-64 years: 53.1% (male 2,723,214/ female 2,632,475) 65 years and over: 2.4% (male 94,638/ female 143,650) (2012 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

42.12 births/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 6

Children under the age of 5 years underweight [time series]

32.8% (2006) country comparison to the world: 14

Death rate [time series]

14.55 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 8

Education expenditure (Education expenditures) [time series]

Ethnic groups [time series]

Somali 85%, Bantu and other non-Somali 15% (including 30,000 Arabs)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

0.7% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 61

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

1,600 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 59

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

34,000 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 65

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 103.72 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 3 male: 112.62 deaths/1,000 live births female: 94.55 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)

Languages [time series]

Somali (official), Arabic (official, according to the Transitional Federal Charter), Italian, English

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 50.8 years country comparison to the world: 216 male: 48.86 years female: 52.8 years (2012 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 37.8% male: 49.7% female: 25.8% (2001 est.)

Major urban areas - population (Major cities - population) [time series]

MOGADISHU (capital) 1.353 million (2009)

Major infectious diseases [time series]

degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and Rift Valley fever water contact disease: schistosomiasis animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Maternal mortality ratio (Maternal mortality rate) [time series]

1,000 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 2

Median age [time series]

total: 17.8 years male: 17.9 years female: 17.8 years (2012 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Somali(s) adjective: Somali

Net migration rate [time series]

-11.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 212

Physician density (Physicians density) [time series]

0.035 physicians/1,000 population (2006)

Population [time series]

10,085,638 (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 86 note: this estimate was derived from an official census taken in 1975 by the Somali Government; population counting in Somalia is complicated by the large number of nomads and by refugee movements in response to famine and clan warfare

Population growth rate [time series]

1.596% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 74

Religions [time series]

Sunni Muslim (Islam) (official, according to the Transitional Federal Charter)

Sanitation facility access [time series]

improved: urban: 52% of population rural: 6% of population total: 23% of population unimproved: urban: 48% of population rural: 94% of population total: 77% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) [time series]

total: 3 years male: 3 years female: 2 years (2007)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

6.26 children born/woman (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 3

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 37% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 4.1% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

Ethiopian forces invaded southern Somalia and routed Islamist Courts from Mogadishu in January 2007; "Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities in Berbera to landlocked Ethiopia and have established commercial ties with other regional states; "Puntland" and "Somaliland" "governments" seek international support in their secessionist aspirations and overlapping border claims; the undemarcated former British administrative line has little meaning as a political separation to rival clans within Ethiopia's Ogaden and southern Somalia's Oromo region; Kenya works hard to prevent the clan and militia fighting in Somalia from spreading south across the border, which has long been open to nomadic pastoralists

Refugees and internally displaced persons [time series]

IDPs: 1.1 million (civil war since 1988, clan-based competition for resources; 2011 famine; insecurity because of fighting between al-Shabaab and TFG allied forces) (2012)

Transportation

Airports [time series]

62 (2012) country comparison to the world: 80

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 7 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2012)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 55 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 20 914 to 1,523 m: 24 under 914 m: 6 (2012)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 1 country comparison to the world: 155 by type: cargo 1 (2008)

Ports (Ports and terminals) [time series]

Berbera, Kismaayo

Roadways [time series]

total: 22,100 km country comparison to the world: 104 paved: 2,608 km unpaved: 19,492 km (2000)

Transportation - note [time series]

the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean remain the region of greatest risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships accounting for 50% of all attacks in 2010; 217 vessels, including commercial shipping and pleasure craft, were attacked or hijacked both at anchor and while underway; hijackings off the coast of Somalia accounted for 92% of all ship seizures in 2010; as of May 2011, 26 vessels and 522 hostages were being held for ransom by Somali pirates; the presence of several naval task forces in the Gulf of Aden and additional anti-piracy measures on the part of ship operators have reduced piracy incidents in that body of water; in response Somali-based pirates, using hijacked fishing trawlers as "mother ships" to extend their range, shifted operations as far south as the Mozambique Channel and eastward to the vicinity of the Maldives