Somalia

2 private TV stations rebroadcast Al-Jazeera and CNN; Somaliland has 1 government-operated TV station and Puntland has 1 private TV station; the transitional government operates Radio Mogadishu; 1 SW and roughly 10 private FM radio stations broadcast in Mogadishu; several radio stations operate in central and southern regions; Somaliland has 1 government-operated radio station; Puntland has roughly a half-dozen private radio stations; transmissions of at least 2 international broadcasters are available (2007)

.so

total: 203,366 | percent of population: 1.9% (July 2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 164

general assessment: the public telecom system was almost completely destroyed or dismantled during the civil war; private companies offer limited local fixed-line service, and private wireless companies offer service in most major cities, while charging some of the lowest rates on the continent | domestic: seven networks compete for customers in the mobile sector; some of these mobile-service providers offer fixed-line and Internet services | international: country code - 252; Mogadishu is a landing point for the EASSy fiber-optic submarine cable system linking East Africa with Europe and North America; this connection ended the country's expensive satellite-dependent Internet access (2016)

total subscriptions: 48,000 | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: less than 1 (July 2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 157

total: 6,653,040 | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 62 (July 2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 113

bananas, sorghum, corn, coconuts, rice, sugarcane, mangoes, sesame seeds, beans; cattle, sheep, goats; fish

revenues: $145.3 million | expenditures: $151.1 million (2014 est.)

-0.1% of GDP (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 46

NA%

NA%

$-640 million (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 106

$5.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.) | $2.892 billion (31 December 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 131

Despite the lack of effective national governance, Somalia maintains an informal economy largely based on livestock, remittance/money transfer companies, and telecommunications. Somalia's government lacks the ability to collect domestic revenue and external debt – mostly in arrears – was estimated at 93% of GDP in 2014. | Agriculture is the most important sector, with livestock normally accounting for about 40% of GDP and more than 50% of export earnings. Nomads and semi-pastoralists, who are dependent upon livestock for their livelihood, make up a large portion of the population. Economic activity is estimated to have increased by 3.7% in 2016 because of growth in the agriculture, construction and telecommunications sector. Somalia's small industrial sector, based on the processing of agricultural products, has largely been looted and the machinery sold as scrap metal. | In recent years, Somalia's capital city, Mogadishu, has witnessed the development of the city's first gas stations, supermarkets, and airline flights to Turkey since the collapse of central authority in 1991. Mogadishu's main market offers a variety of goods from food to electronic gadgets. Hotels continue to operate and are supported with private-security militias. Formalized economic growth has yet to expand outside of Mogadishu and a few regional capitals, and within the city, security concerns dominate business. Telecommunication firms provide wireless services in most major cities and offer the lowest international call rates on the continent. In the absence of a formal banking sector, money transfer/remittance services have sprouted throughout the country, handling up to $1.6 billion in remittances annually, although international concerns over the money transfers into Somalia continues to threaten these services’ ability to operate in Western nations.

Somali shillings (SOS) per US dollar - | 23,960 (2016 est.) | 20,227 (2013 est.)

$819 million (2014 est.) | $779 million (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 162

livestock, bananas, hides, fish, charcoal, scrap metal

Saudi Arabia 37.2%, Oman 22.7%, UAE 16.3% (2016)

NA

$6.336 billion (2015 est.)

$16.77 billion (2016 est.) | $16.04 billion (2015 est.) | $15.32 billion (2014 est.) | note: data are in 2016 US dollars | country comparison to the world: 177

household consumption: 72.1% | government consumption: 8.7% | investment in fixed capital: 19.8% | investment in inventories: 0.8% | exports of goods and services: 0.3% | imports of goods and services: -1.7% (2015 est.)

agriculture: 60.2% | industry: 7.4% | services: 32.5% (2013 est.)

$NA (2016 est.) | $NA (2015 est.) | $NA (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 230

3.2% (2016 est.) | 3.6% (2015 est.) | 3.6% (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 72

lowest 10%: NA% | highest 10%: NA%

$3.482 billion (2014 est.) | $3.322 billion (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 135

manufactures, petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials, qat

India 26.3%, China 20.8%, Oman 9.1%, Kenya 8.3%, Turkey 6%, Malaysia 4.3%, Brazil 4.2% (2016)

3.5% (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 65

light industries, including sugar refining, textiles, wireless communication

1.5% (2016 est.) | -71.1% (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 109

4.154 million (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 91

agriculture: 71% | industry and services: 29% (1975)

NA%

$30.45 million (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 173

$NA

2.5% of GDP (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 219

NA%

900,000 Mt (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 166

0 bbl/day (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 191

0 bbl/day (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 190

0 bbl/day (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 195

0 bbl (1 January 2017 es) | country comparison to the world: 194

319.9 million kWh (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 182

0 kWh (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 198

98.8% of total installed capacity (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 34

0% of total installed capacity (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 204

0% of total installed capacity (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 183

1.2% of total installed capacity (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 134

0 kWh (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 202

81,000 kW (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 182

344 million kWh (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 177

population without electricity: 8,900,000 | electrification - total population: 15% | electrification - urban areas: 33% | electrification - rural areas: 4% (2013)

0 cu m (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 131

0 cu m (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 183

0 cu m (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 188

0 cu m (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 195

5.663 billion cu m (1 January 2017 es) | country comparison to the world: 94

5,700 bbl/day (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 174

0 bbl/day (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 198

5,679 bbl/day (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 163

0 bbl/day (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 198

total: 637,657 sq km | land: 627,337 sq km | water: 10,320 sq km | country comparison to the world: 45

almost five times the size of Alabama; slightly smaller than Texas

principally desert; northeast monsoon (December to February), moderate temperatures in north and hot in south; southwest monsoon (May to October), torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons

3,025 km

mean elevation: 410 m | elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m | highest point: Shimbiris 2,416 m

famine; use of contaminated water contributes to human health problems; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

party to: Biodiversity, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection | signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

10 00 N, 49 00 E

strategic location on Horn of Africa along southern approaches to Bab el Mandeb and route through Red Sea and Suez Canal

2,000 sq km (2012)

total: 2,385 km | border countries (3): Djibouti 61 km, Ethiopia 1,640 km, Kenya 684 km

agricultural land: 70.3% | arable land 1.8%; permanent crops 0%; permanent pasture 68.5% | forest: 10.6% | other: 19.1% (2011 est.)

Eastern Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, east of Ethiopia

Africa

territorial sea: 200 nm

recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer; floods during rainy season

uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt, natural gas, likely oil reserves

distribution varies greatly throughout the country; least densely populated areas are in the northeast and central regions, as well as areas along the Kenyan border; most populated areas are in and around the cities of Mogadishu, Marka, Boorama, Hargeysa, and Baidoa

mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in north

18 regions (plural - NA, singular - gobolka); Awdal, Bakool, Banaadir, Bari, Bay, Galguduud, Gedo, Hiiraan, Jubbada Dhexe (Middle Jubba), Jubbada Hoose (Lower Jubba), Mudug, Nugaal, Sanaag, Shabeellaha Dhexe (Middle Shabeelle), Shabeellaha Hoose (Lower Shabeelle), Sool, Togdheer, Woqooyi Galbeed

name: Mogadishu | geographic coordinates: 2 04 N, 45 20 E | time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

citizenship by birth: no | citizenship by descent only: the father must be a citizen of Somalia | dual citizenship recognized: no | residency requirement for naturalization: 7 years

history: previous 1961, 1979; latest drafted 12 June 2012, approved 1 August 2012 (provisional) | amendments: proposed by the federal government, by members of the state governments, the Federal Parliament, or by public petition; proposals require review by a joint committee of Parliament with inclusion of public comments and state legislatures’ comments; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote in both houses of Parliament and approval by a majority of votes cast in a referendum; constitutional clauses on Islamic principles, the federal system, human rights and freedoms, powers and authorities of the government branches, and inclusion of women in national institutions cannot be amended

conventional long form: Federal Republic of Somalia | conventional short form: Somalia | local long form: Jamhuuriyadda Federaalkaa Soomaaliya | local short form: Soomaaliya | former: Somali Republic, Somali Democratic Republic | etymology: "Land of the Somali" (ethnic group)

the US Mission to Somalia, operating out of the US Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya, is headed by Ambassador (vacant)

chief of mission: Ambassador Ahmed Issa AWAD (since 17 September 2015) | chancery: 425 East 61st Street, Suite 702, New York City, NY 10021 | telephone: [1] (212) 688-9410, 688-5046 | FAX: [1] (212) 759-0651

chief of state: President Mohamed ABDULLAHI Mohamed "Farmaajo" (since 8 February 2017) | head of government: Prime Minister Hassan Ali KHAYRE (since 1 March 2017) | cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister, approved by the House of the People | elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by the Federal Parliament by two-thirds majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single 4-year term; election last held on 8 February 2017 (previously scheduled for 30 September 2016 but postponed repeatedly); prime minister appointed by the president, approved by the House of the People | election results: Mohamed ABDULLAHI Mohamed "Farmaajo" elected president; Federal Parliament second round vote - Mohamed ABDULLAHI Mohamed "Farmaajo" (TPP) 184, HASSAN SHEIKH Mohamud (PDP) 97, Sheikh SHARIF Sheikh Ahmed (ARS) 46

light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center; the blue field was originally influenced by the flag of the UN, but today is said to denote the sky and the neighboring Indian Ocean; the five points of the star represent the five regions in the horn of Africa that are inhabited by Somali people: the former British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland (which together make up Somalia), Djibouti, Ogaden (Ethiopia), and the North East Province (Kenya)

regional and local governing bodies continue to exist and control various areas of the country, including the self-declared Republic of Somaliland in northwestern Somalia

federal parliamentary republic

1 July 1960 (from a merger of British Somaliland that became independent from the UK on 26 June 1960 and Italian Somaliland that became independent from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship on 1 July 1960 to form the Somali Republic)

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; non-party state to the ICCt

ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, CAEU (candidate), FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, LAS, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO

highest court(s): the provisional constitution stipulates the establishment of the Constitutional Court (consists of 5 judges including the chief judge and deputy chief judge); note - under the terms of the 2004 Transitional National Charter, a Supreme Court based in Mogadishu and an Appeal Court were established; yet most regions have reverted to local forms of conflict resolution, either secular, traditional Somali customary law, or sharia Islamic law | judge selection and term of office: judges appointed by the president upon proposal of the Judicial Service Commission, a 9-member judicial and administrative body; judge tenure NA | subordinate courts: federal courts; federal member state-level courts; military courts; sharia courts

mixed legal system of civil law, Islamic law, and customary law (referred to as Xeer)

description: bicameral Federal Parliament to consist of an Upper House (54 seats; senators elected by state assemblies to serve 4-year terms) and the House of the People (275 seats; members elected by regional delegates to serve 4-year terms) | note: the inaugural House of the People was appointed in September 2012 by clan elders; in elections in 2016 and 2017, the Federal Parliament became bicameral with elections scheduled for 10 October 2016 for the Upper House and 23 October to 10 November 2016 for the House of the People; while the elections were delayed, they were eventually held in most regions despite voting irregularities; on 27 December 2016, 41 Upper House senators and 242 House of the People members were sworn in

name: "Qolobaa Calankeed" (Every Nation Has its own Flag) | lyrics/music: lyrics/music: Abdullahi QARSHE | note: adopted 2012; written in 1959

Foundation of the Somali Republic, 1 July (1960); note - 26 June (1960) in Somaliland

leopard; national colors: blue, white

Cosmopolitan Democratic Party [Yarow Sharef ADEN] | Daljir Party or DP [Hassan MOALIM] | Democratic Green Party of Somalia or DGPS [Abdullahi Y. MAHAMOUD] | Democratic Party of Somalia or DPS [Maslah Mohamed SIAD] | Green Leaf for Democracy or GLED | Hiil Qaran | Justice and Communist Party [Mohamed NUR] | Justice and Development of Democracy and Self-Respectfulness Party or CAHDI [Abdirahman Abdigani IBRAHIM Bile] | Liberal Party of Somalia | National Unity Party (Xisbiga MIdnimo-Quaran) [Abdurahman BAADIYOW] | Peace and Development Party or PDP | Somali National Party or SNP [Mohammed Ameen Saeed AHMED] | Somali People's Party [Mahamud Hassan RAGE] | Somali Green Party (local chapter of Federation of Green Parties of Africa) | Tayo or TPP [Mohamed Abdullahi MOHAMED] | Tiir Party [Fadhil Sheik MOHAMUD] | United and Democratic Party [Salad Ali JELLE] | United Somali Parliamentarians

numerous political associations and clan and sub-clan factions exist in support of and against political leaders from clans, Federal Member State presidents, and others, including the former and current presidents

18 years of age; universal

Britain withdrew from British Somaliland in 1960 to allow its protectorate to join with Italian Somaliland and form the new nation of Somalia. In 1969, a coup headed by Mohamed SIAD Barre ushered in an authoritarian socialist rule characterized by the persecution, jailing, and torture of political opponents and dissidents. After the regime's collapse early in 1991, Somalia descended into turmoil, factional fighting, and anarchy. In May 1991, northern clans declared an independent Republic of Somaliland that now includes the administrative regions of Awdal, Woqooyi Galbeed, Togdheer, Sanaag, and Sool. Although not recognized by any government, this entity has maintained a stable existence and continues efforts to establish a constitutional democracy, including holding municipal, parliamentary, and presidential elections. The regions of Bari, Nugaal, and northern Mudug comprise a neighboring semi-autonomous state of Puntland, which has been self-governing since 1998 but does not aim at independence; it has also made strides toward reconstructing a legitimate, representative government but has suffered some civil strife. Puntland disputes its border with Somaliland as it also claims the regions of Sool and Sanaag, and portions of Togdheer. Beginning in 1993, a two-year UN humanitarian effort (primarily in south-central Somalia) was able to alleviate famine conditions, but when the UN withdrew in 1995, having suffered significant casualties, order still had not been restored. | In 2000, the Somalia National Peace Conference (SNPC) held in Djibouti resulted in the formation of an interim government, known as the Transitional National Government (TNG). When the TNG failed to establish adequate security or governing institutions, the Government of Kenya, under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), led a subsequent peace process that concluded in October 2004 with the election of Abdullahi YUSUF Ahmed as President of a second interim government, known as the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) of the Somali Republic. The TFG included a 275-member parliamentary body, known as the Transitional Federal Parliament (TFP). President YUSUF resigned late in 2008 while UN-sponsored talks between the TFG and the opposition Alliance for the Re-Liberation of Somalia (ARS) were underway in Djibouti. In January 2009, following the creation of a TFG-ARS unity government, Ethiopian military forces, which had entered Somalia in December 2006 to support the TFG in the face of advances by the opposition Islamic Courts Union (ICU), withdrew from the country. The TFP was doubled in size to 550 seats with the addition of 200 ARS and 75 civil society members of parliament. The expanded parliament elected Sheikh SHARIF Sheikh Ahmed, the former ICU and ARS chairman as president in January 2009. The creation of the TFG was based on the Transitional Federal Charter (TFC), which outlined a five-year mandate leading to the establishment of a new Somali constitution and a transition to a representative government following national elections. In 2009, the TFP amended the TFC to extend TFG's mandate until 2011 and in 2011 Somali principals agreed to institute political transition by August 2012. The transition process ended in September 2012 when clan elders replaced the TFP by appointing 275 members to a new parliament who subsequently elected a new president.

despite a dramatic drop in the number of attacks in 2016, the International Maritime Bureau continues to report the territorial and offshore waters in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean as a region of significant risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; during the first half of 2017, nine vessels were attacked or hijacked compared with two in 2016; Operation Ocean Shield, the NATO naval task force established in 2009 to combat Somali piracy, concluded its operations in December 2016 as a result of the drop in reported incidents over the last few years; additional anti-piracy measures on the part of ship operators, including the use of on-board armed security teams, have reduced piracy incidents in that body of water; Somali pirates tend to be heavily armed with automatic weapons and rocket propelled grenades; the use of "mother ships" from which skiffs can be launched to attack vessels allows these pirates to extend the range of their operations hundreds of nautical miles offshore

National Security Force (NSF): Somali Army (2011)

18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory and voluntary military service (2012)

0-14 years: 43.15% (male 2,376,526/female 2,383,060) | 15-24 years: 19.04% (male 1,059,608/female 1,040,343) | 25-54 years: 31.43% (male 1,795,355/female 1,671,421) | 55-64 years: 4.2% (male 230,027/female 233,257) | 65 years and over: 2.19% (male 93,736/female 148,053) (2017 est.)

39.6 births/1,000 population (2017 est.) | country comparison to the world: 9

23% (2009) | country comparison to the world: 9

13.1 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.) | country comparison to the world: 14

Somalia scores very low for most humanitarian indicators, suffering from poor governance, protracted internal conflict, underdevelopment, economic decline, poverty, social and gender inequality, and environmental degradation. Despite civil war and famine raising its mortality rate, Somalia’s high fertility rate and large proportion of people of reproductive age maintain rapid population growth, with each generation being larger than the prior one. More than 60% of Somalia’s population is younger than 25, and the fertility rate is among the world’s highest at almost 6 children per woman – a rate that has decreased little since the 1970s. | A lack of educational and job opportunities is a major source of tension for Somalia’s large youth cohort, making them vulnerable to recruitment by extremist and pirate groups. Somalia has one of the world’s lowest primary school enrollment rates – just over 40% of children are in school – and one of world’s highest youth unemployment rates. Life expectancy is low as a result of high infant and maternal mortality rates, the spread of preventable diseases, poor sanitation, chronic malnutrition, and inadequate health services. | During the two decades of conflict that followed the fall of the SIAD regime in 1991, hundreds of thousands of Somalis fled their homes. Today Somalia is the world’s third highest source country for refugees, after Syria and Afghanistan. Insecurity, drought, floods, food shortages, and a lack of economic opportunities are the driving factors. | As of 2016, more than 1.1 million Somali refugees were hosted in the region, mainly in Kenya, Yemen, Egypt, Ethiopia, Djibouti, and Uganda, while more than 1.1 million Somalis were internally displaced. Since the implementation of a tripartite voluntary repatriation agreement among Kenya, Somalia, and the UNHCR in 2013, nearly 40,000 Somali refugees have returned home from Kenya’s Dadaab refugee camp – still houses to approximately 260,000 Somalis. The flow sped up rapidly after the Kenyan Government in May 2016 announced its intention to close the camp, worsening security and humanitarian conditions in receiving communities in south-central Somalia. Despite the conflict in Yemen, thousands of Somalis and other refugees and asylum seekers from the Horn of Africa risk their lives crossing the Gulf of Aden to reach Yemen and beyond (often Saudi Arabia). Bossaso in Puntland overtook Obock, Djibouti, as the primary departure point in mid-2014.

total dependency ratio: 97.4 | youth dependency ratio: 92.1 | elderly dependency ratio: 5.3 | potential support ratio: 18.8 (2015 est.)

urban: 69.6% of population | rural: 8.8% of population | total: 31.7% of population | urban: 30.4% of population | rural: 91.2% of population | total: 68.3% of population (2011 est.)

NA

Somali 85%, Bantu and other non-Somali 15% (including 30,000 Arabs)

0.4% (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 78

1,700 (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 55

24,000 (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 72

total: 94.8 deaths/1,000 live births | male: 103.3 deaths/1,000 live births | female: 86 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.) | country comparison to the world: 2

Somali (official, according to the 2012 Transitional Federal Charter), Arabic (official, according to the 2012 Transitional Federal Charter), Italian, English

total population: 52.8 years | male: 50.7 years | female: 54.9 years (2017 est.) | country comparison to the world: 218

degree of risk: very high | food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever | vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and Rift Valley fever | water contact disease: schistosomiasis | animal contact disease: rabies (2016)

MOGADISHU (capital) 2.138 million; Hargeysa 760,000 (2015)

732 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 6

total: 18.1 years | male: 18.3 years | female: 17.9 years (2017 est.) | country comparison to the world: 216

noun: Somali(s) | adjective: Somali

-6.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.) | country comparison to the world: 201

8.3% (2016) | country comparison to the world: 153

0.03 physicians/1,000 population (2014)

11,031,386 | note: this estimate was derived from an official census taken in 1975 by the Somali Government; population counting in Somalia is complicated by the large number of nomads and by refugee movements in response to famine and clan warfare (July 2017 est.) | country comparison to the world: 83

distribution varies greatly throughout the country; least densely populated areas are in the northeast and central regions, as well as areas along the Kenyan border; most populated areas are in and around the cities of Mogadishu, Marka, Boorama, Hargeysa, and Baidoa

2% (2017 est.) | country comparison to the world: 49

Sunni Muslim (Islam) (official, according to the 2012 Transitional Federal Charter)

urban: 52% of population | rural: 6.3% of population | total: 23.6% of population | urban: 48% of population | rural: 93.7% of population | total: 76.4% of population (2011 est.)

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female | 0-14 years: 1 male(s)/female | 15-24 years: 1.02 male(s)/female | 25-54 years: 1.07 male(s)/female | 55-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female | 65 years and over: 0.64 male(s)/female | total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2016 est.)

5.8 children born/woman (2017 est.) | country comparison to the world: 5

urban population: 40.5% of total population (2017) | rate of urbanization: 4.05% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Ethiopian forces invaded southern Somalia and routed Islamist Courts from Mogadishu in January 2007; "Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities in Berbera to landlocked Ethiopia and have established commercial ties with other regional states; "Puntland" and "Somaliland" "governments" seek international support in their secessionist aspirations and overlapping border claims; the undemarcated former British administrative line has little meaning as a political separation to rival clans within Ethiopia's Ogaden and southern Somalia's Oromo region; Kenya works hard to prevent the clan and militia fighting in Somalia from spreading south across the border, which has long been open to nomadic pastoralists

refugees (country of origin): 10,449 (Yemen) (2017) | IDPs: 1,106,751 (civil war since 1988, clan-based competition for resources; 2011 famine; insecurity because of fighting between al-Shabaab and the Transitional Federal Government's allied forces) (2017)

61 (2013) | country comparison to the world: 81

total: 6 | over 3,047 m: 4 | 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 | 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2013)

total: 55 | over 3,047 m: 1 | 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 | 1,524 to 2,437 m: 20 | 914 to 1,523 m: 23 | under 914 m: 6 (2013)

6O (2016)

total: 5 | by type: general cargo 2, other 3 (2017) | country comparison to the world: 156

number of registered air carriers: 1 | inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 1 | annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 251,652 | annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 0 mt-km (2015)

major seaport(s): Berbera, Kismaayo

total: 22,100 km | paved: 2,608 km | unpaved: 19,492 km (2000) | country comparison to the world: 105