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Communications

Broadcast media [time series]

state-funded national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial TV networks, 1 satellite TV channel, and 2 radio networks; 4 public TV stations and some 20 private TV stations; 14 local public radio stations and more than 40 private radio stations (2007)

Internet country code [time series]

.me

Internet users (Internet hosts) [time series]

10,088 (2012) country comparison to the world: 135

Internet users [time series]

280,000 (2009) country comparison to the world: 133

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: modern telecommunications system with access to European satellites domestic: GSM mobile-cellular service, available through multiple providers with national coverage, is growing international: country code - 382; 2 international switches connect the national system

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

169,500 (2010) country comparison to the world: 130

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

1.17 million (2010) country comparison to the world: 153

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

tobacco, potatoes, citrus fruits, olives, grapes; sheep

Budget [time series]

revenues: $1.7 billion expenditures: $1.9 billion (2011 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) [time series]

-4.6% of GDP (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 148

Commercial bank prime lending rate [time series]

9.69% (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 95 9.53% (31 December 2010 est.)

Current account balance [time series]

-$1.927 billion (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 135 -$1.102 billion (2007 est.)

Debt - external [time series]

$1.2 billion (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 152 $650 million (2006 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income (Distribution of family income - Gini index) [time series]

24.3 (2010) country comparison to the world: 135 30 (2003)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Montenegro's economy is transitioning to a market system, but the state sector remains large and additional institutional changes are needed. The economy relies heavily on tourism and the export of refined metals. Unprofitable state-owned enterprises weigh on public finances. Montenegro severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the MILOSEVIC era and maintained its own central bank, adopted the deutsch mark, then the euro - rather than the Yugoslav dinar - as official currency, collected customs tariffs, and managed its own budget. The dissolution of the loose political union between Serbia and Montenegro in 2006 led to separate membership in several international financial institutions, such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. In January 2007, Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF. Montenegro became the 156th member of World Trade Organization in December 2011. The European Council (EC) granted candidate country status to Montenegro at the December 2010 session. Montenegro began negotiations to join the EC in June, 2012, having met the conditions set down by the European Council, which called on Montenegro to take steps to fight corruption and organized crime. Unemployment and regional disparities in development are key political and economic problems. Montenegro has privatized its large aluminum complex - the dominant industry - as well as most of its financial sector, and has begun to attract foreign direct investment in the tourism sector. The global financial crisis had a significant negative impact on the economy, due to the ongoing credit crunch, a decline in the real estate sector, and a fall in aluminum exports. In 2012, real GDP growth slipped to 0.2%, reflecting the general downturn in most of Europe.

Exchange rates [time series]

euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7838 (2012 est.) 0.7185 (2011 est.) 755 (2010 est.) 0.7198 (2009 est.) 0.6827 (2008 est.)

Exports [time series]

$640 million (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 168 $171.3 million (2003)

Exports - partners [time series]

Serbia 17.5%, Hungary 16.9%, Croatia 10.1% (2011 est.)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate) [time series]

$4.332 billion (2012 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP (purchasing power parity)) [time series]

$7.288 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 157 $7.273 billion (2011 est.) $7.099 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP - composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 0.8% industry: 11.3% services: 87.9% (2011)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita (PPP)) [time series]

$11,700 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 105 $11,700 (2011 est.) $11,000 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

0.2% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 182 2.5% (2011 est.) 2.5% (2010 est.)

Imports [time series]

$2.5 billion (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 156 $601.7 million (2003)

Imports - partners [time series]

Serbia 28.4%, Greece 7.9%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 7.6% (2011 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

3% (2011) country comparison to the world: 77 3.4% (2007)

Investment (gross fixed) [time series]

22% of GDP (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 70

Labor force [time series]

251,300 (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 167

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture: 6.3% industry: 20.9% services: 72.8% (2011 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares [time series]

$3.322 billion (31 December 2011) country comparison to the world: 89 $3.604 billion (31 December 2010) $4.289 billion (31 December 2009)

Population below poverty line [time series]

6.6% (2010 est.)

Public debt [time series]

45% of GDP (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 75 38% of GDP (2006 est.) note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold [time series]

$400 million (31 December 2011) country comparison to the world: 149

Stock of broad money [time series]

$1.982 billion (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 149 $2.01 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Stock of domestic credit [time series]

$3.29 billion (31 December 2009) country comparison to the world: 128 $3.771 billion (31 December 2008)

Stock of narrow money [time series]

$749 million (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 156 $783.3 million (31 December 2010 est.)

Taxes and other revenues [time series]

39.2% of GDP (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 54

Unemployment rate [time series]

11.5% (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 124 14.7% (2007 est.)

Energy

Carbon dioxide emissions (Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy) [time series]

1.941 million Mt (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 151

Crude oil - exports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 151

Crude oil - imports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 94

Crude oil - production [time series]

0 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 164

Crude oil - proved reserves [time series]

0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 163

Electricity - consumption [time series]

4.1 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 121

Electricity - exports [time series]

0 kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 98

Electricity - from fossil fuels [time series]

24.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 185

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants [time series]

75.8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 19

Electricity - from nuclear fuels [time series]

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 136

Electricity - from other renewable sources [time series]

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 157

Electricity - imports [time series]

1.5 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 52

Electricity - installed generating capacity [time series]

868,000 kW (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 126

Electricity - production [time series]

2.621 billion kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 131

Natural gas - consumption [time series]

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 171

Natural gas - exports [time series]

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 114

Natural gas - imports [time series]

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 97

Natural gas - production [time series]

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 164

Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]

0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 168

Refined petroleum products - consumption [time series]

4,446 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 174

Refined petroleum products - exports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 200

Refined petroleum products - imports [time series]

3,666 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 165

Refined petroleum products - production [time series]

0 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 174

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 13,812 sq km country comparison to the world: 162 land: 13,452 sq km water: 360 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly smaller than Connecticut

Climate [time series]

Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland

Coastline [time series]

293.5 km

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m highest point: Bobotov Kuk 2,522 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geographic coordinates [time series]

42 30 N, 19 18 E

Geography - note [time series]

strategic location along the Adriatic coast

Irrigated land [time series]

22 sq km

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 625 km border countries: Albania 172 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 225 km, Croatia 25 km, Kosovo 79 km, Serbia 124 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 13.7% permanent crops: 1% other: 85.3%

Location [time series]

Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia

Map references [time series]

Europe

Maritime claims [time series]

territorial sea: 12 nm continental shelf: defined by treaty

Natural hazards [time series]

destructive earthquakes

Natural resources [time series]

bauxite, hydroelectricity

Terrain [time series]

highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

21 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina); Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Ulcinj, Zabljak

Capital [time series]

name: Podgorica; note - the Old Royal Capital is Cetinje mentioned in the constitution geographic coordinates: 42 26 N, 19 16 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Constitution [time series]

approved 19 October 2007 (by the Assembly)

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: none conventional short form: Montenegro local long form: none local short form: Crna Gora former: People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Montenegro

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Sue K BROWN embassy: Dzona Dzeksona 2, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [382] 20 410 500 FAX: [382] 20 241 358

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Srdjan DARMANOVIC chancery: 1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 234-6108 FAX: [1] (202) 234-6109 consulate(s) general: New York

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Filip VUJANOVIC (since 6 April 2008) head of government: Prime Minister Milo DJUKANOVIC (since 4 December 2012) cabinet: Ministries act as cabinet (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: president elected by direct vote for five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 6 April 2008 (next to be held in 2013); prime minister proposed by president, accepted by Assembly election results: Filip VUJANOVIC reelected president; Filip VUJANOVIC 51.9%, Andrija MANDIC 19.6%, Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC 16.6%, Srdan MILIC 11.9%

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered; the arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle - symbolizing the unity of church and state - surmounted by a crown; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky; the lion is symbol of episcopal authority and harks back to the three and a half centuries that Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy

Government type [time series]

republic

Independence [time series]

3 June 2006 (from Serbia and Montenegro)

International law organization participation [time series]

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICC jurisdiction

International organization participation [time series]

CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO (pending member), ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch [time series]

Constitutional Court (five judges serve nine-year terms); Supreme Court (judges have life tenure)

Legal system [time series]

civil law

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral Assembly (81 seats; members elected by direct vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held on 14 October 2012 (next to be held by 2016) election results: percent of vote by party - Coalition for European Montenegro 45.6%, Democratic Front 22.8%, SNP 11.1%, Positive Montenegro 8.2%, Bosniak Party, 4.2%, other (including Albanian and Croatian minority parties) 8.1%; seats by party - Coalition for European Montenegro 39, Democratic Front 20, SNP 9, Positive Montenegro 7, Bosniak Party 3, Albanian and Croatian minority parties 3

National anthem(s) (National anthem) [time series]

name: "Oj, svijetla majska zoro" (Oh, Bright Dawn of May) lyrics/music: Sekula DRLJEVIC/unknown, arranged by Zarko MIKOVIC note: adopted 2004; the anthem's music is based on a Montenegrin folk song

National holiday [time series]

National Day, 13 July (1878)

National symbol(s) [time series]

double-headed eagle

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Albanian Alternative or AA [Vesel SINISHTAJ]; Bosniak Party or BS [Rafet HUSOVIC]; Coalition for European Montenegro (bloc) [Milo DJUKANOVIC] (includes Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC], Social Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC], and the Liberal Party of Montenegro or LP [Andrija POPOVIC]); Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI [Marija VUCINOVIC]; Democratic Center or DC [Goran BATRICEVIC]; Democratic Front (bloc) [Miodrag LEKIC] (includes New Serb Democracy or NOVA [Andrija POPOVIC], Movement for Change or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC], a dissident faction of the Socialist People's Party, and the Democratic Party of Unity [Zoran ZIZIC]); Democratic League-Party of Democratic Prosperity [Mehmet BARDHIJ]; Democratic Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS [Ranko KADIC]; Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Mehmet ZENKA]; FORCA [Nazif CUNGU]; People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Predrag POPOVIC]; Positive Montenegro [Darko PAJOVIC]; Socialist People's Party or SNP [Srdjan MILIC]

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Introduction

Background [time series]

The use of the name Montenegro began in the 15th century when the Crnojevic dynasty began to rule the Serbian principality of Zeta; over subsequent centuries Montenegro was able to maintain its independence from the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro became a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it was transformed into a secular principality. After World War I, Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929; at the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro federated with Serbia, first as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, in a looser union of Serbia and Montenegro. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia exceeded 55% - the threshold set by the EU - allowing Montenegro to formally declare its independence on 3 June 2006.

Military

Manpower fit for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 149,159 females age 16-49: 131,823 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually [time series]

male: 3,120 female: 3,677 (2010 est.)

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro: Army of Montenegro (includes Montenegrin Navy (Mornarica Crne Gore, MCG)), Air Force (2011)

Military service age and obligation [time series]

compulsory national military service abolished August 2006

People and Society

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 15.4% (male 49,282/ female 52,098) 15-64 years: 71% (male 242,716/ female 223,908) 65 years and over: 13.6% (male 35,478/ female 53,912) (2012 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

10.89 births/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 176

Children under the age of 5 years underweight [time series]

2.2% (2006) country comparison to the world: 108

Death rate [time series]

9.03 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 67

Education expenditure (Education expenditures) [time series]

Ethnic groups [time series]

Montenegrin 43%, Serbian 32%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5%, other (Muslims, Croats, Roma (Gypsy)) 12% (2003 census)

Hospital bed density [time series]

3.98 beds/1,000 population (2007)

Languages [time series]

Serbian 63.6%, Montenegrin (official) 22%, Bosnian 5.5%, Albanian 5.3%, unspecified (includes Croatian) 3.7% (2003 census)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 98.4% male: 99.4% female: 97.4% (2010 est.)

Major urban areas - population (Major cities - population) [time series]

PODGORICA (capital) 144,000 (2009)

Major infectious diseases [time series]

degree of risk: intermediate food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea vectorborne disease: Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (2009)

Maternal mortality ratio (Maternal mortality rate) [time series]

8 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 162

Median age [time series]

total: 38.3 years male: 37.1 years female: 39.6 years (2012 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Montenegrin(s) adjective: Montenegrin

Population [time series]

657,394 (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 167

Population growth rate [time series]

-0.633% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 223

Religions [time series]

Orthodox 74.2%, Muslim 17.7%, Catholic 3.5%, other 0.6%, unspecified 3%, atheist 1% (2003 census)

Sanitation facility access [time series]

improved: urban: 96% of population rural: 86% of population total: 92% of population unimproved: urban: 4% of population rural: 14% of population total: 8% of population

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female under 15 years: 0.95 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.08 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 61% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 0.1% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

none

Refugees and internally displaced persons [time series]

refugees (country of origin): 9,367 (Kosovo) (2011)

Transportation

Airports [time series]

5 (2012) country comparison to the world: 180

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2012)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2010)

Heliports [time series]

1 (2012)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 2 country comparison to the world: 146 by type: cargo 1, passenger/cargo 1 registered in other countries: 4 (Bahamas 2, Honduras 1, Slovakia 1) (2010)

Ports (Ports and terminals) [time series]

Bar

Railways [time series]

total: 250 km country comparison to the world: 124 standard gauge: 250 km 1.435-m gauge (169 km electrified) (2007)

Roadways [time series]

total: 7,624 km country comparison to the world: 145 paved: 5,097 km unpaved: 2,527 km (2008)