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Communications

Broadcast media [time series]

state-owned national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial television networks, 1 satellite TV channel, and 2 radio networks; roughly a dozen privately-owned TV broadcasters operate networks nationally, regionally, and locally; in addition to the 2 state-owned national radio networks, roughly 50 privately-owned radio stations and networks broadcast (2007)

Internet country code [time series]

.me

Internet users (Internet hosts) [time series]

6,247 (2010) country comparison to the world: 137

Internet users [time series]

280,000 (2009) country comparison to the world: 133

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: modern telecommunications system with access to European satellites domestic: GSM mobile-cellular service, available through multiple providers with national coverage, is growing international: country code - 382; 2 international switches connect the national system

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

169,500 (2010) country comparison to the world: 131

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

1.17 million (2010) country comparison to the world: 147

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

tobacco, potatoes, citrus fruits, olives, grapes; sheep

Budget [time series]

revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA

Commercial bank prime lending rate [time series]

9.53% (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 113 9.36% (31 December 2009 est.)

Current account balance [time series]

-$1.102 billion (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 138

Debt - external [time series]

$650 million (2006) country comparison to the world: 160

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income (Distribution of family income - Gini index) [time series]

30 (2008) country comparison to the world: 118 30 (2003)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Montenegro severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the MILOSEVIC era and maintained its own central bank, adopted the Deutchmark, then the euro - rather than the Yugoslav dinar - as official currency, collected customs tariffs, and managed its own budget. The dissolution of the loose political union between Serbia and Montenegro in 2006 led to separate membership in several international financial institutions, such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. In January 2007, Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF. Montenegro is pursuing its own membership in the World Trade Organization and signed a Stabilization and Association agreement with the European Union in October 2007. The European Council granted candidate country status to Montenegro at the December 2010 session. Unemployment and regional disparities in development are key political and economic problems. Montenegro has privatized its large aluminum complex - the dominant industry - as well as most of its financial sector, and has begun to attract foreign direct investment in the tourism sector. The global financial crisis has had a significant negative impact on the economy, due to the ongoing credit crunch, a decline in the real estate sector, and a fall in aluminum exports.

Electricity - consumption [time series]

2.474 billion kWh (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 133

Electricity - exports [time series]

0 kWh (2009 est.)

Electricity - imports [time series]

0 kWh (2009 est.)

Electricity - production [time series]

2.66 billion kWh (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 128

Exchange rates [time series]

euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.755 (2010) 0.72 (2009) 0.6827 (2008) 0.7345 (2007) 0.7964 (2006)

Exports [time series]

$171.3 million (2003) country comparison to the world: 180

Exports - partners [time series]

Italy 27.9%, Greece 21.6%, Slovenia 11.3%, Hungary 8.5%, US 7.6%, Egypt 4.8% (2009)

GDP (official exchange rate) [time series]

$4.017 billion (2010 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP (purchasing power parity)) [time series]

$6.724 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 153 $6.653 billion (2009 est.) $7.055 billion (2008 est.) note: data are in 2010 US dollars

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP - composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita (PPP)) [time series]

$10,100 (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 108 $9,900 (2009 est.) $10,400 (2008 est.) note: data are in 2010 US dollars

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

1.1% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 169 -5.7% (2009 est.) 6.9% (2008 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 3.6% highest 10%: 24.1% (2008)

Imports [time series]

$601.7 million (2003) country comparison to the world: 186

Imports - partners [time series]

Italy 17.2%, Slovenia 14.4%, Germany 9.9%, China 7.8%, Austria 7.7%, Russia 6.1%, Greece 4%, Hungary 4% (2009)

Industries [time series]

steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

3.4% (2007) country comparison to the world: 114

Investment (gross fixed) [time series]

30.5% of GDP (2006 est.) country comparison to the world: 28

Labor force [time series]

259,100 (2004) country comparison to the world: 167

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture: 2% industry: 30% services: 68% (2004 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares [time series]

$3.604 billion (31 December 2010) country comparison to the world: 86 $4.289 billion (31 December 2009) $2.863 billion (31 December 2008)

Natural gas - consumption [time series]

NA cu m (2009 est.)

Natural gas - exports [time series]

0 cu m (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 141

Natural gas - imports [time series]

0 cu m (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 150

Natural gas - production [time series]

0 cu m (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 97

Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]

0 cu m (1 January 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 165

Oil - consumption [time series]

4,000 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 174

Oil - exports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 180

Oil - imports [time series]

3,149 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 170

Oil - production [time series]

0 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 203

Oil - proved reserves [time series]

0 bbl (1 January 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 163

Population below poverty line [time series]

7% (2007 est.)

Public debt [time series]

38% of GDP (2006) country comparison to the world: 76

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold [time series]

$NA

Stock of broad money [time series]

$1.406 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 153 $1.446 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of domestic credit [time series]

$3.29 billion (31 December 2009) country comparison to the world: 119 $3.771 billion (31 December 2008)

Stock of narrow money [time series]

$816.8 million (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 145 $1.172 billion (31 December 2007)

Unemployment rate [time series]

14.7% (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 146

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 13,812 sq km country comparison to the world: 162 land: 13,452 sq km water: 360 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly smaller than Connecticut

Climate [time series]

Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland

Coastline [time series]

293.5 km

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m highest point: Bobotov Kuk 2,522 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geographic coordinates [time series]

42 30 N, 19 18 E

Geography - note [time series]

strategic location along the Adriatic coast

Irrigated land [time series]

22 sq km (2008)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 625 km border countries: Albania 172 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 225 km, Croatia 25 km, Kosovo 79 km, Serbia 124 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 13.7% permanent crops: 1% other: 85.3%

Location [time series]

Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia

Map references [time series]

Europe

Maritime claims [time series]

territorial sea: 12 nm continental shelf: defined by treaty

Natural hazards [time series]

destructive earthquakes

Natural resources [time series]

bauxite, hydroelectricity

Terrain [time series]

highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

21 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina); Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Ulcinj, Zabljak

Capital [time series]

name: Podgorica geographic coordinates: 42 26 N, 19 16 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Constitution [time series]

approved 19 October 2007 (by the Assembly)

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: none conventional short form: Montenegro local long form: none local short form: Crna Gora former: People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Montenegro

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Benjamin LOWENTHAL embassy: Ljubljanska bb, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [382] 81 225 417 FAX: [382] 81 241 358

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Srdjan DARMANOVIC chancery: 1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 234-6108 FAX: [1] (202) 234-6109 consulate(s) general: New York

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Filip VUJANOVIC (since 6 April 2008) head of government: Prime Minister Igor LUKSIC (since 29 December 2010) cabinet: Ministries act as cabinet (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: president elected by direct vote for five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 6 April 2008 (next to be held in 2013); prime minister proposed by president, accepted by Assembly election results: Filip VUJANOVIC reelected president; Filip VUJANOVIC 51.9%, Andrija MANDIC 19.6%, Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC 16.6%, Srdan MILIC 11.9%

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered; the arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle - symbolizing the unity of church and state - surmounted by a crown; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky; the lion is symbol of episcopal authority and harks back to the three and a half centuries that Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy

Government type [time series]

republic

Independence [time series]

3 June 2006 (from Serbia and Montenegro)

International law organization participation [time series]

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation [time series]

CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SECI, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Judicial branch [time series]

Constitutional Court (five judges serve nine-year terms); Supreme Court (judges have life tenure)

Legal system [time series]

civil law

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral Assembly (81 seats; members elected by direct vote to serve four-year terms; note - seats increased from 74 seats in 2006) elections: last held on 29 March 2009 (next to be held in 2013) election results: percent of vote by party - Coalition for European Montenegro 51.94%, SNP 16.83%, NOVA 9.22%, PZP 6.03%, other (including Albanian minority parties) 15.98%; seats by party - Coalition for European Montenegro 48, SNP 16, NOVA 8, PZP 5, Albanian minority parties 4

National anthem(s) (National anthem) [time series]

name: "Oj, svijetla majska zoro" (Oh, Bright Dawn of May) lyrics/music: Sekula DRLJEVIC/unknown, arranged by Zarko MIKOVIC note: adopted 2004; the anthem's music is based on a Montenegrin folk song

National holiday [time series]

National Day, 13 July (1878)

National symbol(s) [time series]

double-headed eagle

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Albanian Alternative or AA [Vesel SINISHTAJ]; Coalition for European Montenegro (bloc) [Milo DJUKANOVIC] (includes Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC], Social Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC], Bosniak Party of BS [Rafet HUSOVIC], and Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI [Marija VUCINOVIC); Coalition SNP-NS-DSS (bloc) (includes Socialist People's Party or SNP [Srdjan MILIC], People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Predrag POPOVIC], and Democratic Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS [Ranko KADIC]); Democratic League-Party of Democratic Prosperity or SPP [Mehmet BARDHIJ]; Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Ferhat DINOSHA]; For a Different Montenegro (bloc) [Goran BATRICEVIC] (includes Democratic Center or DC [Goran BATRICEVIC] and Liberal Party of Montenegro or LP [Miodrag ZIVKOVIC]); FORCA [Nazif CUNGU]; Movement for Changes or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC]; National Coalition (includes People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Predrag POPOVIC] and Democratic Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS [Ranko KADIC]); New Serb Democracy or NOVA [Andrija MANDIC]; Socialist People's Party of Montenegro or SNP [Srdjan MILIC]

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Introduction

Background [time series]

The use of the name Montenegro began in the 15th century when the Crnojevic dynasty began to rule the Serbian principality of Zeta; over subsequent centuries Montenegro was able to maintain its independence from the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro became a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it was transformed into a secular principality. After World War I, Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929; at the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro federated with Serbia, first as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, in a looser union of Serbia and Montenegro. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia exceeded 55% - the threshold set by the EU - allowing Montenegro to formally declare its independence on 3 June 2006.

Military

Manpower fit for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 149,159 females age 16-49: 131,823 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually [time series]

male: 3,120 female: 3,677 (2010 est.)

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro: Army of Montenegro (includes Montenegrin Navy (Mornarica Crne Gore, MCG)), Air Force (2011)

Military service age and obligation [time series]

compulsory national military service abolished August 2006

People and Society

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 15.5% (male 50,060/female 52,823) 15-64 years: 71% (male 244,057/female 225,620) 65 years and over: 13.5% (male 35,551/female 53,696) (2011 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

11 births/1,000 population (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 174

Children under the age of 5 years underweight [time series]

2.2% (2006) country comparison to the world: 108

Death rate [time series]

8.89 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 74

Drinking water source [time series]

improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 96% of population total: 98% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 4% of population total: 2% of population (2008)

Education expenditure (Education expenditures) [time series]

Ethnic groups [time series]

Montenegrin 43%, Serbian 32%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5%, other (Muslims, Croats, Roma (Gypsy)) 12% (2003 census)

Hospital bed density [time series]

3.98 beds/1,000 population (2007) country comparison to the world: 51

Languages [time series]

Serbian 63.6%, Montenegrin (official) 22%, Bosnian 5.5%, Albanian 5.3%, unspecified 3.7% (2003 census)

Major urban areas - population (Major cities - population) [time series]

PODGORICA (capital) 144,000 (2009)

Major infectious diseases [time series]

degree of risk: intermediate food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea vectorborne disease: Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (2009)

Maternal mortality ratio (Maternal mortality rate) [time series]

15 deaths/100,000 live births (2008) country comparison to the world: 133

Median age [time series]

total: 37.8 years male: 36.5 years female: 39.2 years (2011 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Montenegrin(s) adjective: Montenegrin

Population [time series]

661,807 (July 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 167

Population growth rate [time series]

-0.705% (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 226

Religions [time series]

Orthodox 74.2%, Muslim 17.7%, Catholic 3.5%, other 0.6%, unspecified 3%, atheist 1% (2003 census)

Sanitation facility access [time series]

improved: urban: 96% of population rural: 86% of population total: 92% of population unimproved: urban: 4% of population rural: 14% of population total: 8% of population (2008)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) [time series]

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.072 male(s)/female under 15 years: 0.95 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.08 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 61% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 0.1% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

none

Refugees and internally displaced persons [time series]

refugees (country of origin): 7,000 (Kosovo); note - mostly ethnic Serbs and Roma who fled Kosovo in 1999 IDPs: 16,192 (ethnic conflict in 1999 and riots in 2004) (2007)

Transportation

Airports [time series]

5 (2010) country comparison to the world: 181

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2010)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2010)

Heliports [time series]

1 (2010)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 2 country comparison to the world: 145 by type: cargo 1, passenger/cargo 1 registered in other countries: 5 (Bahamas 2, Honduras 2, Slovakia 1) (2010)

Ports (Ports and terminals) [time series]

Bar

Railways [time series]

total: 250 km country comparison to the world: 124 standard gauge: 250 km 1.435-m gauge (169 km electrified) (2010)

Roadways [time series]

total: 7,624 km country comparison to the world: 145 paved: 5,097 km unpaved: 2,527 km (2010)