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Communications

Broadcast media [time series]

the publicly-owned broadcaster, Eesti Rahvusringhaaling (ERR), operates 2 TV channels and 5 radio networks; growing number of private commercial radio stations broadcasting nationally, regionally, and locally; fully transitioned to digital television in 2010; national private TV channels expanding service; a range of channels are aimed at Russian-speaking viewers; high penetration rate for cable TV services with more than half of Estonian households connected (2008)

Internet country code [time series]

.ee

Internet users (Internet hosts) [time series]

865,494 (2012) country comparison to the world: 49

Internet users [time series]

971,700 (2009) country comparison to the world: 102

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: foreign investment in the form of joint business ventures greatly improved telephone service with a wide range of high quality voice, data, and Internet services available domestic: substantial fiber-optic cable systems carry telephone, TV, and radio traffic in the digital mode; Internet services are widely available; schools and libraries are connected to the Internet, a large percentage of the population files income-tax returns online, and online voting was used for the first time in the 2005 local elections international: country code - 372; fiber-optic cables to Finland, Sweden, Latvia, and Russia provide worldwide packet-switched service; 2 international switches are located in Tallinn (2011)

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

471,900 (2011) country comparison to the world: 101

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

1.863 million (2011) country comparison to the world: 142

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

grain, potatoes, vegetables; livestock and dairy products; fish

Budget [time series]

revenues: $7.915 billion expenditures: $8.439 billion (2012 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) [time series]

-2.4% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 82

Commercial bank prime lending rate [time series]

8% (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 141 6.1% (31 December 2011 est.)

Current account balance [time series]

$498 million (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 48 $477 million (2011 est.)

Debt - external [time series]

$25.92 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 73 $24.98 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income (Distribution of family income - Gini index) [time series]

31.3 (2010) country comparison to the world: 108 37 (1999)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Estonia, a member of the European Union and the eurozone since 2004, has a modern market-based economy and one of the higher per capita income levels in Central Europe and the Baltic region. Estonia's successive governments have pursued a free market, pro-business economic agenda and have wavered little in their commitment to pro-market reforms. The current government has followed sound fiscal policies that have resulted in balanced budgets and low public debt. The economy benefits from strong electronics and telecommunications sectors and strong trade ties with Finland, Sweden, Russia, and Germany. Tallinn's priority has been to sustain high growth rates - on average 8% per year from 2003 to 2007. Estonia's economy fell into recession in mid-2008 with GDP contracting 14.3% in 2009, as a result of an investment and consumption slump following the bursting of the real estate market bubble and a decrease in export demand as result of economic slowdown in the rest of Europe. Estonia rebounded nearly 8% in 2011 and the Estonian economy now has one of the higher GDP growth rates in Europe. Estonia adopted the euro on 1 January 2011.

Exchange rates [time series]

kroon (EEK) per US dollar - 0.782 (2012 est.) 0.72 (2011 est.) 11.81 (2010 est.) 11.23 (2009) 10.7 (2008)

Exports [time series]

$17.38 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 78 $16.78 billion (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

machinery and electrical equipment 21%, wood and wood products 9%, metals 9%, furniture 7%, vehicles and parts 5%, food products and beverages 4%, textiles 4%, plastics 3%

Exports - partners [time series]

Sweden 17%, Finland 16.3%, Russia 11.9%, Latvia 8.6%, Germany 4.9%, Lithuania 4.9% (2011)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate) [time series]

$21.42 billion (2012 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP (purchasing power parity)) [time series]

$28.44 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 113 $27.76 billion (2011 est.) $25.79 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP - composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 3.7% industry: 30.2% services: 66.1% (2012 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita (PPP)) [time series]

$21,200 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 60 $20,700 (2011 est.) $19,200 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

2.4% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 134 7.6% (2011 est.) 2.3% (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 2.7% highest 10%: 27.7% (2004)

Imports [time series]

$17.87 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 80 $17.09 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

machinery and electrical equipment 22%, mineral fuels 18%, chemical products 3%, foodstuffs 6%, plastics 6%, textiles 5%

Imports - partners [time series]

Finland 13.4%, Latvia 11.6%, Sweden 11.3%, Germany 10.9%, Lithuania 8.7%, Poland 7.2%, China 4.7% (2011)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

18% (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 3

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

3.3% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 92 5% (2011 est.)

Investment (gross fixed) [time series]

23.3% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 58

Labor force [time series]

675,900 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 153

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture: 4.2% industry: 20.2% services: 75.6% (2010)

Market value of publicly traded shares [time series]

$1.611 billion (31 December 2011) country comparison to the world: 97 $2.26 billion (31 December 2010) $2.654 billion (31 December 2009)

Population below poverty line [time series]

17.5% (2010)

Public debt [time series]

8% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 143 5.9% of GDP (2011 est.) note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social security funds

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold [time series]

$217 million (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 157 $207.5 million (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of broad money [time series]

$12.11 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 100 $11.73 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad [time series]

$6.609 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 60 $7.359 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home [time series]

$16.76 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 76 $16.56 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of domestic credit [time series]

$19.77 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 85 $19.14 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money [time series]

$7.033 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 89 $6.744 billion (31 December 2011 est.) note: this figure represents the US dollar value of Estonian kroon in circulation prior to Estonia's joining the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); see entry for the European Union for money supply in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 17 members of the EMU; individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders

Taxes and other revenues [time series]

37% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 61

Unemployment rate [time series]

11.5% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 125 12.5% (2011 est.)

Energy

Carbon dioxide emissions (Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy) [time series]

20.56 million Mt (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 82

Crude oil - exports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 107

Crude oil - imports [time series]

0.01 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 86

Crude oil - production [time series]

7,700 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 83

Crude oil - proved reserves [time series]

0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 128

Electricity - consumption [time series]

7.755 billion kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 97

Electricity - exports [time series]

4.354 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 32

Electricity - from fossil fuels [time series]

94.6% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 69

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants [time series]

0.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 146

Electricity - from nuclear fuels [time series]

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 84

Electricity - from other renewable sources [time series]

5.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 34

Electricity - imports [time series]

1.1 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 59

Electricity - installed generating capacity [time series]

2.661 million kW (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 91

Electricity - production [time series]

12.89 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 89

Natural gas - consumption [time series]

701 million cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 97

Natural gas - exports [time series]

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 191

Natural gas - imports [time series]

701 million cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 65

Natural gas - production [time series]

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 124

Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]

0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 133

Refined petroleum products - consumption [time series]

26,340 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 122

Refined petroleum products - exports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 174

Refined petroleum products - imports [time series]

23,270 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 100

Refined petroleum products - production [time series]

0 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 143

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 45,228 sq km country comparison to the world: 133 land: 42,388 sq km water: 2,840 sq km note: includes 1,520 islands in the Baltic Sea

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly smaller than New Hampshire and Vermont combined

Climate [time series]

maritime; wet, moderate winters, cool summers

Coastline [time series]

3,794 km

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m highest point: Suur Munamagi 318 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

air polluted with sulfur dioxide from oil-shale burning power plants in northeast; however, the amount of pollutants emitted to the air have fallen steadily, the emissions of 2000 were 80% less than in 1980; the amount of unpurified wastewater discharged to water bodies in 2000 was 1/20 the level of 1980; in connection with the start-up of new water purification plants, the pollution load of wastewater decreased; Estonia has more than 1,400 natural and manmade lakes, the smaller of which in agricultural areas need to be monitored; coastal seawater is polluted in certain locations

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Total water withdrawal (Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)) [time series]

total: 1.41 cu km/yr (56%/39%/5%) per capita: 1,060 cu m/yr (2002)

Geographic coordinates [time series]

59 00 N, 26 00 E

Geography - note [time series]

the mainland terrain is flat, boggy, and partly wooded; offshore lie more than 1,500 islands

Irrigated land [time series]

40 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 633 km border countries: Latvia 343 km, Russia 290 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 12.05% permanent crops: 0.35% other: 87.6% (2005)

Location [time series]

Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland, between Latvia and Russia

Map references [time series]

Europe

Maritime claims [time series]

territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: limits fixed in coordination with neighboring states

Natural hazards [time series]

sometimes flooding occurs in the spring

Natural resources [time series]

oil shale, peat, rare earth elements, phosphorite, clay, limestone, sand, dolomite, arable land, sea mud

Terrain [time series]

marshy, lowlands; flat in the north, hilly in the south

Total renewable water resources [time series]

21.1 cu km (2005)

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

15 counties (maakonnad, singular - maakond); Harjumaa (Tallinn), Hiiumaa (Kardla), Ida-Virumaa (Johvi), Jarvamaa (Paide), Jogevamaa (Jogeva), Laanemaa (Haapsalu), Laane-Virumaa (Rakvere), Parnumaa (Parnu), Polvamaa (Polva), Raplamaa (Rapla), Saaremaa (Kuressaare), Tartumaa (Tartu), Valgamaa (Valga), Viljandimaa (Viljandi), Vorumaa (Voru) note: counties have the administrative center name following in parentheses

Capital [time series]

name: Tallinn geographic coordinates: 59 26 N, 24 43 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Constitution [time series]

adopted 28 June 1992

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Republic of Estonia conventional short form: Estonia local long form: Eesti Vabariik local short form: Eesti former: Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Jeffrey LEVINE embassy: Kentmanni 20, 15099 Tallinn mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [372] 668-8100 FAX: [372] 668-8265

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Marina KALJURAND chancery: 2131 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 588-0101 FAX: [1] (202) 588-0108 consulate(s) general: New York

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Toomas Hendrik ILVES (since 9 October 2006) head of government: Prime Minister Andrus ANSIP (since 12 April 2005) cabinet: Ministers appointed by the prime minister, approved by Parliament (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); if a candidate does not secure two-thirds of the votes after three rounds of balloting in the Parliament, then an electoral assembly (made up of Parliament plus members of local councils) elects the president, choosing between the two candidates with the largest number of votes; election last held on 29 August 2011 (next to be held in the fall of 2016); prime minister nominated by the president and approved by Parliament election results: Toomas Hendrik ILVES reelected president; parliamentary vote - Toomas Hendrik ILVES 73, Indrek TARAND 25

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), black, and white; various interpretations are linked to the flag colors; blue represents faith, loyalty, and devotion, while also reminiscent of the sky, sea, and lakes of the country; black symbolizes the soil of the country and the dark past and suffering endured by the Estonian people; white refers to the striving towards enlightenment and virtue, and is the color of birch bark and snow, as well as summer nights illuminated by the midnight sun

Government type [time series]

parliamentary republic

Independence [time series]

20 August 1991 (declared); 6 September 1991 (recognized by the Soviet Union)

International law organization participation [time series]

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation [time series]

Australia Group, BA, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court (chairman appointed for life by Parliament)

Legal system [time series]

civil law system

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral Parliament or Riigikogu (101 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held on 6 March 2011 (next to be held in March 2015) election results: percent of vote by party - Estonian Reform Party 28.6%, Center Party of Estonia 23.3%, IRL 20.5%, SDE 17.1%, Estonian Greens 3.8%, Estonian People's Union 2.1%, other 4.6%; seats by party - Estonian Reform Party 33, Center Party 21, IRL 23, SDE 19, unaffiliated 5

National anthem(s) (National anthem) [time series]

name: "Mu isamaa, mu onn ja room" (My Native Land, My Pride and Joy) lyrics/music: Johann Voldemar JANNSEN/Fredrik PACIUS note: adopted 1920, though banned between 1940 and 1990 under Soviet occupation; the anthem, used in Estonia since 1869, shares the same melody with that of Finland but has different lyrics

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 24 February (1918); note - 24 February 1918 was the date Estonia declared its independence from Soviet Russia and established its statehood; 20 August 1991 was the date it declared its independence from the Soviet Union

National symbol(s) [time series]

barn swallow, cornflower

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Center Party of Estonia (Keskerakond) [Edgar SAVISAAR]; Estonian Greens (Rohelised) [Aleksander LAANE]; Estonian Conservative People's Party (Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond) or EKRE [Margo MILJAND]; Estonian Reform Party (Reformierakond) [Andrus ANSIP]; Social Democratic Party or SDE [Sven MIKSER]; Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica (Isamaa je Res Publica Liit) or IRL [Urmas REINSALU]

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal for all Estonian citizens

Introduction

Background [time series]

After centuries of Danish, Swedish, German, and Russian rule, Estonia attained independence in 1918. Forcibly incorporated into the USSR in 1940 - an action never recognized by the US - it regained its freedom in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union. Since the last Russian troops left in 1994, Estonia has been free to promote economic and political ties with the West. It joined both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004, formally joined the OECD in late 2010, and adopted the euro as its official currency on 1 January 2011.

Military

Manpower available for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 291,801 females age 16-49: 302,696 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 210,854 females age 16-49: 251,185 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually [time series]

male: 6,668 female: 6,309 (2010 est.)

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Estonian Defense Forces (Eesti Kaitsevagi): Land Force (Maavagi), Navy (Merevagi), Air Force (Ohuvagi), Defense League (Kaitseliit) (2012)

Military expenditures [time series]

2% of GDP (2005 est.) country comparison to the world: 69

Military service age and obligation [time series]

obligation for compulsory service ages 16-60, with conscription "likely" ages 18-27; service requirement 8-11 months (2009)

People and Society

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 15.3% (male 100,176/ female 94,351) 15-64 years: 66.8% (male 405,122/ female 446,204) 65 years and over: 18% (male 75,484/ female 153,372) (2012 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

10.43 births/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 183

Death rate [time series]

13.6 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 16

Education expenditure (Education expenditures) [time series]

4.9% of GDP (2007) country comparison to the world: 61

Ethnic groups [time series]

Estonian 68.7%, Russian 25.6%, Ukrainian 2.1%, Belarusian 1.2%, Finn 0.8%, other 1.6% (2008 census)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

1.2% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 42

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

fewer than 500 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 85

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

9,900 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 97

Health expenditure (Health expenditures) [time series]

4.3% of GDP (2009) country comparison to the world: 154

Hospital bed density [time series]

5.71 beds/1,000 population (2008)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 6.94 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 163 male: 8.07 deaths/1,000 live births female: 5.74 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)

Languages [time series]

Estonian (official) 67.3%, Russian 29.7%, other 2.3%, unknown 0.7% (2000 census)

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 73.58 years country comparison to the world: 117 male: 68.3 years female: 79.19 years (2012 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99.8% male: 99.8% female: 99.8% (2010 census)

Major urban areas - population (Major cities - population) [time series]

TALLINN (capital) 399,000 (2009)

Major infectious diseases [time series]

degree of risk: intermediate food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea vectorborne disease: tickborne encephalitis (2009)

Maternal mortality ratio (Maternal mortality rate) [time series]

2 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 183

Median age [time series]

total: 40.8 years male: 37.2 years female: 44.1 years (2012 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Estonian(s) adjective: Estonian

Net migration rate [time series]

-3.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 179

Obesity - adult prevalence rate [time series]

14.4% (2004) country comparison to the world: 38

Physician density (Physicians density) [time series]

3.409 physicians/1,000 population (2008)

Population [time series]

1,274,709 (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 156

Population growth rate [time series]

-0.65% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 224

Religions [time series]

Evangelical Lutheran 13.6%, Orthodox 12.8%, other Christian (including Methodist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal) 1.4%, unaffiliated 34.1%, other and unspecified 32%, none 6.1% (2000 census)

Sanitation facility access [time series]

improved: urban: 96% of population rural: 94% of population total: 95% of population unimproved: urban: 4% of population rural: 6% of population total: 5% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) [time series]

total: 16 years male: 15 years female: 17 years (2008)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.49 male(s)/female total population: 0.84 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

1.44 children born/woman (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 197

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) (Unemployment, youth ages 15-24) [time series]

total: 27.3% country comparison to the world: 18 male: 31.8% female: 21.2% (2009)

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 69% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 0.1% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

Russia and Estonia in May 2005 signed a technical border agreement, but Russia in June 2005 recalled its signature after the Estonian parliament added to its domestic ratification act a historical preamble referencing the Soviet occupation and Estonia's pre-war borders under the 1920 Treaty of Tartu; Russia contends that the preamble allows Estonia to make territorial claims on Russia in the future, while Estonian officials deny that the preamble has any legal impact on the treaty text; Russia demands better treatment of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Estonia implements strict Schengen border rules with Russia

Illicit drugs [time series]

growing producer of synthetic drugs; increasingly important transshipment zone for cannabis, cocaine, opiates, and synthetic drugs since joining the European Union and the Schengen Accord; potential money laundering related to organized crime and drug trafficking is a concern, as is possible use of the gambling sector to launder funds; major use of opiates and ecstasy

Transportation

Airports [time series]

18 (2012) country comparison to the world: 139

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 13 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2012)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 3 (2012)

Heliports [time series]

1 (2012)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 25 country comparison to the world: 89 by type: cargo 4, chemical tanker 1, passenger/cargo 18, petroleum tanker 2 foreign-owned: 3 (Germany 1, Norway 2) registered in other countries: 63 (Antigua and Barbuda 10, Belize 1, Cambodia 1, Canada 1, Cook Islands 1, Cyprus 6, Dominica 6, Finland 2, Latvia 3, Malta 16, Russia 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 8, Sierra Leone 2, Sweden 3, Venezuela 1, unknown 1) (2010)

Pipelines [time series]

gas 859 km (2010)

Ports (Ports and terminals) [time series]

Kuivastu, Kunda, Muuga, Parnu Reid, Sillamae, Tallinn

Railways [time series]

total: 1,200 km country comparison to the world: 85 broad gauge: 1,200 km 1.520-m and 1.524-m gauge (133 km electrified) (2008)

Roadways [time series]

total: 58,034 km (includes 41,912 urban roads) country comparison to the world: 75 paved: 34,936 km (includes 104 km of expressways) unpaved: 23,098 km (2009)

Waterways [time series]

335 km (320 km are navigable year round) (2011) country comparison to the world: 91