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Communications

Broadcast media [time series]

10 major television networks of which only one, Television Nacional de Peru, is state-owned; multi-channel cable TV services are available; in excess of 2,000 radio stations including a substantial number of indigenous language stations (2010)

Internet country code [time series]

.pe

Internet users (Internet hosts) [time series]

268,225 (2010) country comparison to the world: 62

Internet users [time series]

9.158 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 31

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: adequate for most requirements; nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations domestic: fixed-line teledensity is only about 10 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity, spurred by competition among multiple providers, has increased to roughly 85 telephones per 100 persons international: country code - 51; the South America-1 (SAM-1) and Pan American (PAN-AM) submarine cable systems provide links to parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2009)

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

3.16 million (2010) country comparison to the world: 49

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

29.115 million (2010) country comparison to the world: 33

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

asparagus, coffee, cocoa, cotton, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, corn, plantains, grapes, oranges, pineapples, guavas, bananas, apples, lemons, pears, coca, tomatoes, mango, barley, medicinal plants, palm oil, marigold, onion, wheat, dry beans; poultry, beef, dairy products; fish; guinea pigs

Budget [time series]

revenues: $44.53 billion expenditures: $45.46 billion (2010 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) [time series]

-0.6% of GDP (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 53

Central bank discount rate [time series]

3.8% (31 December 2010) country comparison to the world: 107 2.05% (31 December 2009 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate [time series]

18.975% (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 17 21.033% (31 December 2009 est.) note: domestic currency lending rate

Current account balance [time series]

-$2.315 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 162 $210.6 million (2009 est.)

Debt - external [time series]

$42.27 billion (30 June 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 61 $34.25 billion (31 December 2010 est.) note: public debt component of total: $20.6 billion (31 December 2009)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income (Distribution of family income - Gini index) [time series]

48 (2009) country comparison to the world: 27 46.2 (1996)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Peru's economy reflects its varied geography - an arid coastal region, the Andes further inland, and tropical lands bordering Colombia and Brazil. Abundant mineral resources are found in the mountainous areas, and Peru's coastal waters provide excellent fishing grounds. The Peruvian economy grew by almost 6% per year during the period 2002-06, with a stable exchange rate and low inflation. Growth jumped to nearly 9% per year in 2007 and 10% in 2008, driven by private investment and government spending, but then fell to less than 1% in 2009 in the face of the world recession, a sharp fall of private investment, and a substantial increase in counter-cyclical government spending. Growth resumed in 2010 at above 8%, due partly to a leap in private investment and continued high government spending. Peru's rapid expansion coupled with the government's conditional cash transfers and other programs have helped to reduce the national poverty rate by over 19 percentage points since 2002, though underemployment remains high. Inflation in 2010 was within the Central Bank's 1%-3% target range. Despite Peru's strong macroeconomic performance, dependence on minerals and metals exports and imported foodstuffs subjects the economy to fluctuations in world prices. Poor infrastructure hinders the spread of growth to Peru's non-coastal areas. A growing number of Peruvians are sharing in the benefits of growth but despite President GARCIA's pursuit of sound trade and macroeconomic policies, inequality persists. Nevertheless, he remains committed to Peru's free-trade path. Since 2006, Peru has signed trade deals with the United States, Canada, Singapore, China, Korea, and Japan, concluded negotiations with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and Chile, and begun trade talks with Central American countries and others. The US-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (PTPA) entered into force 1 February 2009, opening the way to greater trade and investment between the two economies. Rising world prices of foodstuffs and fuel, coupled with strong domestic demand, are immediate concerns for 2011. Peru has continued to attract foreign investment. However, political disputes may impede development of some projects related to natural resource extraction.

Electricity - consumption [time series]

31.74 billion kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 58

Electricity - exports [time series]

111.9 million kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - imports [time series]

0 kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - production [time series]

35.79 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 60

Exchange rates [time series]

nuevo sol (PEN) per US dollar - 2.8178 (2010) 3.0115 (2009) 2.91 (2008) 3.1731 (2007) 3.2742 (2006)

Exports [time series]

$35.56 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 61 $26.96 billion (2009 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

copper, gold, zinc, tin, iron ore, molybdenum; crude petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas; coffee, potatoes, asparagus and other vegetables, fruit, apparel and textiles, fishmeal

Exports - partners [time series]

China 18.4%, US 16.1%, Canada 11.7%, Japan 6.6%, Germany 4.5%, Spain 4% (2010)

GDP (official exchange rate) [time series]

$152.8 billion (2010 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP (purchasing power parity)) [time series]

$275.7 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 43 $253.4 billion (2009 est.) $251.3 billion (2008 est.) note: data are in 2010 US dollars

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP - composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 10% industry: 35% services: 55% (2010 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita (PPP)) [time series]

$9,200 (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 114 $8,600 (2009 est.) $8,600 (2008 est.) note: data are in 2010 US dollars

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

8.8% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 11 0.9% (2009 est.) 9.8% (2008 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 1.4% highest 10%: 35.9% (2009)

Imports [time series]

$28.82 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 62 $21.01 billion (2009 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, plastics, machinery, vehicles, color TV sets, power shovels, front-end loaders, telephones and telecommunication equipment, iron and steel, wheat, corn, soybean products, paper, cotton, vaccines and medicines

Imports - partners [time series]

US 24.7%, China 13%, Brazil 7.4%, Ecuador 4.7%, Chile 4.3%, Colombia 4.2% (2010)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

13.6% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 13

Industries [time series]

mining and refining of minerals; steel, metal fabrication; petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas and natural gas liquefaction; fishing and fish processing, cement, textiles, clothing, food processing

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

1.5% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 44 2.9% (2009 est.) note: data are for metropolitan Lima

Investment (gross fixed) [time series]

25.1% of GDP (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 60

Labor force [time series]

10.58 million (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 48

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture: 0.7% industry: 23.8% services: 75.5% (2005)

Market value of publicly traded shares [time series]

$160.9 billion (31 December 2010) country comparison to the world: 38 $107.3 billion (31 December 2009) $57.2 billion (31 December 2008)

Natural gas - consumption [time series]

3.65 billion cu m (2010) country comparison to the world: 66

Natural gas - exports [time series]

3.59 billion cu m country comparison to the world: 30 note: in 2010 Peru became a net exporter of LNG (2010 est.)

Natural gas - imports [time series]

0 cu m (2010) country comparison to the world: 169

Natural gas - production [time series]

7.24 billion cu m (2010) country comparison to the world: 46

Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]

345.5 billion cu m (1 January 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 36

Oil - consumption [time series]

189,000 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 59

Oil - exports [time series]

73,280 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 72

Oil - imports [time series]

88,080 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 68

Oil - production [time series]

158,300 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 44

Oil - proved reserves [time series]

532.7 million bbl (1 January 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 49

Population below poverty line [time series]

34.8% (2009)

Public debt [time series]

23.9% of GDP (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 102 27.3% of GDP (2009 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold [time series]

$44.21 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 38 $33.23 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of broad money [time series]

$56.76 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 64 $45.41 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad [time series]

$2.095 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 67 $1.88 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home [time series]

$44.24 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 55 $36.91 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of domestic credit [time series]

$44.2 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 67 $36.97 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of narrow money [time series]

$21.69 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 63 $17.48 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Taxes and other revenues [time series]

29.1% of GDP (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 95

Unemployment rate [time series]

6.6% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 61 8.9% (2009 est.) note: data are for metropolitan Lima; widespread underemployment

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 1,285,216 sq km country comparison to the world: 20 land: 1,279,996 sq km water: 5,220 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly smaller than Alaska

Climate [time series]

varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes

Coastline [time series]

2,414 km

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Total water withdrawal (Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)) [time series]

total: 20.13 cu km/yr (8%/10%/82%) per capita: 720 cu m/yr (2000)

Geographic coordinates [time series]

10 00 S, 76 00 W

Geography - note [time series]

shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia; a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316 m peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River

Irrigated land [time series]

11,950 sq km (2008)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 7,461 km border countries: Bolivia 1,075 km, Brazil 2,995 km, Chile 171 km, Colombia 1,800 km, Ecuador 1,420 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 2.88% permanent crops: 0.47% other: 96.65% (2005)

Location [time series]

Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador

Map references [time series]

South America

Maritime claims [time series]

territorial sea: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm

Natural hazards [time series]

earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity volcanism: Peru experiences volcanic activity in the Andes Mountains; Ubinas (elev. 5,672 m), which last erupted in 2009, is the country's most active volcano; other historically active volcanoes include El Misti, Huaynaputina, Sabancaya, and Yucamane

Natural resources [time series]

copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas

Terrain [time series]

western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)

Total renewable water resources [time series]

1,913 cu km (2000)

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

25 regions (regiones, singular - region) and 1 province* (provincia); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali

Capital [time series]

name: Lima geographic coordinates: 12 03 S, 77 03 W time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution [time series]

29 December 1993

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Republic of Peru conventional short form: Peru local long form: Republica del Peru local short form: Peru

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Rose M. LIKINS embassy: Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17 s/n, Surco, Lima 33 mailing address: P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34031-5000 telephone: [51] (1) 618-2000 FAX: [51] (1) 618-2397

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Harold Winston FORSYTH Mejia chancery: 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869 FAX: [1] (202) 659-8124 consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Hartford, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (since 28 July 2011); First Vice President Marisol ESPINOZA Cruz (since 28 July 2011); Second Vice President Omar CHEHADE (since 28 July 2011); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (since 28 July 2011); First Vice President Marisol ESPINOZA Cruz (since 28 July 2011); Second Vice President Omar CHEHADE (since 28 July 2011) note: Prime Minister Oscar VALDES Dancuart (since 11 December 2011) does not exercise executive power; this power rests with the president cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for nonconsecutive reelection); presidential and congressional elections last held on 10 April 2011 with runoff election held on 6 June 2011 (next to be held in April 2016) election results: Ollanta HUMALA Tasso elected president in runoff election; percent of vote - Ollanta HUMALA Tasso 51.5%, Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi 48.5%

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna (representing fauna), a cinchona tree (the source of quinine, signifying flora), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out coins (denoting mineral wealth); red recalls blood shed for independence, white symbolizes peace

Government type [time series]

constitutional republic

Independence [time series]

28 July 1821 (from Spain)

International law organization participation [time series]

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation [time series]

APEC, BIS, CAN, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges are appointed by the National Council of the Judiciary)

Legal system [time series]

civil law system

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru or Congreso de la Republica del Peru (130 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held on 10 April 2011 (next to be held in April 2016) election results: percent of vote by party - Gana Peru 25.3%, Fuerza 2011 23%, PP 14.8%, Alliance for Great Change 14.4%, National Solidarity 10.2%, Peruvian Aprista Party 6.4%, other 5.9%; seats by party - Gana Peru 47, Fuerza 2011 37, PP 21, Alliance for Great Change 12, National Solidarity 9, Peruvian Aprista Party 4

National anthem(s) (National anthem) [time series]

name: "Himno Nacional del Peru" (National Anthem of Peru) lyrics/music: Jose DE LA TORRE Ugarte/Jose Bernardo ALZEDO note: adopted 1822; the song won a national contest for an anthem

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 28 July (1821)

National symbol(s) [time series]

vicuna (a camelid related to the llama)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Alliance for Great Change (Alianza por el Gran Cambio) (a coalition of the Alliance for Progress, Humanist Party, National Restoration Party, and Popular Christian Party) [Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI]; Fuerza 2011 [Keiko FUJIMORI]; Gana Peru (a coalition of Lima Para Todos, Peruvian Communist Party, Peruvian Nationalist Party, and Peruvian Socialist Party) [Ollanta HUMALA Tasso]; National Solidarity (Solidaridad Nacional) or SN (a coalition of Cambio 90, Siempre Unidos, Todos por el Peru, and Union for Peru or UPP) [Luis CASTANEDA Lossio]; Peru Posible or PP (a coalition of Accion Popular and Somos Peru) [Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique]; Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano) or PAP [Alan GARCIA Perez] (also referred to by its original name Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana or APRA)

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

General Workers Confederation of Peru (Confederacion General de Trabajadores del Peru) or CGTP [Mario HUAMAN]; Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) or SL [Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned), Victor QUISPE Palomino (top leader at-large)] (leftist guerrilla group)

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 70

Introduction

Background [time series]

Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by the Spanish conquistadors in 1533. Peruvian independence was declared in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces were defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980, but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity. Nevertheless, the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian measures and an economic slump in the late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime, which led to his ouster in 2000. A caretaker government oversaw new elections in the spring of 2001, which ushered in Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique as the new head of government - Peru's first democratically elected president of Native American ethnicity. The presidential election of 2006 saw the return of Alan GARCIA Perez who, after a disappointing presidential term from 1985 to 1990, has overseen a robust macroeconomic performance.

Military

Manpower available for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 7,385,588 females age 16-49: 7,727,623 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 5,788,629 females age 16-49: 6,565,097 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually [time series]

male: 304,094 female: 298,447 (2010 est.)

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru, MGP (includes naval air, naval infantry, and Coast Guard)), Air Force of Peru (Fuerza Aerea del Peru, FAP) (2011)

Military expenditures [time series]

1.5% of GDP (2006) country comparison to the world: 99

Military service age and obligation [time series]

18-30 years of age for voluntary male and female military service; no conscription (2008)

People and Society

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 28.5% (male 4,245,023/female 4,101,220) 15-64 years: 65.1% (male 9,316,128/female 9,722,258) 65 years and over: 6.4% (male 885,703/female 978,611) (2011 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

19.41 births/1,000 population (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 95

Children under the age of 5 years underweight [time series]

5.4% (2005) country comparison to the world: 81

Death rate [time series]

5.93 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 165

Drinking water source [time series]

improved: urban: 90% of population rural: 61% of population total: 82% of population unimproved: urban: 10% of population rural: 39% of population total: 18% of population (2008)

Education expenditure (Education expenditures) [time series]

2.7% of GDP (2008) country comparison to the world: 143

Ethnic groups [time series]

Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

0.4% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 70

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

5,000 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 38

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

75,000 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 48

Health expenditure (Health expenditures) [time series]

4.6% of GDP (2009) country comparison to the world: 147

Hospital bed density [time series]

1.5 beds/1,000 population (2009) country comparison to the world: 122

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 22.18 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 90 male: 24.49 deaths/1,000 live births female: 19.77 deaths/1,000 live births (2011 est.)

Languages [time series]

Spanish (official) 84.1%, Quechua (official) 13%, Aymara 1.7%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native languages (includes a large number of minor Amazonian languages) 0.7%, other 0.2% (2007 Census)

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 72.47 years country comparison to the world: 127 male: 70.55 years female: 74.48 years (2011 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 92.9% male: 96.4% female: 89.4% (2007 Census)

Major urban areas - population (Major cities - population) [time series]

LIMA (capital) 8.769 million; Arequipa 778,000 (2009)

Major infectious diseases [time series]

degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: dengue fever, malaria, and yellow fever water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Maternal mortality ratio (Maternal mortality rate) [time series]

98 deaths/100,000 live births (2008) country comparison to the world: 72

Median age [time series]

total: 26.2 years male: 25.5 years female: 26.8 years (2011 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Peruvian(s) adjective: Peruvian

Net migration rate [time series]

-3.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 176

Obesity - adult prevalence rate [time series]

16.3% (2000) country comparison to the world: 29

Physician density (Physicians density) [time series]

0.92 physicians/1,000 population (2009) country comparison to the world: 106

Population [time series]

29,248,943 (July 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 42

Population growth rate [time series]

1.029% (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 114

Religions [time series]

Roman Catholic 81.3%, Evangelical 12.5%, other 3.3%, unspecified or none 2.9% (2007 Census)

Sanitation facility access [time series]

improved: urban: 81% of population rural: 36% of population total: 68% of population unimproved: urban: 19% of population rural: 64% of population total: 32% of population (2008)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) [time series]

total: 14 years male: 13 years female: 13 years (2006)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.046 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

2.32 children born/woman (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 96

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) (Unemployment, youth ages 15-24) [time series]

total: 14% country comparison to the world: 82 male: 12.5% female: 15.6% (2008)

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 77% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 1.6% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

Chile and Ecuador rejected Peru's November 2005 unilateral legislation to shift the axis of their joint treaty-defined maritime boundaries along the parallels of latitude to equidistance lines which favor Peru; organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia have penetrated Peru's shared border; Peru rejects Bolivia's claim to restore maritime access through a sovereign corridor through Chile along the Peruvian border

Illicit drugs [time series]

until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer, Peru is now the world's second largest producer of coca leaf, though it lags far behind Colombia; cultivation of coca in Peru was estimated at 40,000 hectares in 2009, a slight decrease over 2008; second largest producer of cocaine, estimated at 225 metric tons of potential pure cocaine in 2009; finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to the international drug market; increasing amounts of base and finished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia for use in the Southern Cone or transshipment to Europe and Africa; increasing domestic drug consumption (2011)

Refugees and internally displaced persons [time series]

IDPs: 60,000-150,000 (civil war from 1980-2000; most IDPs are indigenous peasants in Andean and Amazonian regions) (2007)

Transportation

Airports [time series]

211 (2010) country comparison to the world: 29

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 58 over 3,047 m: 6 2,438 to 3,047 m: 20 1,524 to 2,437 m: 15 914 to 1,523 m: 13 under 914 m: 4 (2010)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 153 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 24 914 to 1,523 m: 40 under 914 m: 87 (2010)

Heliports [time series]

1 (2010)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 13 country comparison to the world: 106 by type: cargo 2, chemical tanker 2, liquefied gas 2, petroleum tanker 7 foreign-owned: 1 (Bahamas 1) registered in other countries: 13 (Belize 1, Panama 12) (2010)

Pipelines [time series]

extra heavy crude 533 km; gas 1,526 km; liquid petroleum gas 679 km; oil 1,033 km; refined products 15 km (2010)

Ports (Ports and terminals) [time series]

Callao, Iquitos, Matarani, Paita, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas; note - Iquitos, Pucallpa, and Yurimaguas are on the upper reaches of the Amazon and its tributaries oil terminals: Conchan oil terminal, La Pampilla oil terminal

Railways [time series]

total: 2,020 km country comparison to the world: 73 standard gauge: 1,886 km 1.435-m gauge narrow gauge: 134 km 0.914-m gauge (2010)

Roadways [time series]

total: 102,887 km country comparison to the world: 41 note: includes 23,838 km of national roads, 19,049 km of departmental roads, and 60,000 km of local roads (2007)

Waterways [time series]

8,808 km (there are 8,600 km of navigable tributaries on the Amazon system and 208 km on Lago Titicaca) (2010) country comparison to the world: 14