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Communications

Airports [time series]

242 total, 226 usable; 35 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 24 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 39 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Civil air [time series]

27 major transport aircraft

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

56,645 km total; 6,030 km paved, 11,865 km gravel, 14,610 km improved earth, 24,140 km unimproved earth

Waterways (Inland waterways) [time series]

8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km Lago Titicaca

Merchant marine [time series]

32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 341,213 GRT/535,215 DWT; includes 18 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 8 bulk; note--in addition, 7 naval tankers and 1 naval cargo are sometimes used commercially

Pipelines [time series]

crude oil, 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids, 64 km

Ports [time series]

Callao, Ilo, Iquitos, Matarani, Talara

Railways (Railroads) [time series]

1,876 km total; 1,576 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 300 km 0.914-meter gauge

Telecommunication systems (Telecommunications) [time series]

fairly adequate for most requirements; nationwide radio relay system; 544,000 telephones; stations--273 AM, no FM, 140 TV, 144 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations, 12 domestic antennas

Defense Forces

Military and security forces (Branches) [time series]

Peruvian Army (Ejercito Peruano), Peruvian Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru), Peruvian Air Force (Fuerza Aerea del Peru)

Military expenditures (Defense expenditures) [time series]

4.9% of GNP (1987)

Military manpower [time series]

males 15-49, 5,543,166; 3,751,077 fit for military service; 236,814 reach military age (20) annually

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture) [time series]

accounts for 12% of GDP, 37% of labor force; commercial crops--coffee, cotton, sugarcane; other crops--rice, wheat, potatoes, plantains, coca; animal products--poultry, red meats, dairy, wool; not self-sufficient in grain or vegetable oil; fish catch of 4.6 million metric tons (1987), world's fifth-largest

Aid [time series]

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $1.6 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $3.7 billion; Communist countries (1970-88), $577 million

Budget [time series]

revenues $3.2 billion; expenditures $3.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $796 million (1986)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

inti (plural--intis); 1 inti (I/) = 1,000 soles

Electricity [time series]

4,867,000 kW capacity; 15,540 million kWh produced, 725 kWh per capita (1989)

Exchange rates [time series]

intis (I/) per US$1--5,261.40 (December 1989), 128.83 (1988), 16.84 (1987), 13.95 (1986), 10.97 (1985)

Exports [time series]

$3.55 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--fishmeal, cotton, sugar, coffee, copper, iron ore, refined silver, lead, zinc, crude petroleum and byproducts; partners--EC 22%, US 20%, Japan 11%, Latin America 8%, USSR 4%

Debt - external (External debt) [time series]

$17.7 billion (December 1989)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP) [time series]

$18.9 billion, per capita $880; real growth rate - 12.2% (1989 est.)

Illicit drugs [time series]

world's largest coca producer and source of supply for coca paste and cocaine base; about 85% of cultivation is for illicit production; most of coca base is shipped to Colombian drug dealers for processing into cocaine for the international drug market

Imports [time series]

$2.50 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--foodstuffs, machinery, transport equipment, iron and steel semimanufactures, chemicals, pharmaceuticals; partners--US 23%, Latin America 16%, EC 12%, Japan 7%, Switzerland 3%

Industrial production growth rate (Industrial production) [time series]

growth rate - 25.0% (1988 est.)

Industries [time series]

mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

2,775% (1989)

Economic overview (Overview) [time series]

The economy is verging on hyperinflation and economic activity is contracting rapidly. Deficit spending is at the root of domestic economic problems, but poor relations with international lenders--the result of curtailing debt payments since 1985--are preventing an inflow of funds to generate a recovery. Reduced standards of living have increased labor tensions, and strikes, particularly in the key mining sector, have cut production and exports. Foreign exchange shortages have forced reductions in vital consumer imports such as food and industrial inputs. Peru is the world's leading producer of coca, from which the drug cocaine is produced.

Unemployment rate [time series]

15.0%; underemployment estimated at 60% (1989)

Geography

Climate [time series]

varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west

Coastline [time series]

2,414 km

Area - comparative (Comparative area) [time series]

slightly smaller than Alaska

Disputes - international (Disputes) [time series]

two sections of the boundary with Ecuador are in dispute

Environment - current issues (Environment) [time series]

subject to earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, mild volcanic activity; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima

Land boundaries [time series]

6,940 km total; Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km, Colombia 2,900 km, Ecuador 1,420 km

Land use [time series]

3% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 21% meadows and pastures; 55% forest and woodland; 21% other; includes 1% irrigated

Natural resources [time series]

copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash

Note [time series]

shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia

Terrain [time series]

western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)

Maritime claims (Territorial sea) [time series]

200 nm

Area (Total area) [time series]

1,285,220 km2; land area: 1,280,000 km2

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

24 departments (departamentos, singular--departamento) and 1 constitutional province* (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali

Capital [time series]

Lima

Political parties (Communists) [time series]

Peruvian Communist Party-Unity (PCP-U), pro-Soviet, 2,000; other minor Communist parties

Constitution [time series]

28 July 1980 (often referred to as the 1979 Constitution because constituent assembly met in 1979, but Constitution actually took effect the following year); reestablished civilian government with a popularly elected president and bicameral legislature

Diplomatic representation in the US (Diplomatic representation) [time series]

Ambassador Cesar G. ATALA; Chancery at 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202) 833-9860 through 9869); Peruvian Consulates General are located in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico); US--Ambassador Anthony QUAINTON; Embassy at the corner of Avenida Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and Avenida Espana, Lima (mailing address is P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1010, or APO Miami 34031); telephone [51] (14) 338-000

Executive branch [time series]

president, two vice presidents, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Flag [time series]

three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath

Independence [time series]

28 July 1821 (from Spain)

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) Chief of State--President-elect Alberto FUJIMORI (since 10 June 1990; Vice President-elect Maximo San ROMAN (since 10 June 1990); Vice President-elect Carlos GARCIA; President Alan GARCIA Perez (since 28 July 1985); First Vice President Luis Alberto SANCHEZ Sanchez (since 28 July 1985); Second Vice President Luis Juan ALVA Castro (since 28 July 1985); Head of Government--Prime Minister Guillermo LARCO Cox (since 3 October 1989)

Legal system [time series]

based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch [time series]

bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of an upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados)

Country name (Long-form name) [time series]

Republic of Peru

International organization participation (Member of) [time series]

Andean Pact, AIOEC, ASSIMER, CCC, CIPEC, FAO, G-77, GATT, Group of Eight, IADB, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, ILZSG, INTERPOL, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, ISO, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council, LAIA, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 28 July (1821)

Political parties (Other political or pressure groups) [time series]

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), Alan Garcia Perez; United Left (IU), run by committee; Democratic Front (FREDEMO), headed by Mario Vargas Llosa of the Liberty Movement (ML), coalition also includes the Popular Christian Party (PPC), Luis Bedoya Reyes and the Popular Action Party (AP), Fernando Belaunde Terry; Socialist Left (ISO), Alfonso Barrantes Lingan

Suffrage [time series]

universal at age 18 President--last held on 10 June 1990 (next to be held April 1995); results--Alberto Fujimori xx%, Mario Vargas Llosa xx%, others xx%; Senate--last held on 8 April 1990 (next to be held April 1995); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(60 total) APRA 32, IU 15, AP 5, others 8; Chamber of Deputies--last held 8 April 1990 (next to be held April 1995); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(180 total) APRA 107, IU 48, AP 10, others 15

Government type (Type) [time series]

republic

People

Birth rate [time series]

28 births/1,000 population (1990)

Death rate [time series]

8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)

Ethnic groups (Ethnic divisions) [time series]

45% Indian; 37% mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry); 15% white; 3% black, Japanese, Chinese, and other

Infant mortality rate [time series]

67 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)

Labor force [time series]

6,800,000 (1986); 44% government and other services, 37% agriculture, 19% industry (1988 est.)

Languages (Language) [time series]

Spanish and Quechua (official), Aymara

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

62 years male, 66 years female (1990)

Literacy [time series]

80% (est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun--Peruvian(s); adjective--Peruvian

Net migration rate [time series]

0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)

Organized labor [time series]

about 40% of salaried workers (1983 est.)

Population [time series]

21,905,605 (July 1990), growth rate 2.1% (1990)

Religions (Religion) [time series]

predominantly Roman Catholic

Total fertility rate [time series]

3.6 children born/woman (1990)