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Communications

Airports [time series]

total: 228 usable: 199 with permanent-surface runways: 37 with runways over 3,659 m: 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 23 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 46

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

69,942 km total; 7,459 km paved, 13,538 km improved, 48,945 km unimproved earth

Waterways (Inland waterways) [time series]

8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km Lago Titicaca

Merchant marine [time series]

21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 194,473 GRT/307,845 DWT; includes 13 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 oil tanker, 4 bulk; note - in addition, 6 naval tankers and 1 naval cargo are sometimes used commercially

Pipelines [time series]

crude oil 800 km, natural gas and natural gas liquids 64 km

Ports [time series]

Callao, Ilo, Iquitos, Matarani, Talara

Railways (Railroads) [time series]

1,801 km total; 1,501 km 1.435-meter gauge, 300 km 0.914-meter gauge

Telecommunication systems (Telecommunications) [time series]

fairly adequate for most requirements; nationwide microwave system; 544,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 273 AM, no FM, 140 TV, 144 shortwave; satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 12 domestic

Defense Forces

Military and security forces (Branches) [time series]

Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea del Peru), National Police

Military expenditures (Defense expenditures) [time series]

exchange rate conversion - $500 million, about 2% of GDP (1991)

Manpower availability [time series]

males age 15-49 6,030,354; fit for military service 4,076,197; reach military age (20) annually 241,336 (1993 est.)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture) [time series]

accounts for 10% of GDP, about 35% of labor force; commercial crops - coffee, cotton, sugarcane; other crops - rice, wheat, potatoes, plantains, coca; animal products - poultry, red meats, dairy, wool; not self-sufficient in grain or vegetable oil; fish catch of 6.9 million metric tons (1990)

Budget [time series]

revenues $2.0 billion; expenditures $2.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $300 million (1992 est.)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

1 nuevo sol (S/.) = 100 centavos

Economic aid [time series]

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.3 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $577 million

Electricity [time series]

5,042,000 kW capacity; 17,434 million kWh produced, 760 kWh per capita (1992)

Exchange rates [time series]

nuevo sol (S/. per US$1 - 1.690 (January 1993), 1.245 (1992), 0.772 (1991), 0.187 (1990), 2.666 (1989), 0.129 (1988)

Exports [time series]

$3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: copper, fishmeal, zinc, crude petroleum and byproducts, lead, refined silver, coffee, cotton partners: EC 28%, US 22%, Japan 13%, Latin America 12%, former USSR 2% (1991)

Debt - external (External debt) [time series]

$21 billion (December 1992 est.)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

Illicit drugs [time series]

world's largest coca leaf producer with about 121,000 hectares under cultivation; source of supply for most of the world's coca paste and cocaine base; at least 85% of coca cultivation is for illicit production; most of cocaine base is shipped to Colombian drug dealers for processing into cocaine for the international drug market

Imports [time series]

$4.1 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: foodstuffs, machinery, transport equipment, iron and steel semimanufactures, chemicals, pharmaceuticals partners: US 32%, Latin America 22%, EC 17%, Switzerland 6%, Japan 3% (1991)

Industrial production growth rate (Industrial production) [time series]

growth rate -5% (1992 est.); accounts for almost 24% of GDP

Industries [time series]

mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

56.7% (1992)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (National product) [time series]

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $25 billion (1992 est.)

Real GDP per capita (National product per capita) [time series]

$1,100 (1992 est.)

Real GDP growth rate (National product real growth rate) [time series]

-2.8% (1992 est.)

Economic overview (Overview) [time series]

The Peruvian economy is becoming increasingly market oriented, with a large dose of government ownership remaining in mining, energy, and banking. In the 1980s the economy suffered from hyperinflation, declining per capita output, and mounting external debt. Peru was shut off from IMF and World Bank support in the mid-1980s because of its huge debt arrears. An austerity program implemented shortly after the FUJIMORI government took office in July 1990 contributed to a third consecutive yearly contraction of economic activity, but the slide halted late that year, and output rose 2.4% in 1991. After a burst of inflation as the austerity program eliminated government price subsidies, monthly price increases eased to the single-digit level and by December 1991 dropped to the lowest increase since mid-1987. Lima obtained a financial rescue package from multilateral lenders in September 1991, although it faced $14 billion in arrears on its external debt. By working with the IMF and World Bank on new financial conditions and arrangements, the government succeeded in ending its arrears by March 1993. In 1992, GDP fell by 2.8%, in part because a warmer-than-usual El Nino current resulted in a 30% drop in the fish catch. Meanwhile, revival of growth in GDP continued to be restricted by the large amount of public and private resources being devoted to strengthening internal security.

Unemployment rate [time series]

15% (1992 est.); underemployment 70% (1992 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total area: 1,285,220 km2 land area: 1.28 million km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than Alaska

Climate [time series]

varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west

Coastline [time series]

2,414 km

Environment - current issues (Environment) [time series]

subject to earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, mild volcanic activity; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima

Disputes - international (International disputes) [time series]

three sections of the boundary with Ecuador are in dispute

Irrigated land [time series]

12,500 km2 (1989 est.)

Land boundaries [time series]

total 6,940 km, Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km, Colombia 2,900 km, Ecuador 1,420 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 3% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 21% forest and woodland: 55% other: 21%

Location [time series]

Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean between Chile and Ecuador

Map references [time series]

South America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Maritime claims [time series]

territorial sea: 200 nm

Natural resources [time series]

copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash

Note [time series]

shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia

Terrain [time series]

western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

24 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 constitutional province* (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa,, Ayacucho, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali note: the 1979 Constitution and legislation enacted from 1987 to 1990 mandate the creation of regions (regiones, singular - region) intended to function eventually as autonomous economic and administrative entities; so far, 12 regions have been constituted from 23 existing departments - Amazonas (from Loreto), Andres Avelino Caceres (from Huanuco, Pasco, Junin), Arequipa (from Arequipa), Chavin (from Ancash), Grau (from Tumbes, Piura), Inca (from Cusco, Madre de Dios, Apurimac), La Libertad (from La Libertad), Los Libertadores-Huari (from Ica, Ayacucho, Huancavelica), Mariategui (from Moquegua, Tacna, Puno), Nor Oriental del Maranon (from Lambayeque, Cajamarca, Amazonas), San Martin (from San Martin), Ucayali (from Ucayali); formation of another region has been delayed by the reluctance of the constitutional province of Callao to merge with the department of Lima; because of inadequate funding from the central government, the regions have yet to assume their responsibilities and at the moment coexist with the departmental structure

Capital [time series]

Lima

Constitution [time series]

28 July 1980 (often referred to as the 1979 Constitution because the Constituent Assembly met in 1979, but the Constitution actually took effect the following year); suspended 5 April 1992; being revised or replaced

Digraph [time series]

Diplomatic representation in the US (Diplomatic representation in US) [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Ricardo LUNA chancery: 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: (202) 833-9860 through 9869) consulates general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)

Executive branch (Elections) [time series]

President: last held on 10 June 1990 (next to be held NA April 1995); results - Alberto FUJIMORI 56.53%, Mario VARGAS Llosa 33.92%, other 9.55% Democratic Constituent Congress: last held 25 November 1992 (next to be held NA); seats - (80 total) New Majority/Change 90 44, Popular Christian Party 8, Independent Moralization Front 7, Renewal 6, Movement of the Democratic Left 4, Democratic Coordinator 4, others 7; several major parties (American Popular Revolutionary Alliance, Popular Action) did not participate

Executive branch [time series]

president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Flag [time series]

three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath

Independence [time series]

28 July 1821 (from Spain)

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)

Executive branch (Leaders) [time series]

Chief of State: President Alberto Kenyo FUJIMORI Fujimori (since 28 July 1990) Head of Government: Prime Minister Oscar DE LA PUENTE Raygada (since 6 April 1992)

Legal system [time series]

based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral Democratic Constituent Congress (CCD)

International organization participation (Member of) [time series]

AG, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG (suspended), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Country name (Names) [time series]

conventional long form: Republic of Peru conventional short form: Peru local long form: Republica del Peru local short form: Peru

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 28 July (1821)

Political parties (Other political or pressure groups) [time series]

leftist guerrilla groups include Shining Path, Abimael GUZMAN (imprisoned); Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, Nestor SERPA and Victor POLAY (imprisoned)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

New Majority/Change 90 (Cambio 90), Alberto FUJIMORI; Popular Christian Party (PPC), Luis BEDOYA Reyes; Popular Action Party (AP), Eduardo CALMELL del Solar; Liberty Movement (ML), Luis BUSTAMANTE; American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), Alan GARCIA; Independent Moralizing Front (FIM), Fernando OLIVERA Vega; National Renewal, Rafael REY; Democratic Coordinator, Jose Barba CAHALLERO; Democratic Left Movement, Gloria HOFLER

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Government type (Type) [time series]

republic

Diplomatic representation from the US (US diplomatic representation) [time series]

chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Charles H. BRAYSHAW embassy: corner of Avenida Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and Avenida Espana, Lima mailing address: P. O. Box 1991, Lima 1, or APO AA 34031 telephone: [51] (14) 33-8000 FAX: [51] (14) 31-6682

People

Birth rate [time series]

26.19 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate [time series]

7.15 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Ethnic groups (Ethnic divisions) [time series]

Indian 45%, mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%

Infant mortality rate [time series]

56.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Labor force [time series]

8 million (1992) by occupation: government and other services 44%, agriculture 37%, industry 19% (1988 est.)

Languages [time series]

Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 65.17 years male: 63.02 years female: 67.44 years (1993 est.)

Literacy [time series]

age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 85% male: 92% female: 29%

Nationality [time series]

noun: Peruvian(s) adjective: Peruvian

Net migration rate [time series]

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Population [time series]

23,210,352 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

1.9% (1993 est.)

Religions [time series]

Roman Catholic

Total fertility rate [time series]

3.22 children born/woman (1993 est.)