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Communications

Broadcast media [time series]

state owns nearly all radio and TV transmission facilities and operates national TV and radio networks; nearly all nationwide TV networks are wholly or partly owned by the government; some former state-owned media outlets have been privatized and are controlled by the president's daughter, who heads the Khabar Agency that runs multiple TV and radio stations; a number of privately-owned TV stations; households with satellite dishes have access to foreign media; a small number of commercial radio stations operating along with state-run radio stations (2008)

Internet country code [time series]

.kz

Internet users (Internet hosts) [time series]

53,984 (2010) country comparison to the world: 85

Internet users [time series]

5.299 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 44

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: inherited an outdated telecommunications network from the Soviet era requiring modernization domestic: intercity by landline and microwave radio relay; number of fixed-line connections is gradually increasing and fixed-line teledensity now roughly 25 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage is increasing and the subscriber base now is roughly 100 per 100 persons international: country code - 7; international traffic with other former Soviet republics and China carried by landline and microwave radio relay and with other countries by satellite and by the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (2008)

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

3.763 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 42

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

14.995 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 50

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

grain (mostly spring wheat), cotton; livestock

Central bank discount rate [time series]

7% (31 December 2009) country comparison to the world: 42 10.5% (31 December 2008)

Commercial bank prime lending rate [time series]

NA% (31 December 2008)

Current account balance [time series]

$6.993 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 28 -$3.405 billion (2009 est.)

Debt - external [time series]

$94.44 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 36 $106.3 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income (Distribution of family income - Gini index) [time series]

28.8 (2008) country comparison to the world: 119 31.5 (2003)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Kazakhstan, geographically the largest of the former Soviet republics, excluding Russia, possesses enormous fossil fuel reserves and plentiful supplies of other minerals and metals, such as uranium, copper, and zinc. It also has a large agricultural sector featuring livestock and grain. Kazakhstan's industrial sector is primarily focused on the extraction and processing of these natural resources. Kazakhstan enjoyed double-digit growth in 2000-01 and 8% or more per year in 2002-07 - thanks largely to its booming energy sector but also to economic reform, good harvests, and increased foreign investment; GDP growth slowed dramatically following the near-collapse of the banking sector in late 2007 and the declines in oil and metals prices associated with the global economic downturn in 2008-09. Kazakhstan has embarked upon an industrial policy designed to diversify the economy away from overdependence on the oil sector as well expanding export markets away from its historical reliance on Russia. Nevertheless, growth is still driven by oil. The government has engaged in several disputes with Western oil companies over the terms of production agreements, most recently, with regard to the Kashagan project in 2007-08 and the Karachaganak project in 2009.

Electricity - consumption [time series]

77.9 billion kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 35

Electricity - exports [time series]

3.617 billion kWh (2007 est.)

Electricity - imports [time series]

1.94 billion kWh (2009 est.)

Electricity - production [time series]

78.4 billion kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 37

Exchange rates [time series]

tenge (KZT) per US dollar - 147.28 (2010), 147.5 (2009), 120.25 (2008), 122.55 (2007), 126.09 (2006)

Exports [time series]

$59.23 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 47 $43.84 billion (2009 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

oil and oil products 59%, ferrous metals 19%, chemicals 5%, machinery 3%, grain, wool, meat, coal

Exports - partners [time series]

China 16.34%, France 9.23%, Germany 8.32%, Russia 6.9%, Ukraine 5.52%, Romania 5.25%, Italy 5.12%, US 4.34% (2009)

GDP (official exchange rate) [time series]

$129.8 billion (2010 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP (purchasing power parity)) [time series]

$193.8 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 54 $184.8 billion (2009 est.) $182.6 billion (2008 est.) note: data are in 2010 US dollars

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP - composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 6% industry: 42.8% services: 51.2% (2009 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita (PPP)) [time series]

$12,500 (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 92 $12,000 (2009 est.) $11,900 (2008 est.) note: data are in 2010 US dollars

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

4.9% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 60 1.2% (2009 est.) 3.3% (2008 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 3.3% highest 10%: 26.5% (2004 est.)

Imports [time series]

$30.11 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 59 $28.77 billion (2009 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

machinery and equipment, metal products, foodstuffs

Imports - partners [time series]

Russia 28.5%, China 26.72%, Germany 6.59%, Italy 5.58%, Ukraine 4.8% (2009)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

7.3% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 38

Industries [time series]

oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, iron and steel; tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors, construction materials

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

6.7% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 171 7.3% (2009 est.)

Investment (gross fixed) [time series]

27.9% of GDP (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 26

Labor force [time series]

8.718 million (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 53

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture: 31.5% industry: 18.4% services: 50% (2006 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares [time series]

$57.66 billion (31 December 2009) country comparison to the world: 54 $31.08 billion (31 December 2008) $41.38 billion (31 December 2007)

Natural gas - consumption [time series]

33.68 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 27

Natural gas - exports [time series]

17.66 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 12

Natural gas - imports [time series]

3.72 billion cu m (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 35

Natural gas - production [time series]

35.61 billion cu m (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 24

Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]

2.407 trillion cu m (1 January 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 15

Oil - consumption [time series]

241,000 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 51

Oil - exports [time series]

1.345 million bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 18

Oil - imports [time series]

164,000 bbl/day (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 52

Oil - production [time series]

1.54 million bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 19

Oil - proved reserves [time series]

30 billion bbl (1 January 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 11

Population below poverty line [time series]

12.1% (2008)

Public debt [time series]

15.9% of GDP (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 118 14.2% of GDP (2009 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold [time series]

$32.44 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 34 $23.22 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of broad money [time series]

$65.55 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 62 $52.83 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad [time series]

$7.208 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 53 $5.708 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home [time series]

$83.3 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 39 $69.46 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of domestic credit [time series]

$44.53 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 66 $39.72 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of narrow money [time series]

$20.91 billion (31 December 2010 est) country comparison to the world: 63 $16.66 billion (31 December 2009 est)

Unemployment rate [time series]

5.5% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 52 6.3% (2009 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 2,724,900 sq km country comparison to the world: 9 land: 2,699,700 sq km water: 25,200 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly less than four times the size of Texas

Climate [time series]

continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid

Coastline [time series]

0 km (landlocked); note - Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea, now split into two bodies of water (1,070 km), and the Caspian Sea (1,894 km)

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Vpadina Kaundy -132 m highest point: Khan Tangiri Shyngy (Pik Khan-Tengri) 6,995 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated with former defense industries and test ranges scattered throughout the country pose health risks for humans and animals; industrial pollution is severe in some cities; because the two main rivers that flowed into the Aral Sea have been diverted for irrigation, it is drying up and leaving behind a harmful layer of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then picked up by the wind and blown into noxious dust storms; pollution in the Caspian Sea; soil pollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals and salination from poor infrastructure and wasteful irrigation practices

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Total water withdrawal (Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)) [time series]

total: 35 cu km/yr (2%/17%/82%) per capita: 2,360 cu m/yr (2000)

Geographic coordinates [time series]

48 00 N, 68 00 E

Geography - note [time series]

landlocked; Russia leases approximately 6,000 sq km of territory enclosing the Baykonur Cosmodrome; in January 2004, Kazakhstan and Russia extended the lease to 2050

Irrigated land [time series]

35,560 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 12,185 km border countries: China 1,533 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,224 km, Russia 6,846 km, Turkmenistan 379 km, Uzbekistan 2,203 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 8.28% permanent crops: 0.05% other: 91.67% (2005)

Location [time series]

Central Asia, northwest of China; a small portion west of the Ural (Zhayyq) River in eastern-most Europe

Map references [time series]

Asia

Maritime claims [time series]

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards [time series]

earthquakes in the south; mudslides around Almaty

Natural resources [time series]

major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium

Terrain [time series]

vast flat steppe extending from the Volga in the west to the Altai Mountains in the east and from the plains of western Siberia in the north to oases and deserts of Central Asia in the south

Total renewable water resources [time series]

109.6 cu km (1997)

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

14 provinces (oblystar, singular - oblys) and 3 cities* (qalalar, singular - qala); Almaty Oblysy, Almaty Qalasy*, Aqmola Oblysy (Astana), Aqtobe Oblysy, Astana Qalasy*, Atyrau Oblysy, Batys Qazaqstan Oblysy [West Kazakhstan] (Oral), Bayqongyr Qalasy [Baykonur]*, Mangghystau Oblysy (Aqtau), Ongtustik Qazaqstan Oblysy [South Kazakhstan] (Shymkent), Pavlodar Oblysy, Qaraghandy Oblysy, Qostanay Oblysy, Qyzylorda Oblysy, Shyghys Qazaqstan Oblysy [East Kazakhstan] (Oskemen), Soltustik Qazaqstan Oblysy (Petropavlovsk), Zhambyl Oblysy (Taraz) note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses); in 1995, the Governments of Kazakhstan and Russia entered into an agreement whereby Russia would lease for a period of 20 years an area of 6,000 sq km enclosing the Baykonur space launch facilities and the city of Bayqongyr (Baykonur, formerly Leninsk); in 2004, a new agreement extended the lease to 2050

Capital [time series]

name: Astana geographic coordinates: 51 10 N, 71 25 E time difference: UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) note: Kazakhstan is divided into two time zones

Constitution [time series]

first post-independence constitution adopted 28 January 1993; new constitution adopted by national referendum 30 August 1995

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Republic of Kazakhstan conventional short form: Kazakhstan local long form: Qazaqstan Respublikasy local short form: Qazaqstan former: Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Richard E. HOAGLAND embassy: Ak Bulak 4, Str. 23-22, Building #3, Astana 010010 mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [7] (7172) 70-21-00 FAX: [7] (7172) 34-08-90

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Yerlan IDRISSOV chancery: 1401 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 232-5488 FAX: [1] (202) 232-5845 consulate(s) general: Los Angeles consulate(s): New York

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV (chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 22 February 1990, elected president 1 December 1991) head of government: Prime Minister Karim MASIMOV (since 10 January 2007); First Deputy Prime Minister Umirzak SHUKEYEV (since 3 March 2009), Deputy Prime Ministers Yerbol ORYNBAYEV (since 29 October 2007), Aset ISEKESHEV (since 12 March 2010) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held on 4 December 2005 (next to be held in 2012); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president, with Mazhilis approval; note - constitutional amendments of May 2007 shortened the presidential term from seven years to five years and established a two-consecutive-term limit; changes will take effect after NAZARBAYEV's term ends; he, and only he, is allowed to run for president indefinitely election results: Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV reelected president; percent of vote - Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV 91.1%, Zharmakhan A. TUYAKBAY 6.6%, Alikhan M. BAYMENOV 1.6%

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

a gold sun with 32 rays above a soaring golden steppe eagle, both centered on a sky blue background; the hoist side displays a national ornamental pattern "koshkar-muiz" (the horns of the ram) in gold; the blue color is of religious significance to the Turkic peoples of the country, and so symbolizes cultural and ethnic unity; it also represents the endless sky as well as water; the sun, a source of life and energy, exemplifies wealth and plenitude; the sun's rays are shaped like grain, which is the basis of abundance and prosperity; the eagle has appeared on the flags of Kazakh tribes for centuries and represents freedom, power, and the flight to the future

Government type [time series]

republic; authoritarian presidential rule, with little power outside the executive branch

Independence [time series]

16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

International organization participation [time series]

ADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), ZC

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court (44 members); Constitutional Council (seven members)

Legal system [time series]

based on Islamic law and Roman law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch [time series]

bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (47 seats; 15 members are appointed by the president; 32 members elected by local assemblies; members serve six-year terms, but elections are staggered with half of the members up for re-election every three years) and the Mazhilis (107 seats; 9 out of the 107 Mazhilis members elected by the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan, a presidentially appointed advisory body designed to represent the country's ethnic minorities; non-appointed members are popularly elected to serve five-year terms) elections: Senate - (indirect) last held in October 2008 (next to be held in 2011); Mazhilis - last held on 18 August 2007 (next to be held in 2012) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Nur Otan 16; Mazhilis - percent of vote by party - Nur-Otan 88.1%, NSDP 4.6%, Ak Zhol 3.3%, Auyl 1.6%, Communist People's Party 1.3%, Patriots Party 0.8% Ruhaniyat 0.4%; seats by party - Nur-Otan 98; note - parties had to achieve a threshold of 7% of the electorate to qualify for seats in the Mazhilis; changes to electoral legislation enacted since the 2007 election now ensure that the second-placed party will enter the Majilis at the next parliamentary election, even if it does not clear the 7% threshold

National anthem(s) (National anthem) [time series]

name: "Menin Qazaqstanim" (My Kazakhstan) lyrics/music: Zhumeken NAZHIMEDENOV and Nursultan NAZARBAYEV/Shamshi KALDAYAKOV note: adopted 2006; President Nursultan NAZARBAYEV played a role in revising the lyrics

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 16 December (1991)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Adilet (Justice) [Maksut NARIKBAYEV, Zeynulla ALSHIMBAYEV, Serik ABDRAHMANOV, Bakhytbek AKHMETZHAN, Yerkin ONGARBAYEV, Tolegan SYDYKOV] (formerly Democratic Party of Kazakhstan); Agrarian and Industrial Union of Workers Block or AIST (Agrarian Party and Civic Party); Ak Zhol Party (Bright Path) [Alikhan BAYMENOV]; Alga [Vladimir KOZLOV] (unregistered); Auyl (Village) [Gani KALIYEV]; Azat (Freedom) Party [Bolat ABILOV] (formerly True Ak Zhol Party); Azat NSDP [co-chaired by Bolat ABILOV and Zharmakhan TUYAKBAY]; Azat and NSDP united in 2009, but the authorities have refused to register Azat NSDP as a single party; Communist Party of Kazakhstan or KPK [Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN]; Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan [Vladislav KOSAREV]; National Social Democratic Party or NSDP [Zharmakhan TUYAKBAY]; Nur-Otan [Bakhytzhan ZHUMAGULOV] (the Agrarian, Asar, and Civic parties merged with Otan); Patriots' Party [Gani KASYMOV]; Rukhaniyat (Spirituality) [Altynshash ZHAGANOVA]

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

Adil-Soz [Tamara KALEYEVA]; Almaty Helsinki Committee [Ninel FOKINA]; Confederation of Free Trade Unions [Sergei BELKIN]; For Fair Elections [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS (jailed), Sabit ZHUSUPOV, Sergey DUVANOV, Ibrash NUSUPBAYEV]; Kazakhstan International Bureau on Human Rights [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, executive director]; Pan-National Social Democratic Party of Kazakhstan [Zharmakhan TUYAKBAY]; Pensioners Movement or Pokoleniye [Irina SAVOSTINA, chairwoman]; Republican Network of International Monitors [Dos KUSHIM]; Transparency International [Sergey ZLOTNIKOV]

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Introduction

Background [time series]

Ethnic Kazakhs, a mix of Turkic and Mongol nomadic tribes who migrated into the region in the 13th century, were rarely united as a single nation. The area was conquered by Russia in the 18th century, and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1936. During the 1950s and 1960s agricultural "Virgin Lands" program, Soviet citizens were encouraged to help cultivate Kazakhstan's northern pastures. This influx of immigrants (mostly Russians, but also some other deported nationalities) skewed the ethnic mixture and enabled non-ethnic Kazakhs to outnumber natives. Independence in 1991 drove many of these newcomers to emigrate. Kazakhstan's economy is larger than those of all the other Central Asian states largely due to the country's vast natural resources. Current issues include: developing a cohesive national identity; expanding the development of the country's vast energy resources and exporting them to world markets; diversifying the economy outside the oil, gas, and mining sectors; enhancing Kazakhstan's economic competitiveness; developing a multiparty parliament and advancing political and social reform; and strengthening relations with neighboring states and other foreign powers.

Military

Manpower available for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 4,176,999 females age 16-49: 4,202,422 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 2,902,859 females age 16-49: 3,543,467 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually [time series]

male: 133,884 female: 127,415 (2010 est.)

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Kazakhstani Armed Forces: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Mobile Forces, Air Defense Forces (2010)

Military expenditures [time series]

1.1% of GDP (2010) country comparison to the world: 128

Military service age and obligation [time series]

18 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 2 years; minimum age for volunteers NA (2004)

People

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 21.8% (male 1,717,469/female 1,643,920) 15-64 years: 70.2% (male 5,279,292/female 5,534,607) 65 years and over: 7.9% (male 426,494/female 797,655) (2010 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

16.66 births/1,000 population (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 122

Death rate [time series]

9.39 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 64

Education expenditure (Education expenditures) [time series]

2.8% of GDP (2007) country comparison to the world: 156

Ethnic groups [time series]

Kazakh (Qazaq) 53.4%, Russian 30%, Ukrainian 3.7%, Uzbek 2.5%, German 2.4%, Tatar 1.7%, Uighur 1.4%, other 4.9% (1999 census)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

0.1% (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 121

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

fewer than 500 (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 97

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

12,000 (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 97

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 24.93 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 84 male: 29.29 deaths/1,000 live births female: 20.32 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)

Languages [time series]

Kazakh (Qazaq, state language) 64.4%, Russian (official, used in everyday business, designated the "language of interethnic communication") 95% (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 68.19 years country comparison to the world: 152 male: 62.91 years female: 73.78 years (2010 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99.5% male: 99.8% female: 99.3% (1999 est.)

Median age [time series]

total: 29.9 years male: 28.4 years female: 31.6 years (2010 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Kazakhstani(s) adjective: Kazakhstani

Net migration rate [time series]

-3.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 186

Population [time series]

15,460,484 (July 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 63

Population growth rate [time series]

0.399% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 160

Religions [time series]

Muslim 47%, Russian Orthodox 44%, Protestant 2%, other 7%

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) [time series]

total: 15 years male: 15 years female: 15 years (2009)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.058 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.53 male(s)/female total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2010 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

1.87 children born/woman (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 150

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 58% of total population (2008) rate of urbanization: 1.2% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

Kyrgyzstan has yet to ratify the 2001 boundary delimitation with Kazakhstan; field demarcation of the boundaries with Turkmenistan commenced in 2005, and with Uzbekistan in 2004; demarcation is scheduled to get underway with Russia in 2007; demarcation with China was completed in 2002; creation of a seabed boundary with Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea remains under discussion; equidistant seabed treaties have been ratified with Azerbaijan and Russia in the Caspian Sea, but no resolution has been made on dividing the water column among any of the littoral states

Illicit drugs [time series]

significant illicit cultivation of cannabis for CIS markets, as well as limited cultivation of opium poppy and ephedra (for the drug ephedrine); limited government eradication of illicit crops; transit point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russia and the rest of Europe; significant consumer of opiates

Refugees and internally displaced persons [time series]

refugees (country of origin): 3,700 (Russia); 508 (Afghanistan) (2007)

Transportation

Airports [time series]

97 (2010) country comparison to the world: 62

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 65 over 3,047 m: 10 2,438 to 3,047 m: 26 1,524 to 2,437 m: 16 914 to 1,523 m: 5 under 914 m: 8 (2010)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 32 over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 5 under 914 m: 13 (2010)

Heliports [time series]

3 (2010)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 8 country comparison to the world: 123 by type: petroleum tanker 6, refrigerated cargo 1, specialized tanker 1 foreign-owned: 1 (Ireland 1) (2010)

Pipelines [time series]

condensate 658 km; gas 11,146 km; oil 10,376 km; refined products 1,095 km (2009)

Ports (Ports and terminals) [time series]

Aqtau (Shevchenko), Atyrau (Gur'yev), Oskemen (Ust-Kamenogorsk), Pavlodar, Semey (Semipalatinsk)

Railways [time series]

total: 15,082 km country comparison to the world: 19 broad gauge: 15,082 km 1.520-m gauge (3,700 km electrified) (2008)

Roadways [time series]

total: 93,612 km country comparison to the world: 51 paved: 84,100 km unpaved: 9,512 km (2008)

Waterways [time series]

4,000 km; on the Ertis (Irtysh) River (80%) and Syr Darya (Syrdariya) River (2008) country comparison to the world: 26