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Communications

Airports [time series]

total: 365 usable: 152 with permanent-surface runways: 49 with runways over 3,659 m: 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 38 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 71

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

total: 189,000 km paved and graveled: 108,100 km unpaved: earth 80,900 km (1990)

Waterways (Inland waterways) [time series]

Syrdariya River, Ertis River

Pipelines [time series]

crude oil 2,850 km; refined products 1,500 km; natural gas 3,480 km (1992)

Ports [time series]

inland - Atyrau (formerly Gur'yev; on Caspian Sea)

Railways (Railroads) [time series]

14,460 km (all 1.520-meter gauge); does not include industrial lines (1990)

Telecommunication systems (Telecommunications) [time series]

telephone service is poor, with only about 17 telephones for each 100 persons in urban areas and 7.6 telephones per 100 persons in rural areas; of the approximately 2.2 million telephones, Almaty has 184,000; broadcast receivers - TVs 4,750,000, radios 4,088,000, radio receiver systems with multiple speakers for program diffusion 6,082,000; international traffic with other former USSR republics and China carried by landline and microwave, and with other countries by satellite and through 8 international telecommunications circuits at the Moscow international gateway switch; satellite earth stations - INTELSAT and Orbita (TV receive only); new satellite ground station established at Almaty with Turkish financial help (December 1992) with 2500 channel band width

Defense Forces

Military and security forces (Branches) [time series]

Army, National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border troops)

Military expenditures (Defense expenditures) [time series]

69,326 million rubles, NA% of GDP (forecast for 1993); note - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results

Manpower availability [time series]

males age 15-49 4,432,716; fit for military service 3,554,209; reach military age (18) annually 154,989 (1994 est.)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture) [time series]

accounts for almost 40% of net material product; employs about 26% of the labor force; grain, mostly spring wheat; meat, cotton, wool

Budget [time series]

revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $1.76 billion (1991 est.)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

national currency the tenge introduced on 15 November 1993

Economic aid [time series]

recipient: approximately $1 billion in foreign credits to become available in 1994

Electricity [time series]

capacity: 19,135,000 kW production: 81.3 billion kWh consumption per capita: 4,739 kWh (1992)

Exchange rates [time series]

Exports [time series]

$1.3 billion to outside the FSU countries (1993) commodities: oil, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, grain, wool, meat (1992) partners: Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan

Debt - external (External debt) [time series]

$1.5 billion debt to Russia

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

Illicit drugs [time series]

illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly for CIS consumption; limited government eradication program; used as transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe and North America from Central and Southwest Asia

Imports [time series]

$358.3 million from outside the FSU countries (1993) commodities: machinery and parts, industrial materials, oil and gas (1992) partners: Russia and other former Soviet republics, China

Industrial production growth rate (Industrial production) [time series]

growth rate -16% (1993)

Industries [time series]

extractive industries (oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur), iron and steel, nonferrous metal, tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors, construction materials

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

28% per month (1993)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (National product) [time series]

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $60.3 billion (1993 estimate from the UN International Comparison Program, as extended to 1991 and published in the World Bank's World Development Report 1993; and as extrapolated to 1993 using official Kazakhstani statistics, which are very uncertain because of major economic changes since 1990)

Real GDP per capita (National product per capita) [time series]

$3,510 (1993 est.)

Real GDP growth rate (National product real growth rate) [time series]

-13% (1993 est.)

Economic overview (Overview) [time series]

Kazakhstan, the second largest of the former Soviet states in territory, possesses vast oil, coal, rare metals, and agricultural resources. While the economy is gradually making the transition from a Soviet command system to a market system, strong elements of state control persist including government ownership of most economic assets and a continued system of mandatory state procurement for the key products such as grain and energy; likewise, agriculture remains largely collectivized. On the other hand, new businesses are forming rapidly, the economy is opening to foreign investment, and 12% of state-owned commercial enterprises have been privatized. In 1993, a three-year industrial privatization program was launched; an independent currency was successfully introduced; and two large joint ventures were established with western oil companies. These far-reaching structural transformations have resulted in a cumulative decline in national income of more than 30% since 1990. Loose monetary policies have kept the inflation rate high, averaging 28% per month for 1993 and accelerating at the end with the disruption caused by a new currency. Since the introduction of its independent currency in November 1993, the government has renewed its commitment to fiscal discipline and accelerating economic reform. However, growing economic hardship and rising ethnic tensions between Kazakhs and Russians over the division of economic assets will likely lead to strong pressure to backtrack.

Unemployment rate [time series]

0.6% includes only officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of underemployed workers

Geography

Area [time series]

total area: 2,717,300 sq km land area: 2,669,800 sq km comparative area: slightly less than four times the size of Texas

Climate [time series]

continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid

Coastline [time series]

0 km note: Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea (1,015 km) and the Caspian Sea (1,894 km)

Environment - current issues (Environment) [time series]

current issues: radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated with its former defense industries and test ranges are found throughout the country and pose health risks for humans and animals; industrial pollution is severe in some cities; because the two main rivers which flowed into the Aral Sea have been diverted for irrigation, it is drying up and leaving behind a harmful layer of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then picked up by the wind and blown into noxious dust storms; pollution in the Caspian Sea; soil pollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals and salinization from faulty irrigation practices natural hazards: NA international agreements: signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change

Disputes - international (International disputes) [time series]

Russia may dispute current de facto maritime border to midpoint of Caspian Sea from shore

Irrigated land [time series]

23,080 sq km (1990)

Land boundaries [time series]

total 12,012 km, China 1,533 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,051 km, Russia 6,846 km, Turkmenistan 379 km, Uzbekistan 2,203 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 15% permanent crops: NEGL % meadows and pastures: 57% forest and woodland: 4% other: 24%

Location [time series]

Central Asia, between Russia and Uzbekistan, bordering on the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea

Map references [time series]

Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard Time Zones of the World

Maritime claims [time series]

landlocked, but borders with Russia, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea are under negotiation at present

Natural resources [time series]

major deposits of petroleum, coal, iron ore, manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium

Note [time series]

landlocked

Terrain [time series]

extends from the Volga to the Altai Mountains and from the plains in western Siberia to oasis and desert in Central Asia

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

19 oblystar (singular - oblys) and 1 city (qalalar, singular - qala)*; Almaty*, Almaty Oblysy, Aqmola Oblysy, Aqtobe Oblysy, Atyrau Oblysy, Batys Qazaqstan Oblysy (Oral), Kokshetau Oblysy, Mangghystau Oblysy, Ongtustik Qazaqstan Oblysy (Shymkent), Qaraghandy Oblysy, Qostanay Oblysy, Qyzylorda Oblysy, Pavlodar Oblysy, Semey Oblysy, Shyghys Qazaqstan Oblysy (Oskemen; formerly Ust'-Kamenogorsk), Soltustik Qazaqstan Oblysy (Petropavl), Taldyqorghan Oblysy, Torghay Oblysy, Zhambyl Oblysy, Zhezqazghan Oblysy note: names in parentheses are administrative centers when name differs from oblys name

Capital [time series]

Almaty

Constitution [time series]

adopted 28 January 1993

Digraph [time series]

Diplomatic representation in the US (Diplomatic representation in US) [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Tuleutai SULEYMENOV chancery: 3421 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: (202) 333-4504/7

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV (since NA April 1990); Vice President Yerik ASANBAYEV (since 1 December 1991); election last held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA 1995); percent of vote by party NA; Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV ran unopposed head of government: Prime Minister Sergey TERESHCHENKO (since 14 October 1991); First Deputy Prime Minister Arkezhan KAZHEGELDIN (since NA November 1993) cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the prime minister

Diplomatic representation in the US (FAX) [time series]

(202) 333-4509

Diplomatic representation in the US (FAX) [time series]

(7) (3272) 63-38-83

Flag [time series]

sky blue background representing the endless sky and a gold sun with 32 rays soaring above a golden steppe eagle in the center; on the hoist side is a "national ornamentation" in yellow

Independence [time series]

16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court

Legal system [time series]

based on civil law system

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral

International organization participation (Member of) [time series]

CCC, CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOD, NACC, OIC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO

Country name (Names) [time series]

conventional long form: Republic of Kazakhstan conventional short form: Kazakhstan local long form: Kazakhstan Respublikasy local short form: none former: Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 16 December (1991)

Political parties (Other political or pressure groups) [time series]

Independent Trade Union Center (Birlesu; an association of independent trade union and business associations), Leonid SOLOMIN, president

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Peoples Unity Movement (PUU), Kuanysh SULTANOV, chairman; Peoples Congress, Olzhas SULEYMENOV, chairman; Kazakhstan Socialist Party (SPK; former Communist Party), Piotr SVOIK, co-chairman; Republican Party (Azat), Kamal ORMANTAYEV, chairman; Democratic Progress (Russian) Party, Alexandra DOKUCHAYEVA, chairman; Union Peoples' Unity of Kazakhstan (SNEK); Federation of Trade Unions of the Republic of Kazakhstan; Peasant Union of the Republic Kazakhstan; Social Movement LAD (Slavic Rebirth Society), V. MIKHAYLOV, chairman; Union of Youth of Kazakhstan; Democratic Committee for Human Rights; Association of Lawyers of Kazakhstan; International Public Committee "Aral-Asia-Kazakhstan"; Congress of Entrepreneurs of Kazakhstan; Deputies of the 12th Supreme Soviet

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Legislative branch (Supreme Council) [time series]

elections last held 7 March 1994 (next to be held NA 1999); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (177 total) Union Peoples' Unity of Kazakhstan 33, Federation of Trade Unions of the Republic of Kazakhstan 11, People's Congress of Kazakhstan Party 9, Socialist Party of Kazakhstan 8, Peasant Union of the Republic Kazakhstan 4, Social Movement "LAD" 4, Organization of Veterans 1, Union of Youth of Kazakhstan 1, Democratic Committee for Human Rights 1, Association of Lawyers of Kazakhstan 1, International Public Committee "Aral-Asia-Kazakhstan" 1, Congress of Entrepreneurs of Kazakhstan 1, Deputies of the 12th Supreme Soviet 40, independents 62

Government type (Type) [time series]

republic

Diplomatic representation from the US (US diplomatic representation) [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador William H. COURTNEY embassy: 99/97 Furmanova Street, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan 480012 mailing address: American Embassy Almaty, c/o Department of State, Washington, DC, 20521-7030 telephone: (7) (3272) 63-17-70, 63-24-26, 63-28-80, 63-34-05

People

Birth rate [time series]

19.4 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Death rate [time series]

7.93 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Ethnic groups (Ethnic divisions) [time series]

Kazakh (Qazaq) 41.9%, Russian 37%, Ukrainian 5.2%, German 4.7%, Uzbek 2.1%, Tatar 2%, other 7.1% (1991 official data)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

40.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)

Labor force [time series]

7.356 million by occupation: industry and construction 31%, agriculture and forestry 26%, other 43% (1992)

Languages [time series]

Kazakh (Qazaqz) official language spoken by over 40% of population, Russian (language of interethnic communication) spoken by two-thirds of population and used in everyday business

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 68.04 years male: 63.39 years female: 72.93 years (1994 est.)

Literacy [time series]

age 9-49 can read and write (1970) total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100%

Nationality [time series]

noun: Kazakhstani(s) adjective: Kazakhstani

Net migration rate [time series]

-5.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Population [time series]

17,267,554 (July 1994 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

0.64% (1994 est.)

Religions [time series]

Muslim 47%, Russian Orthodox 44%, Protestant 2%, other 7%

Total fertility rate [time series]

2.44 children born/woman (1994 est.)